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Killing Terrorists - Armed Drones and the Ethics of WarLundquist, Joel January 2014 (has links)
The aim of this thesis is to answer the question whether the U.S. policy on targeted killings with combat drones is compatible with the legal doctrine of just war theory, applicable international law, and human rights law. Moreover, this paper intends to examine the legal issues arising from the U.S. practice of international law in relation to the justification of targeted killings. The purpose of this thesis is to determine whether the practice of targeted killings can be considered lawful and, if not, to provide knowledge about how the method violates applicable international law and the ethics of war. The focus is placed on relevant treaties and customary international law, and just war theory is used as a theoretical complement to explain the meaning and purpose of selected laws in order to determine their applicability to the research problem. Furthermore, this procedure has been conducted by using a legal method to identify the legal problem and interpret relevant sources of law in order to determine their applicability to the research problem. The thesis has determined that the U.S. policy on targeted killings with combat drones is not consistent with applicable international law and fundamental human rights law. In particular, the practice of targeted killings violates the principle of distinction.
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In the shadow of the MQ-1 Predators : The Right to a Fair Trial and the way onto the CIA’s infamous ‘Kill List’Greeves, Leo-David January 2024 (has links)
This thesis aims to analyse the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA) potential violation of the right to a fair trial in placing alleged terrorists on the infamous ‘kill list’ without due process. The CIA has operated a targeted killing program using Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (AUAV) over ‘areas outside active hostilities’, such as Yemen, since 2002. Due process is inherent to modern democratic societies and shapes their rule of law. The doctrinal legal analysis makes use of the key principles of due process to analyse the relevant Presidential Policy Guidance, its compliance with International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) Art. 14, and a case study. These key principles and analyses will result in a clear overview of the program’s violations of the right to a fair trial. Concluding that the CIA’s AUAV program for targeted killing, particularly in Yemen, constitute extrajudicial executions.
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[en] A STUDY ON BLOWOUT CONTROL VIA RELIEF WELL: INCREASING DRILLSHIP CAPACITY / [pt] ESTUDO SOBRE AMORTECIMENTO DE POÇO EM BLOWOUT VIA POÇO DE ALÍVIO: AUMENTO DA CAPACIDADE DAS SONDASELIZA GALVAO DA SILVA CARDOSO 02 September 2024 (has links)
[pt] A energia desempenha um papel estratégico global, com a indústria do
petróleo sendo uma fonte crucial. No entanto, iniciativas visando reduzir a
dependência do petróleo surgem, impulsionadas principalmente por preocupações
ambientais, como as mudanças climáticas. A transição energética ganha destaque
nas agendas nacionais, refletindo a interligação entre energia e meio ambiente.
Apesar da redução na previsão de crescimento da demanda a indústria global de
petróleo e gás, a indústria do petróleo permanece vital, sustentando fontes de
energia, gerando receitas e empregos. Contudo, a indústria enfrenta pressões
ambientais crescentes, destacando a necessidade de investir continuamente em
segurança nas operações de exploração de poços. O blowout, apesar de ser evento
com baixa probabilidade de ocorrência, representa uma ameaça grave, não apenas
para a imagem da empresa, mas também para o meio ambiente e a vida das pessoas.
O exemplo do blowout de Macondo, ocorrido no Golfo do Mexico, em operação da
British Petroleum (BP) evidencia os impactos significativos. O combate ao blowout
envolve mitigação de impacto e controle da fonte. Estratégias essenciais para
mitigação de impactos e o controle da fonte incluem o fechamento do poço com
equipamento de bloqueio (capping) e a construção de um poço de alívio. O primeiro
é uma ação rápida para fechar o poço e cessar o vazamento de hidrocarboneto para
o meio ambiente, enquanto o segundo visa construir um poço adicional para
interceptar, amortecer e abandonar de forma definitiva o poço em blowout. O
presente trabalho concentra-se em apresentar soluções para amortecimento do poço
em blowout via poço de alívio em situações que exigem altas vazões e volumes.
Simulações revelam desafios técnicos, como demandas de grandes volumes e altas
vazões de amortecimento. Portanto, a pesquisa busca oferecer soluções
diferenciadas para atender a essas demandas específicas e contribuir para a
segurança e eficácia das operações. / [en] Energy plays a global strategic role, with the oil industry being a crucial
source. However, initiatives aimed at reducing dependence on oil are emerging,
mainly driven by environmental concerns such as climate change. Energy transition
gains prominence in national agendas, reflecting the interconnectedness between
energy and the environment. Despite the reduction in the demand growth forecast,
the global oil and gas industry, the oil industry remains vital, sustaining energy
sources, generating revenue, and jobs. However, the industry faces increasing
environmental pressures, highlighting the need for continuous investment in safety
in well drilling operations. Blowouts, although events with low probability of
occurrence, represent a serious threat not only to the company s image but also to
the environment and people s lives. The example of the Macondo blowout in the
Gulf of Mexico, during British Petroleum (BP) operation, illustrates significant
impacts. Combatting blowouts involves impact mitigation and source control.
Essential strategies for impact mitigation and source control include well capping
and the construction of a relief well. The former is a rapid action to close the well
and stop hydrocarbon leakage into the environment, while the latter aims to build
an additional well to intercept, killing, and permanently abandon the blowout well.
This work focuses on presenting solutions for blowout well killing via relief well
in situations requiring high flow rates and volumes. Simulations reveal technical
challenges, such as demands for large volumes and high pump rates. Therefore, the
research seeks to offer differentiated solutions to meet these specific demands and
contribute to the safety and effectiveness of operations.
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Les courses de taureaux face au droit français : l’exception tauromachique au régime protecteur des animaux domestiques / Bullfighting and the French law : the bullfighting exception in the domestic animal protection regimeBridet, Thibault 14 December 2012 (has links)
Au Moyen-âge, les hommes ont coutume de courir avec les taureaux à travers les rues de leur village. Dès le XVIe siècle, l’Eglise et la Monarchie interdisent cette pratique au motif qu’elle occasionne de trop nombreuses blessures et des pertes humaines. Toutefois, ce divertissement est tellement ancré dans les mœurs qu’il finit par être toléré. Sous la pression de la Société protectrice des animaux, la loi du 2 juillet 1850, dite loi Grammont, va sanctionner les mauvais traitements commis publiquement et abusivement envers les animaux domestiques. A cette même époque, les courses de taureaux à la mode espagnole s’implantent dans le pays. Diverses actions sont alors intentées sur le fondement de ce nouveau texte pour condamner l’ensemble des acteurs des spectacles taurins, mais certains juges refusent d’appliquer cette loi à de telles manifestations malgré la position contraire de la Chambre criminelle. Face à cette situation paradoxale, les courses de taureaux avec mise à mort sont finalement légalisées sous certaines conditions à partir de 1951. Cette exception est confirmée par la loi du 19 novembre 1963 lorsqu’une tradition locale ininterrompue est rapportée. Contestant fermement ce compromis dégagé par le législateur, les opposants à la corrida réclament la suppression de cette dérogation prévue au régime protecteur des animaux domestiques. La reconnaissance de la sensibilité et du bien-être de l’animal dans sa dimension d’être vivant par la loi du 10 juillet 1976 et le traité d’Amsterdam, va fragiliser cet équilibre instauré par le législateur français, même si l’Union européenne entend préserver les traditions culturelles propres à chaque Etat membre. / In the Middle Ages, it was commonplace for the men to run with the bulls in the streets of their villages. From the 16th century, the Church and the monarchy forbade this practice on the grounds that it caused too many casualties. Nevertheless, this entertainment was so weaved into the fabric of society that it ended up being tolerated. Following pressure from the animal welfare organisations, the Act of 2 July 1850 – or the Grammont Act - sanctioned any public ill-treatment wrongly perpetrated against domestic animals. At the same time, Spanish-style bullfights were established in the country. Various legal actions were initiated on the basis of this new law in order to condemn the bullfight actors, but some judges refused to apply this legislation to such events despite the contrary opinion of the Criminal Division. In response to this paradoxical situation, from 1951 the bullfights ending with the killing of the bull were eventually legalized under certain conditions. This exception is confirmed by the Act of 19 November 1963 when an unbroken local tradition is claimed. Firmly contesting this compromise reached by the legislator, the opponents of bullfighting asked for this derogation planned in the animal protection regime to be abolished. The recognition of the animal welfare and sensitivity by the Act of 10 July 1976 and the Treaty of Amsterdam weakens the balance established by the French legislator even if the objective of the European Union is to maintain the cultural traditions specific to each Member State.
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Euthanasia, the Ethics of Patient Care and the Language of PropagandaKrapf, Elizabeth Maria 01 January 2012 (has links)
This thesis is an examination of euthanasia, eugenics, the ethic of patient care, and linguistic propaganda in the Second World War. The examination of euthanasia discusses not only the history and involvement of the facility at Hadamar in Germany, but also discuss the current euthanasia debate. Euthanasia in World War II arose out of the Nazi desire to cleanse the Reich and was greatly influenced by the American eugenics movement of the early 20th century. Eugenics was built up to include anyone considered undesirable and unworthy of life and killed many thousands of people before the invasion of allied troops in 1944. Paramount to euthanasia is forced sterilization, the ethic of patient care, and how the results of the research conducted on euthanasia victims before their deaths should be used. The Nazis were able to change the generally accepted terms that researchers use to describe their experiments and this change affected how modern doctors and researchers use the terms in current research. This thesis includes research conducted in Germany and the United States from varied resources.
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(Super)symétries des modèles semi-classiques en physique théorique et de la matière condensée.Ngome Abiaga, Juste Jean-Paul 11 May 2011 (has links) (PDF)
L'algorithme covariant de van Holten, servant à construire des quantités conservées, est présenté avec une attention particulière portée sur les vecteurs de type Runge-Lenz. La dynamique classique des particules portant des charges isospins est passée en revue. Plusieures applications physiques sont considerées. Des champs de type monopôles non-Abéliens, générés par des mouvements nucléaires dans les molécules diatomiques, introduites par Moody, Shapere et Wilczek, sont étudiées. Dans le cas des espaces courbes, le formalisme de van Holten permet de décrire la symétrie dynamique des monopôles Kaluza-Klein généralisés. La procédure est étendue à la supersymétrie et appliquée aux monopôles supersymétriques. Une autre application, concernant l'oscillateur non-commutatif en dimension trois, est également traitée.
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Peut-on donner d’une clause et reprendre de l’autre? Essai sur la cause comme instrument de contrôle de la cohérence matérielle du contratBerthold, Gabriel-Arnaud 03 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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Je etické zabít sebe sama? / It is ethical to kill himself?KALIVODOVÁ, Kristina January 2017 (has links)
The thesis deals with a problem whether it is ethical to end one´s own life. It reflects various situations where life is at stake, such as suicide, self-killing, martyrdom and euthanasia. The thesis is structured to reflect individual phenomena. In the same time, it opines about suicide problems from a point of view of social work and it describes how an individual with suicidal tendencies can be helped.
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Náhrada nemajetkové újmy sekundárních obětí / Compensation for a non-pecuniary harm of secondary victimsZielina, Dominik January 2018 (has links)
ABSTRACT! ! ! In the present thesis, I focus on the comprehensive legal framework for the legal instrument of compensation for non-pecuniary harm that was sustained by secondary victim(s), i.e., a person or persons not affected directly who are close relatives to primary victims, differing from primary victims whose interest is secured by article 2958 of the Civil Code (designated as smart money and compensation for aggravation of social position). It is these secondary (indirect) victims who sustain non-material harm through mental suffering that is a natural reaction to the death or grave injury of the primary victim who is their close relative. They are also provided for by law by means of the special provision of article 2959 of the Civil Code, which allows them to seek adequate pecuniary settlement from the offender, aimed at mitigating the pain upon either the loss of a close relative or their permanent and irreversible grave impairment that requires permanent care. ! ! First of all, I produced a thorough analysis of the specific legal instrument in its current legal arrangement; then, I compared this arrangement to that of the 1964 edition of the Civil Code. In particular, I defined legal reasons for the inception of this pecuniary compensation, particular the criteria for objective assessments,...
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The life and times of Kama Chungwa, 1798-1875Yekela, Drusilla Siziwe January 1989 (has links)
Few students of History understand the derivation and/or origin of the Gqunukhwebe oath "Ndifung' uChungw' efel' ennyameni: I swear by Chungwa who is lying dead at Mnyameni (Alexandria)." A desire to eludicate this point and other related facts inspired me to undertake a close examination of the history of the Gqunukhwebe people, selecting as my main theme the life-work of Chief Kama. In the first chapter I am discussing the creation of the Gqunukhwebe Chiefdom under Khwane by the Xhosa King, Tshiwo. The central theme here is the Black-White confrontation of the 17th - 18th centuries on the Cape Eastern Frontier. As a result of the collision the Gqunukhwebe people were forced to make a home on the banks of the Thwecu River along the east coast. It was here that Kama reached early manhood. The second chapter describes the establishment of Wesleyville Missionary Station by William Shaw in 1823, the first Methodist Missionary Institution in all Xhosaland. In chapter three the discussion centers on the significance of Kama's conversion. An unforeseen outcome of his public profession of the Christian faith was that it not only stigmatized the latter religion as a force destructive of the old order in Xhosa society, but it also reshaped Kama's political image for the good of his religious life. He not only fled from the neighbourhood of his relations and sojourned in a strange land, but also reinforced the Colonial forces in the contemporary frontier struggles. His integrity, self-sacrifice and pro-Colonial inclination eventually won him Middledrift. Chapter four opens with Kama's settling in Middledrift. The theme here is two-pronged. It presents the 'Cattle-Killing' delusion as a source of new trials for the 'priest-chief', and at the same time exposes the Colonial Government's efforts to gain ascendancy above the Xhosa chiefs. Kama's land was the first testing ground in this respect, and the Chief was initially agreeable to the scheme. Chapter five alludes to instances of Chief Kama's unco-operative attitude as signs that his compromising spirit had its limits. An atmosphere of disregard towards Kama pervades the period. But the adversities that threatened to dominate his later life did not by any means shake his Christian principles and convictions. The traces of his good works may to this day be seen in Middledrift, the traditional home of the Kamas.
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