Submitted by Bruna Rodrigues (bruna92rodrigues@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-21T14:22:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissHH.pdf: 3913934 bytes, checksum: c71f30d226a7e462e602307c00b0a3e6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T18:27:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissHH.pdf: 3913934 bytes, checksum: c71f30d226a7e462e602307c00b0a3e6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T18:27:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissHH.pdf: 3913934 bytes, checksum: c71f30d226a7e462e602307c00b0a3e6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T18:27:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissHH.pdf: 3913934 bytes, checksum: c71f30d226a7e462e602307c00b0a3e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This project aims to investigate aesthetic and signal subjects of Kieslowskian cinematographic language from the analysis of the episode 5 of the television series Decalogue (1988) and its respective version for cinema A short film about killing (1988). The aim is to study how Kieslowski constructs new relationships in extended version of this episode, the motivations that led him to rearrange them and/or reconstruct them, and what this option by “duplicating” the same movie can tell us about the cinema conception of this Polish director. / Serão investigadas questões sígnicas e ético-estéticas do discurso cinematográfico kieslowskiano, a partir da análise do episódio 5 da minissérie televisiva Decálogo (1988), em comparação com sua versão estendida no longa-metragem Não matarás (1988). O objetivo é estudar como Kieslowski constrói novas relações entre o formato de média-metragem (Decálogo 5) e o longa-metragem, quais as motivações que o levaram a rearranjá-los e/ou reconstruí-los, bem como o que esta opção, por “duplicar” uma mesma história, pode nos revelar sobre o projeto poético deste diretor polonês, naquele momento.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / As negociaÃÃes e processos identitÃrios vivenciados por meninas envolvidas na prÃtica de homicÃdio à o eixo central da presente tese. O estudo tem, inicialmente, como referÃncia empÃrica, o Centro Educacional Aldaci Barbosa Mota, lÃcus onde se deu o encontro com as personagens desse estudo, no perÃodo de 2007, 2008 â com as adolescentes dentro do internato, sentenciadas à privaÃÃo de liberdade â e em 2009 â quando a maioria das adolescentes jà estava fora do internato. As inspiraÃÃes analÃticas da tese tÃm nos âEstudos Culturaisâ um Campo de referÃncia ao tomar a visÃo de âidentidade em movimentoâ, formulada por Stuart Hall, como categoria fundante, sublinhando o carÃter contraditÃrio, mÃvel e temporÃrio das identidades. Outros aportes se coadunam neste amÃlgama analÃtico, numa convergÃncia categorial entre âidentidadesâ, âtrajetÃriasâ e âjuventudesâ. Nesta convergÃncia, as categorias â âtrajetÃria descontÃnuaâ e âidentidade em movimentoâ â formuladas por Pierre Bourdieu e Stuart Hall, circunscrevem o entendimento sobre os processos identitÃrios de jovens envolvidas no âato de matarâ como uma construÃÃo em aberto, sinalizando, no Ãmbito da lÃgica analÃtica dos autores, para um olhar ampliado dos processos de vida em gestaÃÃo, âfazendo-seâ e âtornando-seâ ao longo das rotas vivenciadas pelas personagens. De fato, esta articulaÃÃo categorial propiciou instrumentos analÃticos para delinear um caminho teÃrico-metodolÃgico, consubstanciado pelo esforÃo de construir seis âretratos sociolÃgicosâ das meninas, protagonistas desse estudo. A metodologia usada para a construÃÃo dos retratos guiou-se pela compreensÃo de Bernard Lahire, ao sustentar a ideia de que âretratar significa construir estudos de casos singularesâ, refutando a tendÃncia de percebÃ-los como simples ilustraÃÃes de contextos teÃricos, mas como procedimentos metodolÃgicos, capazes de apresentar esquemas interpretativos sobre a vida e as vivÃncias dos sujeitos investigados. De fato, Lahire forneceu um caminho metodolÃgico para materializar as indicaÃÃes teÃricas de Pierre Bourdieu e Stuart Hall. Nessa anÃlise qualitativa, conjugam-se diferentes vias investigativas: observaÃÃo do Internato como primeiro lÃcus da investigaÃÃo, realizaÃÃo de entrevistas, sessÃo fotogrÃfica das marcas de tiros, facadas e tatuagens desenhadas nos corpos das jovens, visitas Ãs residÃncias e lugares de possÃvel encontro com as personagens desse estudo apÃs seus desligamentos do Internato. Desse modo, a investigaÃÃo delineou representaÃÃes construÃdas pelas jovens acerca dos cenÃrios nos quais inscrevem suas rotas: a famÃlia â focando na representaÃÃo da figura da mÃe â, a escola, os amigos, as vivÃncias no bairro, a sociabilidade nas âtribosâ e grupos aos quais pertencem, o envolvimento na prÃtica de homicÃdio, a relaÃÃo âdroga x crimeâ, as perspectivas de futuro e sonhos. / This research investigates the negociations and identity processes lived by girls envolved in killing practices. At first, the study has as reference the Educacional Center Aldaci Barbosa Mota, the universe in which I met these characters from 2007 to 2008.The teenagers lacked of private freedom in the Boarding School. However, in 2009 they were already displaced. The thesis is inspired in the identity vision proposed by the cultural studies. This vision is formulated by Stuart Hall. The Hall thought is based on the mobile cultural identity. This author emphasizes the fragment, contradictory and dynamic identity form. In this analysis I also consider the contribution of not continuos trajectory and dynamic identity formulated by Bourdieu and Stuart Hall. I circunscribe my identity comprehension of the processes in which teenagers are envolved in the killing atcs, considering the open analysis in construction of two autors referred early. It is considered the variety of their growing processes, from the pregnancy and including all their long historical trajectory. These categories helped to describe the methodology option. I constructed the snapshots of the teenagers who are the main characters of this history. In this case, I was inspired by Bernard Lahire who defends the idea of the construction of the âsingular case studiesâ. This idea refuses the vision of the simple ilustration of the theorerical contexts but his analisys emphazies a methodological approach which considers how the subjetcs interpret their ways of living and experiences. In fact, this study is based on the contributions of Pierre Bourdieu, Stuart Hall, and the reinforcing of Bernard Lahire. In the qualitative analysis I join several ways of investigation. I considered the universe observation of the first place, the boarding school, I realized interviews, Photo session of the marks of bullets, machetes and tattoos designed on the bodies of young people, I visited young homes and possible meeting places of the characters, after they have left the previous institution. This way, the study investigates the construction of their representations, especially of mother, family, friends, district, sociability of the groups which they belong, the practice of killing, the relations drugs x crime, the dreams, the future perspectives, and so on.

In this thesis we discuss drawbacks of the event horizon which is defined glo- bally in spacetime and we introduce a quasilocal definition of black hole boundary foliated by marginally trapped surfaces on which the expansion of the outer null normal congruence becomes zero. List of different types of quasilocal horizons follows, i.e. apparent horizon, trapping horizon and isolated and dynamical hori- zon. Subsequently we calculate and analyse quasilocal horizons in two dynamical spacetimes which are used as inhomogeneous cosmological models. We discover future and past horizon in spherically symmetric Lemaître spacetime and we come to conclusion that both are null and have locally the same geometry as the ho- rizons in the LTB spacetime. Then we study Szekeres-Szafron spacetime with no symmetries, particularly its subfamily with β,z ̸= 0, and we derive the equation of the horizon. However, because of the lack of symmetries the spacetime is not adapted to double-null foliation, therefore we were unsuccessful in our attempts to estimate the equation's solution. Only in a special case when the function Φ does not depend on the coordinate z we found a condition on the existence of the horizon, that is Φ,t Φ > 0. 1

Abstract Seed potato is the starting point in the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production chain. In order to secure potato production in a variety of production conditions, plant diseases must be controlled and the yield characteristics of the used cultivars ensured. In addition, production must be cost-effective. Characteristics particular to northern production conditions include long periods of daylight and a short growing season as well as a several months long seed potato storage period. The focus of the present study is on northern production conditions and methods, including haulm killing and sprout control, which are presumed to affect seed potato quality, as well as the initial stages of the seed potato production chain, i.e. micro- and minituber production, which could influence cost-effectiveness and propagation. Haulm killing is one of the methods used in seed potato production to regulate tuber size. It is often carried out on unsenesced plants. The present results, however, indicate that cultivar properties have a greater effect on the sprouting and crop yield of seed potatoes than production-phase haulm killing or temperature sum accumulation. Nevertheless, haulm killing carried out three weeks after flowering (75 DAP) accelerated emergence. When the effect of haulm killing methods on seed potatoes was compared with natural haulm senescence, haulm killing was shown to increase disease pressure. Black scurf (Rhizoctonia Solani) was present in seed tubers whose haulm had been destroyed by mechanical or mechanical-chemical haulm killing. Naturally senesced haulm had less black scurf, and crop quantity and starch content developed to a level typical of the cultivar. Storage periods lasting several months make controlling seed potato sprouting more challenging. Therefore, use of the plant hormone gibberellic acid (GA) in sprout control was investigated. GA treatments at lower concentration (100 mM) increased the number of tubers in the cultivar Fambo. Thus, the timing of haulm killing and in the case of Fambo, GA treatment influenced the characteristics of seed potatoes. Conventionally, the first tuber generation is produced using microplants to produce minitubers in greenhouses. This production method is, however, labour-intensive, and energy and investment costs are high. With the aim of increasing production efficiency in northern production conditions, the production of minitubers in the laboratory using a novel bioreactor technology and in growth rooms using the hydroponic technique was investigated. The Liquid LabTM Rocker bioreactor system was used in vitro, all the cultivars examined (Asterix, Timo, Van Gogh and Velox) produced microtubers. The quantity of tubers produced per dish varied between 30 (for the cultivar Asterix in eight weeks) and 75 (for the cultivar Velox in 11 weeks). The results showed hydroponic production of minitubers to be successful in indoor conditions: the cultivars Desiree and Van Gogh developed their first tuber three weeks faster than Asterix, and the minituber yield was 4.5 per plant for Desiree, 7.5 for Van Gogh and 4.0 for Asterix. When the results indicate that both the Liquid LabTM Rocker production method and the hydroponic production method are suitable for mass production of seed potatoes. / Tiivistelmä Siemenperuna on lähtökohta perunan (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuotantoketjussa. Jotta perunantuotanto turvataan eri tuotanto-olosuhteissa, on hallittava siemenperunan kasvitaudit, taattava sadontuotto-ominaisuudet ja tuotannon on oltava lisäksi kustannustehokasta. Pohjoisissa tuotanto-olosuhteissa erityispiirteinä ovat valoisuudeltaan pitkät päivät ja kestoltaan lyhyet kasvukaudet. Lisäksi siemenperunoiden varastointijakso kestää useita kuukausia. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin vaikuttavatko pohjoiset tuotanto-olosuhteet tai tuotannossa käytetyt varsistonhävitys tai itämisen hallinta siemenperunoiden laatuominaisuuksiin. Lisäksi selvitettiin siemenperunoiden ensimmäisen mukulasukupolven (mikro- ja minimukula) tuotantoa eri tekniikoilla. Siemenperunatuotannossa varsistonhävitystä käytetään mukulakoon säätelykeinona. Varsistonhävitys tehdään usein tuleentumattomaan kasvustoon. Saatujen tulosten perusteella lajikeominaisuudet vaikuttivat itämiseen ja sadontuotto-ominaisuuksiin enemmän kuin varsistonhävitys tai mukuloihin kerääntynyt lämpösumma. Varsistonhävitys kolme viikkoa kukinnasta (75 päivää istutuksen jälkeen) nopeutti kuitenkin siemenperunoiden taimettumista. Vertailtaessa varsistonhävitysmenetelmien vaikutusta siemenperunaan verranteena kasvuston luontainen tuleentuminen, varsistonhävitys lisäsi kasvitautipainetta. Mekaanis-kemiallisesti ja mekaanisesti varsistonhävityissä satomukuloissa tuli esiin seittirupea (Rhizoctonia solani). Luontaisesti tuleentuneen kasvuston sadoissa oli seittirupea vähemmän ja myös sadon määrä ja tärkkelyspitoisuus kehittyivät lajikkeelle luontaiselle tasolle. Useiden kuukausien varastointijakso vaikeuttaa siemenperunoiden itämisen hallintaa. Kun tutkittiin gibberelliinihapon (GA) käyttöä itämisen hallintaan, alhaisemman konsentraation (100mM) GA –käsittely lisäsi Fambo –lajikkeen mukulalukumäärää. Tulosten perusteella varsistonhävityksen ajoittamisella ja GA –käsittelyllä (Fambo –lajike) vaikutettiin siemenperunoiden ominaisuuksiin. Siemenperunan ensimmäisen mukulasukupolven eli minimukuloiden tuottaminen tapahtuu perinteisesti kasvihuonekasvatuksena mikrokasveista. Tuotantotapa on työvoima-, energia- ja invetointikustannuksia vaativaa. Tuotannon tehostamiseksi pohjoisissa tuotanto-olosuhteissa tutkittiin mikro- ja minimukuloiden tuotantoa eri teknologioilla. Mikromukuloita tuotettiin bioreaktorimenetelmällä laboratoriossa ja minimukuloita hydroponisella menetelmällä kasvatushuoneissa. Tulokset osoittavat, että kaikki tutkitut lajikkeet (Asterix, Timo, Van Gogh ja Velox) tuottivat bioreaktorissa mikromukuloita. Mikromukuloiden määrä vaihteli 30:sta (Asterix, 8 viikon kasvatus) 75:een (Velox, 11 viikon kasvatus). Myös minimukuloiden hydroponinen tuotanto sisätiloissa on mahdollista; kaikki lajikkeet muodostivat mukuloita, Desiree ja Van Gogh 3 viikkoa nopeammin kuin Asterix. Desiree tuotti minimukuloita 4.5 kpl/kasvi, Van Gogh 7.5 ja Asterix 4.0. Tulokset osoittavat, että molemmat menetelmät (bioreaktori ja hydroponinen) soveltuvat mikro- ja minimukuloiden massatuotantoon.

Abstract This research work focuses on how to improve the toughness of heat affected zones (HAZs) of low heat input welds in the case of high strength thermomechanically processed (TMCP) and recrystallization controlled rolled and accelerated cooled (RCR) plates with yield strengths of 355–500 MPa. Experimental work was aimed at the investigation of the intragranular nucleation of acicular ferrite or bainite in hot-rolled plates and the evaluation of the Charpy V and CTOD toughness of the most critical sub-zones of the weld HAZ using simulated specimens with a cooling time t8/5 = 5 s. The zones studied were the coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ), the intercritically reheated coarse-grained HAZ (ICCGHAZ) and the intercritical HAZ (ICHAZ), the metallographical analyses consisted of microstructural investigations complemented with hardness measurements. Optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques were employed together with image and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The test results showed that the toughness of the various sub-zones of the HAZ is improved by promoting intragranularly nucleated ferritic-bainitic (acicular) microstructure in both the CGHAZ and in the base plate. In this way, the sub-zones subjected to intercritical thermal cycles (the ICCGHAZ and the ICHAZ) develop evenly distributed M-A constituents between ferrite and bainite laths. These favourable microstructures can be achieved by using titanium killing or by avoiding niobium microalloying by using copper plus nickel alloying instead. In the laboratory experiments titanium killed steel, containing titanium-manganese oxide/manganese sulphide inclusions with a number density of 300–750 particles/mm2, develops a largely acicular ferritic microstructure in the base plate provided the austenite grain size is greater than about 120 μm and the cooling rate is in the range 6–11 °C/s down to 500 °C. Under plate mill conditions, no significant amount of acicular ferrite could be obtained, because it was not possible to achieve austenite grain sizes larger than about 70 μm after rolling. However, a significant fraction of acicular ferritic-bainitic microstructure was achieved in the CGHAZ, when the austenite grain size exceeded 90 μm. When achieved, a uniform distribution of M-A particles in an acicular ferritic-bainitic microstructure improves toughness. Cracks nucleate at numerous sites on M-A/ferrite boundaries or bainite packet interfaces, but they are initially arrested in the acicular matrix. Crack growth finally occurs by linking of the numerous arrested microcracks.

La transition protéique correspond au processus de substitution entre protéines impliqué dans le cycle de la transition nutritionnelle, résultant de la transformation des normes et valeurs attachées aux aliments qui les fournissent. En Inde, la part relative des protéines ne s’inverse pas au profit des protéines animales dont l’augmentation se fait principalement par des aliments non carnés. Grâce à une enquête qualitative à Delhi et quantitative à Vadodara, la thèse démêle les déterminants aux décisions alimentaires concernant un portefeuille d’aliments protéiques d’origine animale, et leurs formes d’intégration dans les catégories alimentaires. Le modèle examine en effet les processus socioculturels de gestion de la mort alimentaire, régulateurs de la frontière végétarien/non-végétarien, ainsi que les frontières et contenus de ces catégories, perméables aux effets de la modernisation. Si les consommations apparaissent surdéterminées par des variables ethniques et sociales, les résultats invitent à considérer les dynamiques de différenciation sociale internes à ces groupes et opérées par ces aliments, ainsi que les contextes interactionnels agissant sur leur prévalence. A l’échelle micro-individuelle, les liens à l’alimentation et à ces aliments agencent des formes de régimes, évolutives dans un parcours alimentaire et biographique, établissant la relation entre l’individu, son alimentation, et le collectif. La thèse démontre l’autonomie culturelle vis à vis de contraintes biologiques et discute la convergence alimentaire par la place singulière des protéines animales dans les régimes alimentaires. / The protein transition corresponds to the process of substitution between proteins involved in the cycle of nutrition transition. In India the relative share of protein is not reversed in favor of animal protein whose increase is primarily through non-meat foods. Through a qualitative survey in Delhi and a quantitative one in Vadodara, the thesis unravels the determinants of food decisions regarding a portfolio of animal-based protein foods, and its forms of integration in the food categories. The model looks at the sociocultural process of the killing for food, which regulate the vegetarian/non-vegetarian boundary, as well as the boundaries and content of these categories, permeable to modernity. If the overall consumption appears overdetermined by ethnic and social variables, the results invite to consider the dynamics of social differentiation internal to these groups and produced by foods items, as well as interactional contexts acting on their prevalence. At the micro-individual level, ties to food and ties to animal foods shape forms of diets in a biographical journey, establishing the relationship between the individual, his food, and the collective. The thesis demonstrates the cultural autonomy with respect to biological constraints and discusses food convergence by the singular arrangement of animal proteins in the diets.

This dissertation aims to examine and analyse the current South African position with regard to voluntary euthanasia. An examination is made from constitutional law, common law, case law and statutory law perspectives, including the legislation proposed by the South African Law Commission (project 86). The writings of prominent authors are considered. Once the South African position is examined, a comparative study is undertaken concerning relevant aspects in the Dutch law. The most important findings are that the South African Constitution may allow, and perhaps even demand, the legalization of voluntary euthanasia in South Africa, provided that sufficient safeguards can be established to effectively and sufficiently minimize the risk of abuse. Should this be impossible, the proscription of euthanasia may be reasonable and justifiable in an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom. Finally, some recommendations are made for changes to the South African Law Commission’s Final Draft Bill. / Dissertation (LLM (Medical Law))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Public Law / unrestricted

Einleitung: Für die Nottötung von Ferkeln am landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb steht bisher kein praktikables und kostengünstiges einstufiges Verfahren zur Verfügung. Derzeit wird am häufigsten der stumpfe Schlag auf den Kopf für nicht lebensfähige Ferkel bis fünf Kilogramm Körpergewicht zur Betäubung angewendet. Anschließend müssen die Tiere entblutet werden, um den Todeseintritt sicherzustellen. Während die Effektivität des Kopfschlages stark von den Fähigkeiten der ausführenden Person abhängt und schlecht standardisierbar ist, wird das Entbluten häufig vom Personal aus hygienischen sowie emotionalen Gründen abgelehnt. Ziele der Untersuchung: In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte die Wirksamkeit des modifizierten penetrierenden Bolzenschusses zur kombinierten Betäubung und Tötung von Saugferkeln und Ferkeln bis 30 Kilogramm Körpergewicht untersucht werden. Zudem sollte eine geeignete Fixierung entwickelt werden und die Gründe für eine Nottötung sollten weitestmöglich erhoben werden. Tiere, Material und Methoden: Vor- und Hauptuntersuchung fanden zwischen Februar 2016 und Mai 2017 an zwei landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben statt. Im Rahmen der Voruntersuchung wurden die Modifikationen an den verwendeten Schussapparaten festgelegt sowie die Apparate an 20 toten Ferkeln mit einem Gewicht von 0,55 bis 27,00 Kilogramm erprobt. Dabei wurde der optimale Ansatz des Schussapparates durch eine anschließende pathologische Untersuchung aller geschossenen Tiere bestimmt. Es wurden außerdem zwei unterschiedliche Fixierungseinrichtungen (Kopfstütze und Netz) zur sicheren Durchführung der Betäubung und Tötung per penetrierendem Bolzenschuss entwickelt. Im Rahmen der Hauptuntersuchung wurden 198 Ferkel in sechs Versuchsgruppen (VG) mit einem Gewicht von 0,48 bis 39,00 Kilogramm getötet (VG 1: <1,30 kg; VG 2: 1,30-1,99 kg; VG 3: 2,00-4,99 kg; VG 4: 5,00-9,99 kg; VG 5: 10,00-19,99 kg; VG 6: 20,00->30,00 kg). Dafür wurden zwei penetrierende Bolzenschussapparate (turbocut Jopp GmbH, Bad Neustadt a. d. Saale) verwendet, wobei ein Apparat für Ferkel mit einem Gewicht bis fünf Kilogramm zum Einsatz kam (Gerät „Drei Puffer“, Bolzenaustrittslänge: 5,3 cm) und der andere für die schwereren Tiere (Gerät „Blitz Kerner“, Bolzenaustrittslänge: 8,3 cm). Neben einer Allgemeinuntersuchung vor der Tötung wurde direkt nach dem Schuss das klinische Bild erhoben sowie anhand von Reflexprüfungen, Zeit bis zur letzten Bewegung, bis zur finalen Pupillendilatation bzw. bis zum Sistieren des Herzschlages die Effektivität der Betäubung und der anschließende lückenlose Übergang in den Tod bestimmt. Der Tötungsvorgang wurde dazu jeweils per Videokamera (Digitale HD-Videokamera, Sony® HDR-PJ 260 VE, Tokio, Japan) dokumentiert. 16 der während der Hauptuntersuchung getöteten Ferkel mit einem Gewicht von 0,66 bis 39,00 Kilogramm wurden außerdem pathologisch untersucht. Um den Einfluss der untersuchten Variablen Gewicht, Allgemeinbefinden und Genauigkeit des Ansatzes des Schussapparates auf die Gesamtkrampfdauer sowie auf die Zeitintervalle bis zur letzten Bewegung und bis zur finalen Pupillendilatation zu bestimmen, wurde jeweils eine Kovarianzanalyse durchgeführt. Der Kruskal- Wallis-Test wurde verwendet, um die Abhängigkeit der Variablen Gesamtkrampfdauer und Zeitintervall bis zur letzten Bewegung sowie bis zur finalen Pupillendilatation von den Versuchsgruppen zu überprüfen. Ergebnisse: Die häufigsten Gründe für eine Nottötung waren Gelenkschwellungen und –entzündungen (35,4 % der Tiere). Die angestrebte Schussposition (bei Saugferkeln ca. 1-2 cm und bei größeren Ferkeln ca. 3-3,5 cm über der Augenhöhe in der Medianen; Schussrichtung dabei möglichst parallel zur Körperlängsachse in Richtung Schwanz) wurde bei knapp einem Viertel (24 %) der geschossenen Tiere nicht ganz genau erreicht, sondern es ergaben sich leichte Abweichungen. Dennoch war die erzielte Effektivität der Betäubung und Tötung mit 98,5 % sehr gut und wurde nur bei einem Tier aufgrund von Atembewegungen als nicht ausreichend bewertet. Dieses und eines der beiden Tiere mit fraglicher Betäubungseffektivität wurden nachgeschossen. Die nur bei wenigen Ferkeln zunächst tonischen und ansonsten überwiegend klonischen Krämpfe endeten bei fast allen Ferkeln (94 %) innerhalb von zwei Minuten nach dem Schuss. Sie waren bei Tieren mit stark beeinträchtigtem Allgemeinbefinden signifikant kürzer als bei solchen mit einer nur mäßigen Beeinträchtigung (p < 0,0001). Die untersuchten Einflussfaktoren erklärten jedoch nur 13 % der Variabilität der Krampfdauer. Bei den meisten Ferkeln endeten die Bewegungen und trat die finale Pupillendilatation innerhalb von vier Minuten nach dem Schuss ein. Fünf Ferkel bewegten sich länger als zehn Minuten. Bei Ansatz des Schussapparates mit Abweichungen endeten die Bewegungen später (p = 0,041) und auch die finale Pupillendilatation trat später ein (p = 0,016). Die untersuchten Einflussfaktoren erklärten jedoch nur 2 % der Variabilität der Bewegungsdauer bzw. 6 % der Variabilität der Dauer bis zur finalen Pupillendilatation. Der Herzschlag war in 63 % der Fälle bereits vier Minuten nach dem Schuss nicht mehr auskultierbar, in 2,2 % der Fälle jedoch noch länger als zehn Minuten. Das Elektrokardiogramm zeigte noch länger eine Herzaktivität an. Diese hielt bei 56 % der Ferkel mehr als zehn Minuten nach dem Schuss an. Die pathologischen Untersuchungen belegten, dass bei allen untersuchten Tieren das Stammhirn in unterschiedlichem Umfang zerstört worden war. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Untersuchung hat gezeigt, dass der modifizierte penetrierende Bolzenschuss ein praktikables und gut standardisierbares einstufiges Betäubungs- und Tötungsverfahren und damit ein sicheres Verfahren zur Nottötung von Ferkeln bis 30 Kilogramm Körpergewicht ist. Eine entsprechende Änderung der Tierschutz-Schlachtverordnung wird empfohlen. Der Schussbolzen verursacht zum einen eine Betäubung und wirkt des Weiteren tödlich durch eine Zerstörung des Stammhirns entsprechend der Wirkungsweise eines Gehirn-/Rückenmarkzerstörers. Nachteilig auf die Durchführbarkeit der Methode könnte sich die starke Krampfaktivität nach dem Schuss auswirken. Auch aufgrund des Blutverlustes aus dem Schussloch kann sie von Anwendern und Zuschauern aus ästhetischen Gründen abgelehnt werden. Im Anschluss an die Untersuchung konnte ein praxistauglicher Leitfaden für die Durchführung der Nottötung von Ferkeln bis 30 Kilogramm Lebendgewicht am landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb per Bolzenschuss als Ein-Schritt-Methode erstellt werden. / Introduction: There is currently no practical and cost-effective one-stage procedure available for the emergency killing of piglets on farm. At the moment, the percussive blow to the head is most commonly used for non-viable piglets up to five kilograms for stunning. The stunning must be followed by the bleeding of the animals to ensure their death. The effectiveness of the percussive blow to the head is heavily depending on the skills of the operator and difficult to standardize. Bleeding is often rejected by the staff for hygienic and emotional reasons. Objective: The aim of this work was to investigate the effectiveness of the modified penetrating captive bolt as a procedure for the combined stunning and killing of suckling piglets and piglets up to 30 kilograms of body weight. In addition, an appropriate fixation device should have been developed and the reasons for an emergency killing should have been investigated as far as possible. Animals, material and methods: The preliminary as well as the main investigation took place between February 2016 and May 2017 on two farms. In the course of the preliminary investigation, the modifications to the captive bolt devices were determined and the devices were tested on 20 dead piglets weighing between 0.55 and 27.00 kilograms. The optimal position for the application of the captive bolt device was determined by a subsequent pathological examination of all the animals shot. Additionally, two different fixation devices (headrest and net) were developed for the safe execution of the stunning and killing by penetrating captive bolt. As part of the main investigation, a total of 198 piglets in six groups (VG) weighing between 0.48 and 39.00 kilograms were killed (VG 1: <1.30 kg; VG 2: 1.30-1.99 kg; VG 3: 2.00-4.99 kg; VG 4: 5.00-9.99 kg; VG 5: 10.00-19.99 kg; VG 6: 20.00->30.00 kg). For this purpose, two penetrating captive bolt devices (turbocut Jopp GmbH, Bad Neustadt a. d. Saale, Germany) were used, one for piglets weighing up to five kilograms (device 'Drei Puffer', bolt exit length: 5.3 cm) and the other one for the heavier animals (device 'Blitz Kerner', bolt exit length: 8.3 cm). In addition to a general examination before killing, the clinical presentation was recorded immediately after the shot and the effectiveness of the stunning and the subsequent complete transition to death were determined on the basis of reflex tests, time until the last movement, until the final dilatation of the pupil and until the cessation of cardiac activity. The killing process was documented by a video camera (digital HD-video camera, Sony® HDR-PJ 260 VE, Tokyo, Japan). 16 of the piglets killed during the main investigation, weighing from 0.66 to 39.00 kilograms, were also examined pathologically. In order to determine the influence of the variables weight, general condition - 95 - and accuracy of the shooting position on the total convulsion duration as well as on the time intervals to the last movement and up to the final pupil dilation, analysis of covariance was performed. The Kruskal-Wallis-test was used to check the dependence of the variables total convulsion duration and time interval to the last movement as well as to the final pupil dilation on the experimental groups. Results: The swelling and the inflammation of the joints were the most frequent causes for an emergency killing (34.5% of the animals). The desired position for the application of the captive bolt gun (approx. 1-2 cm above eye level in the median for suckling piglets and approx. 3-3.5 cm above eye level in the median for larger piglets; the direction of the shot should be parallel to the body's longitudinal axis in the direction of the tail) was not exactly achieved in almost a quarter of the animals shot (24%), but slight deviations occurred. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the stunning and killing was very good with 98.5% and only one animal was evaluated as insufficient due to breathing movements. This and one of the two animals with questionable stunning effectiveness were reshot. The initially tonic cramps in only a few piglets and otherwise predominantly clonic cramps ended in almost all piglets (94%) within two minutes after the shot. They were significantly shorter in animals with severely impaired general condition than in those with only moderate impairment (p < 0.0001). However, the factors investigated explained only 13% of the variability of the total convulsion duration. For most piglets, the movements ended and the final dilatation of the pupil occurred within four minutes after the shot. Five piglets moved for more than ten minutes. When the captive bolt device was attached with deviations, the movements ended later (p = 0.041) and the final dilatation of the pupil also occurred later (p = 0.016). However, the factors investigated explained only 2% of the variability of the movement duration and 6 % of the variability of the duration until the final dilatation of the pupil. In 63% of the cases, the heartbeat could no longer be detected by stethoscope four minutes after the shot, but in 2.2% of the cases it was still longer than ten minutes. The electrocardiogram showed even longer heart activity. In 56% of the piglets this activity lasted more than ten minutes after the shot. The pathological examinations showed that the brain stem had been destroyed to varying degrees in all the animals examined. Conclusions: The investigation has shown that the modified penetrating captive bolt is a practicable and well standardizable single-stage stunning and killing procedure and thus a safe method for the emergency killing of piglets up to 30 kilograms of body weight. A corresponding amendment to the national Animal Welfare Slaughter Ordinance is recommended. The bolt leads to stunning and it also acts fatally by destroying the brainstem according to the mode of action of pithing. The strong convulsive activity after the shot could have a negative effect on the feasibility of the method. It can also be rejected by users and spectators for aesthetic reasons due to the loss of blood from the shot hole. Following the study, a practical guide for carrying out the emergency killing of piglets up to 30 kg of live weight on farm by captive bolt as a one-step method could be drawn up.

Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative strictly human pathogen and the major causative agent of whooping cough or pertussis. The incidence of this highly contagious respiratory disease in developed countries has increased in the last decades. One of the less characterized virulence factors of B. pertussis is the type three secretion system (TTSS) which is responsible for the secretion of the effector proteins into host eukaryotic cells. This diploma thesis sheds light onto factors influencing TTSS in vitro activity. Although TTSS of laboratory strain Tohama I was induced by biologically active compounds present in blood (e. g. complement proteins), TTSS of recent clinical isolate B1917 seems to be induced permanently. Furthermore, BB0302 encoding a GntR family transcription regulator in B. bronchiseptica RB50 (homologous to BP0209 of Tohama I) was studied, however, the deletion of this gene did not affect the TTSS functionality. Serum resistance is a factor that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of B pertussis. We show that Czech recent isolates (2008-2015) are significantly more resistant to serum killing in vitro than the original vaccine strains (1954-1965). This phenomenon seems to result from the adaptation of global B. pertussis population to its human host. In addition, this diploma...

The use of drones in conflicts is under development and is increasing rapidly. The first real drone warfare was seen in Pakistan in the War on Terrorism in 2004. Between officials and scientists, there are divided opinions about whether the drone strikes can increase terrorism or cause the collapse of organizations. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the effectiveness of drones, in terms of precision and lethality, can be seen to escalate or de-escalate a conflict. The aim is to explore whether two existing theories about air power can explain the case of killing the Iranian general, Qasem Soleimani, in 2020. As a qualitative case study, the approach results in favor of Pape´s theory over Warden´s. Pape says that decapitation is more likely to escalate a conflict, which confirms this case. Other explanations in his theory are the absence of unexpected political effects and the overthrow of government. Though Wardens theory shows some aspects of de-escalation, the conclusion is that Soleimani was not the center of gravity that was meant to cause system collapse. Further research is required since the findings cannot identify any escalating or de-escalating effects within the Quds Force.