302 f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-29T17:50:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Antonio Cardoso.pdf: 4362473 bytes, checksum: 36135e27a3f35c3350bdfd333feec8b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora Lopes(silopes@ufba.br) on 2013-05-17T18:40:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Antonio Cardoso.pdf: 4362473 bytes, checksum: 36135e27a3f35c3350bdfd333feec8b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-17T18:40:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Antonio Cardoso.pdf: 4362473 bytes, checksum: 36135e27a3f35c3350bdfd333feec8b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / No âmbito da Educação a Distância, os Ambientes Virtuais de Aprendizagem na Web ganham importância crescente. Alguns deles com grande impacto de público, em diferentes instituições de ensino tanto públicas e quanto particulares. Por mais paradoxal que seja, este fenômeno amplo e global abre espaço para o despertar de pequenas soluções similares que buscam atender a necessidades particulares de ensino e aprendizagem on-line de grupos locais. Neste universo em expansão, este trabalho descreve primariamente a trajetória de elaboração, construção e adaptação de um Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem na Web chamado Hospital Educacional, que nasceu a partir do desenvolvimento de uma solução de software baseada em ferramentas de Inteligência Artificial e aplicada com uma interface lúdica. Ele tem sido aplicado ininterruptamente em disciplinas de cursos de graduação presencial desde 2006-1, com uma proposta blended learning, haurindo benefícios de uma aprendizagem presencial e à distância. O cerne da prática pedagógica neste trabalho tem como objetivo específico promover o relacionamento aluno-aluno para a construção e difusão do conhecimento de maneira virtual e colaborativa sob mediação do professor. Como objetivo geral, este trabalho busca demonstrar o Hospital Educacional como um ambiente mediador de aprendizagem, que estimula o processo de ensino-aprendizagem e a participação dos alunos. A abordagem metodológica da pesquisa é a Fenomenológica-Hermenêutica, pois se busca compreender o uso deste ambiente de aprendizagem no contexto em que está inserido, através dos atores que o faz acontecer: o professor e os alunos. Como justificativa para execução deste trabalho, enumera-se a perspectiva de construir o conhecimento concebido pelos alunos, armazenando-o virtualmente no ambiente para ser a base de outras oportunidades de aprendizagem, através do uso de Objetos de Aprendizagem Reutilizáveis e, como segunda justificativa, possibilitar resgatar este conhecimento armazenado no ambiente para reconstruí-lo. São empregadas técnicas de pesquisa como Questionários, Entrevistas e Análise de documentos que, somados aos dados decorrentes das ações executadas pelos alunos no ambiente, auxiliam a compreender o uso do Hospital Educacional como um recurso de aprendizagem. Por meio destas técnicas de pesquisa, os resultados observados mostram um elevado nível de participação dos alunos, que aceitam entusiasticamente o ambiente e a sua proposta pedagógica. Estes resultados são expostos em forma de gráficos diversos e de um mosaico, construído a partir dos comentários dos alunos. / Salvador

Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-10T19:53:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseEM.pdf: 1594720 bytes, checksum: 173fe8e83791fbf4ae8bc8f097a4e6fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:53:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseEM.pdf: 1594720 bytes, checksum: 173fe8e83791fbf4ae8bc8f097a4e6fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:54:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseEM.pdf: 1594720 bytes, checksum: 173fe8e83791fbf4ae8bc8f097a4e6fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T19:54:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseEM.pdf: 1594720 bytes, checksum: 173fe8e83791fbf4ae8bc8f097a4e6fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Current international and national politics about Special Education and Inclusive Education aims to ensure that all, without exception, have equal rights to access, permanency and opportunities for satisfactory learning in all segments and areas of knowledge proposed by the Basic Education, among them, Physical Education. Based on the premise that teacher vocational training collaborates with the conjectures of the inclusive movement, this study aimed to analyze whether and how a Continuing Education Program for Physical Education teachers contributes to the construction and reconstruction of knowledge about school inclusion, enabling (more) inclusive speeches and practices, especially for students with disabilities. To meet these objectives, the research presented here was characterized as qualitative, outlined by the action research insights and data analyzed by categories. The Continuing Education Program was attended five physical education teachers and the results showed that the activities developed and built at each meeting through dialogue (search), made possible the construction and the collective reconstruction of knowledge about inclusion in the program and beyond (action); especially because the participants were able to analyze, reflect and position on what they could and should do as those who believe in inclusion, seek knowledge and enable theories and inclusive practices. Consequently, the proposed and discussed knowledge in the Continuing Education Program (search) had significant contributions to the daily action/s participants. However, this research has reinforced the responsibility of the applicability of Inclusive Education assumptions should not only be the physical education teachers or teachers of any curriculum component of basic education; since the idea of inclusion is linked to multiple government, physical, curricular and attitudinal dimensions. In this vein, this research shows that access, permanence and learning opportunities for school education of all students, will only be possible if government agencies, school administrators, teachers, families, students and community do each of you, thus enabling , a society and a truly inclusive education for all, regardless of the specifics of this "all". / As atuais políticas internacionais e nacionais de Educação Especial e Educação Inclusiva buscam garantir que todos, sem exceção, tenham igualdade de direitos ao acesso, permanência e oportunidades de aprendizagens satisfatórias em todos os segmentos e áreas do conhecimento propostas pela Educação Básica, dentre elas, a Educação Física. Partindo da premissa de que a formação profissional do professor colabora com as conjecturas do movimento inclusivo, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar se e como um Programa de Formação Continuada para professores de Educação Física contribui na construção e reconstrução de saberes sobre inclusão escolar, viabilizando discursos e práticas (mais) inclusivas, sobretudo, para alunos com deficiência. Para responder estes objetivos, a pesquisa aqui apresentada foi caracterizada como qualitativa, delineada pelos entendimentos da pesquisa-ação e os dados analisados por meio de categorias. O Programa de Formação Continuada contou com a participação de cinco professores de Educação Física e os resultados apontaram que as atividades desenvolvidas e edificadas a cada encontro por meio do diálogo (pesquisa), possibilitaram a construção e a reconstrução coletiva de saberes sobre inclusão no Programa e para além dele (ação); sobretudo, porque os participantes conseguiram analisar, refletir e se posicionar sobre o que poderiam e deveriam fazer enquanto docentes que acreditam na inclusão, buscam saberes e viabilizam teorias e práticas inclusivas. Assim, os saberes propostos e discutidos no Programa de Formação Continuada (pesquisa) tiveram contribuições significativas para a/s ação/ações cotidiana/s dos participantes. Entretanto, esta pesquisa reforçou que a responsabilidade da aplicabilidade dos pressupostos da Educação Inclusiva não deve ser apenas dos professores de Educação Física ou dos professores de qualquer componente curricular da Educação Básica; uma vez que a ideia de inclusão está atrelada a múltiplas dimensões governamentais, físicas, curriculares e atitudinais. Nesta senda, esta pesquisa comprovou que o acesso, a permanência e as oportunidades de aprendizagem à educação escolarizada de todos os alunos, só será possível se órgãos governamentais, gestores escolares, professores, famílias, alunos e comunidade fizerem cada um sua parte, possibilitando assim, uma sociedade e uma educação de fato inclusiva para todos, independentemente das especificidades desse “todos”.

Orientador: Luis Enrique Aguilar / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T10:32:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Momma-Bardela_AdrianaMissae_D.pdf: 2161210 bytes, checksum: f34d2d075c1c0aa7ee172c549ee1bfc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O presente estudo, numa perspectiva qualitativa discute o processo de implementação de políticas públicas de educação no município de Guarulhos/SP-Brasil no período de 2001 a 2004. Ao analisarmos o processo de implementação de políticas públicas de educação neste município é possível problematizarmos a fundamentação teórico-metodológica em políticas públicas de educação que, apesar de apontar para superação da concepção cartesiana, burocrático-administrativa de políticas, ainda concebe-a como um processo técnico, racional de planejamento e execução dessas políticas. A tese parte do entendimento de que implementação de políticas públicas, no caso, de educação, pressupõe um movimento de construção e diálogo permanente entre os diversos e diferentes sujeitos que integram a sociedade; pois se insere numa dinâmica social-política muito mais abrangente, complexa e antagônica, na qual os interesses e projetos societários de cunho ¿hegemônico¿ e/ou ¿contra-hegemônico¿ se encontram em disputa permanente. Não se trata somente de políticas implementadas pelos que compõe as estruturas do respectivo governo, mas por diferentes segmentos que compõe a sociedade guarulhense, e as redes e conexões políticas que se estabelecem no cenário político mais amplo. ¿ Como pensar uma política pública de educação que supere as relações societárias calcadas numa concepção conservadora, fragmentada, homogênea e polarizada da sociedade-educação? Esta entre outras questões norteou a elaboração do presente trabalho. Descrever e analisar este processo tem sua relevância uma vez que permite compreender que uma política pública de educação eficaz e efetiva é aquela que, numa perspectiva dialética, permite a vivência social-democrática, a manifestação da diversidade, das contradições, dos conflitos inerentes à nossa sociedade; é um campo em litígio por Projetos Educacionais-Societários distintos. Para a conformação deste mosaico o papel do governo é imprescindível no sentido de fazer prevalecer a democracia-ética como principio orientador de todo o processo político a partir de um determinado Projeto Societário. Destarte é sempre uma política contextualizada que revela os ¿sujeitos-históricos¿, suas demandas, suas inquietações, seus processos de construção material; de formação socialpolítica em movimento; suas contradições / Abstract: This study is intended to provide a discussion on the qualitative aspects of the process of implementation of public education policies in Guarulhos, SP, Brazil from 2001 to 2004. In the analysis, it is possible to question the theoretical-methodolgical basis for public education policies, which have been expected to go beyond a Cartesian, bureaucratic-administrative conception, but are still conceived as a technical and rational planning and execution process. We start from the assumption that, in the educational field, implementing public policies implies a permanent movement of construction and dialogue between the different kinds of subjects in society, since it is part of a wide, complex and conflictive social-political dynamics in which ¿hegemonic¿ and ¿anti-hegemonic¿ societary interests and projects are in a permanent dispute. This is not only about policies implemented by subjects who constitute the respective governamental structures in the city, but also by other several parts of the Guarulhos society and the political relationships established in a wider context. How should we think over a public education policy that can go beyond societary relationships grounded on a conservative, shattered, homogeneous and polarized conception of education-society? The permanent education policy for teachers working in the public system is focused here as a privileged setting for social-political-democratic experiences, and the sense and meanings of implementing public policies in education are discussed from what we understand and what we can change in the relationships between students, educators and production towards knowledge and learning. Describing and analyzing this process is relevant, since it helps us understand that an effective public education policy, in a dialectic perspective, fosters socialdemocratic experiences and the expression of diversity, contradictions, and conflicts that are inherent in our society. It is a battlefield for several different societary¿educational projects; in this case, essentially an implementation process of political-pedagogical projects by all ¿educators¿ aiming to boost certain learning processes for children, youngsters and adults in the city. In the achievement of this goal, the government has a vital role: to have ethical democracy prioritized as a guiding principle for the whole political process through a well-determined societary-educational project. Thence, a contextualized policy is always what reveals ¿historical subjects¿, their demands, their unrest, their processes of material building and social-political education in movement, their contradictions, their learning processes / Doutorado / Politicas de Educação e Sistemas Educativos / Doutor em Educação

Este trabalho caracteriza-se como um estudo evolutivo fundamentado na teoria epistemológica de Jean Piaget e também nas pesquisas sobre a construção do conhecimento social sob o enfoque psicogenético. O objetivo central foi investigar as crenças que crianças e adolescentes, inseridos em diferentes contextos, possuíam a respeito da violência. Como também verificar se havia uma possível correspondência entre os níveis de compreensão da realidade social os estágios da inteligência. Para tanto, foram utilizados três instrumentos metodológicos: provas para o diagnóstico do pensamento operatório, entrevista clínica e análise de um curta-metragem. Tanto a entrevista clínica, quanto o curta-metragem foram analisados de acordo com os níveis de compreensão da realidade social e as provas operatórias, quanto os estágios do desenvolvimento cognitivo. Os dados também foram submetidos à análise estatística, por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis ou Mann-Whitney. Os resultados confirmaram nossa hipótese, isto é, que existe uma correlação significativa entre os níveis de compreensão da realidade social e os estágios da inteligência. Também notamos que sujeitos apresentam dificuldades em compreender o fenômeno da violência e sua complexidade. Apresentando, muitas vezes, ideias simplistas e pobre, evidenciando que a violência é vista por eles como um fenômeno cotidiano e ligado a eventos mais concretos e imediatistas, tais como: brigar, bater e matar e, portanto, não é entendida como um objeto de reflexão. Isso evidencia a carência de projetos que levem a reflexão e discussão sobre o tema, como também necessidade de se trabalhar a questão da violência também sob a ótica da construção do conhecimento social, principalmente na escola, buscando-se uma compreensão mais elaborada do fenômeno por parte dos alunos / This work is characterized as an evolutionary study based on the epistemological theory of Jean Piaget and also research into the social construction of knowledge from the standpoint psychogenetic. The main objective was to investigate the beliefs that children and adolescents placed in different contexts, had about violence. But also analyze whether there was a possible correlation between the levels of understanding of social reality and the stages of intelligence. Therefore, we used three methodological tools: evidence for the diagnosis of operational thinking, clinical interview and analysis of a short film. Both the clinical interview, as the short film was analyzed according to the levels of understanding of the social and operational tests, as the stages of cognitive development. The data were statistically analyzed by means of the Kruskal-Wallis test or Mann-Whitney. The results confirmed our hypothesis, that there is a significant correlation between the levels of understanding of social reality and the stages of intelligence. We also noted that subjects have difficulties in understanding the phenomenon of violence and its complexity. Introducing often simplistic ideas and poor, showing that violence is seen by them as an everyday phenomenon and events linked to more concrete and immediate results, such as fighting, hitting and killing and therefore is not seen as an object of reflection. This highlights the lack of projects that lead to reflection and discussion on the topic, but also need to work on the issue of violence also from the perspective of social construction of knowledge, especially in school, seeking a more elaborate phenomenon by the students

本研究的目的在於了解國中教師資訊科技融入教學的情形，並探討教師教學信念、科技學科教學知識(Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge, TPACK)和知識創新學習環境間的關係；同時並分析教師背景變項對TPACK表現造成的影響。 本研究的問題主要如下：(1)了解教師在不同背景變項下其TPACK表現是否有所不同？(2)探討教師的教學信念、TPACK和學生知識創新學習環境之間是否具有相關？(3)教師的教學信念是否對教師的TPACK表現具有預測力？(4)教師的TPACK表現是否對知識創新學習環境具有預測力？ 本研究改編外語教師TPCK調查研究問卷(Chai et al., 2011)和知識創新學習環境(Lin et al., 2014)之問卷，形成本研究資訊融入教學的問卷，對桃園市國中老師390位進行施測，統計方法上使用一般描述性統計、皮爾遜積差相關、單因子多變異數分析、多元迴歸分析以驗證假設問題。 研究發現如下：(1)教學年資較淺、任教術科教師、有使用教學平台及每周上網時間較長的教師在TPACK表現較佳。(2)學習者中心的教師信念、TPACK和知識創新學習環境之間具有顯著關係存在。(3)學習者中心的教學信念對TPACK的表現具最佳預測力。(4)教師的TPACK能力對知識創新學習環境也具預測力。本研究並根據上述研究發現提出相關的結論與建議以供教師或教育機關參考。 / The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK), teaching belief, and knowledge building environment, in order to understand how teachers may integrate information technologies into their instruction. This study attempts to answer the following research questions: (1) what are some major demographic variables that may influence middle school teachers’ TPACK level? (2) How are teaching belief, TPACK level, and knowledge building environment related to one another? (3) Can teaching belief help predict middle-school teachers’ TPACK level? (4) Can higher TPACK level help teachers to cultivate more creative knowledge building environment? Data from 390 samples were obtained from middle school teachers in Taoyuan, Taiwan, through an adapted survey. The statistics employed for data analysis include descriptive statistics , Pearson's correlation analysis, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression. The major findings were as follow：(1) Teachers who had less years of teaching experiences, or taught non-examination-oriented subjects, or had experiences of using teaching platforms or used Internet more often, tended to have higher TPACK level. (2)There were significant correlations among teaching belief, TPACK level, and knowledge building environment. (3)Student-centered teaching belief was found to predict teachers’ TPACK level. (4) Higher TPACK level was also found to predict teachers’ capacity to foster more creative knowledge building environment. Based on the findings, relevant conclusions and suggestions were also made for teachers and educational policy-makers.

傳統作品導向(product-oriented)英文寫作教學重結果、輕過程，加上傳統學習環境多以教師為中心，重講述、少建構，不僅容易限制寫作內容的創意展現與發展，同時，學生在學習上亦容易處於一個被動獲知的角色。知識翻新理論中的知識建構歷程與想法創化環境，則提供了英文教師與學習者一個另類的教學設計原則以及學習環境感受。因此，研究者希冀能透過知識翻新教學理論之原理原則，設計出一套適用於高中生的英文寫作活動，幫助學生產出想法、發揮創意、提升寫作品質。有鑑於此，本研究旨在探討結合電腦輔助平台（即知識論壇）之知識翻新教學活動對高中生學習環境感知與英文寫作表現之影響。研究方法採個案研究法，研究對象為39名高二文組班學生。 　　本研究除了探討知識翻新活動對學生學習環境感知與英文作文寫作表現的差異情形之外，更進一步探討學生於構思階段寫作想法的轉變歷程以及教師在進行教學時的反思情形。本研究的資料來源包括：（1）知識創新學習環境問卷；（2）英文寫作成品；（3）構思活動記錄；（4）開放式問卷；（5）教師教學反思記錄。上述資料分析採量化的成對樣本t檢定、Pearson相關、描述性統計、獨立樣本t檢定、與單因子變異數等統計分析以及質性的內容分析，藉以瞭解學生對知識翻新創意氛圍的感知情形與英文寫作表現，以及以知識翻新原則導向的想法演變歷程與教學反思情形。 　　研究結果顯示：（1）知識翻新有助於提升學生的創意氛圍感知；（2）知識翻新英文寫作活動能提升學生的寫作的內容與表現能力；（3）以知識翻新理論為基礎所設計的英文寫作構思活動，能促使學生發想與精進寫作的想法；（4）知識翻新原則取向所進行的教師教學反思，能幫助教師改進與調整其教學信念與教學模式。最後，根據研究結果，本研究提出相關討論與建議，以供後續英文寫作教學及研究之參考。 / Traditional product-oriented English Composition pedagogy tends to focus on the writing results but not the writing processes. Accordingly, traditional learning environment also tends to be teacher-centered, emphasizing teacher’s lectures rather than students’ knowledge construction. Such pedagogy and environment not only restrain students’ development of creativities, but also turn students into passive learners. In contrast, the emphasis of a process of knowledge construction and idea development in a knowledge building environment has provided teachers and students an innovative pedagogy and an alternative learning environment. Therefore, the researcher in this study decided to employ the principle-based knowledge building theory to design more suitable English composition activities, in order to help students learn how to generate writing ideas, develop creative writing capacity, and eventually improve the quality of their English composition. As such, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of computer-supported knowledge building activities on high school students’ perception of learning environment and English writing performance. To this end, this research employed a case study and the participants were 39 second grade high school students. In addition to understanding how students perceived their learning environment and advance their English composition performance, this study further discussed the process and the transformation of writing ideas in three different stages and the condition of teacher reflection during the teaching. The data of this study mainly came from: (1) a knowledge building environment scale; (2) students’ English composition works; (3) the records produced during three ideas generation stages; and (4) the teacher’s teaching reflection. Quantitative and qualitative measures were applied in this study, and data were analyzed through paired-samples t tests, Pearson's product moment coefficient, descriptive statistics, independent-sample t test, one way ANOVA, and content analysis. The main findings were as follow: (1) knowledge building activities improved students’ perception of learning environment; (2) English composition activities which were based on knowledge building theory were able to advance students’ writing contents and performance; (3) brainstorming activities assisted students in idea generation, idea improvement, and idea synthesis; (4) teaching reflection affected teacher’s teaching beliefs (from cognitivism to constructivism) and teaching models (from teacher-centered to student-centered). Based on the results, some suggestions and implications were discussed.

本研究旨在探討，基於知識翻新教學（knowledge building pedagogy）所建立的電腦支援協作學習環境，能否協助提昇學生對科學理論本質的理解。研究對象為52位修習「自然科學概論」課程的大學生。教學設計以知識翻新教學法為原則，並輔以知識論壇（Knowledge Forum）線上合作學習平台。 資料來源包括：（1）學期前後對科學理論本質理解之開放式問卷；（2）平台討論內容；（3）平台活動量(包括貼文數、回文數等數據資料等)。資料分析採用質性內容分析法及量化成對T考驗、卡方考驗等方式。 研究結果指出：(1)經由知識翻新教學，學生於學期後對科學理論本質理解產生顯著轉變。學生對科學理論本質的觀點，在期初較偏向邏輯實證主義：認為理論主要來自於對自然界的觀察、發現；或視理論為絕對客觀、正確的實驗結果；或認為理論主要是經由科學家個人所產生，並且是一種具有權威性且不可改變的存在。然而，在期末時，學生對理論本質的理解則轉變為比較建構取向的理解：認為理論是科學家或科學社群的發明，其結果受社會與人文因素等影響；或認為理論本身可以透過某些標準被評價，例如解釋力、適當性、邏輯流暢度等，因此理論能夠被不斷翻新修正。(2)學生在學習平台上進行探究活動中呈現的科學概念層次隨時間經過而不斷進步。學生在後半學期能使用更明確而具體的科學訊息、證據，對議題進行討論。(3)最後，學生對科學理論本質理解的轉變，以及其科學探究概念層次的高低，皆與其在平台活動量（如參與程度等）有正向關連。 針對上述結果，本研究提出相關討論與建議，以供現場教師或未來研究者之用。 / The aim of this study was to investigate whether students can develop a better understanding of the nature of scientific theories after engaging in a computer supported collaborative knowledge building environment. Participants were 52 undergraduate students who took a course about nature sciences. The instruction of this course was designed based on knowledge building pedagogy, using Knowledge Forum as a tool for students to construct their theories about scientific phenomena through online collaboration. Data sources included: （1） a pre-post open-ended questionnaire that investigated students’ understanding of the nature of scientific theories; （2） the content of an online forum in which students posted their ideas; （3） students’ activities in the forum, for instance, number of students’ notes contributed, or number of notes built-on to each other’s notes. Data were analyzed through both qualitative and quantitative methods. From a qualitative perspective, we used content analysis to evaluate the quality of students’ discussion; from a quantitative perspectivea, paired t-test and chi-square were used to examine students’ change of views regarding the nature of scientific theories after the course. The results showed that after a semester, students were able to develop a more constructivist-oriented view toward the nature of scientific theories. Their view shifted from a more positivist-oriented perspective to a more constructivist-oriented one. Further, the finding showed that there was significant improvement in students’ scientific inquiry as reflected in the progressively more sophisticated levels of the scientific concepts discussed online. Moreover, it was found that there was a statistically significant, positive correlation between students’ enhanced understanding of the nature of scientific theory and the intensity of students’ online activities. Additionally, the results also indicated that there was a significant, positive correlation between the depth of students’ scientific inquiry ( as reflected in the concepts inquired and discussed online) and the extent of students’ online activities. Some further suggestions and implications were also discussed in the study.

本研究主要目的在探究國小學生，在利用「知識論壇」 (Knowledge Forum)—一個以知識翻新(knowledge-building)教育思想為核心所建立的電腦輔助合作學習(CSCL)平台—進行教學之前與之後，在「科學學習歷程」與「科學合作概念」上的改變情形。研究對象為台北市某國小五年級學生。資料來源主要為課堂觀察、上課錄影資料、知識論壇平台上的活動記錄、以及集體訪談的前後測訪談稿。實驗共分二組：(1) 實驗組使用知識論壇平台進行知識翻新教學；(2) 控制組則以傳統講授與小組合作方式授課。 研究結果主要有以下四點：(1) 課堂觀察與錄影資料分析顯示，在傳統的課堂中(控制組)教師主導的活動佔據大部分上課時間，然而在進行知識翻新教學之課堂中(實驗組)，學生則使用更多的時間進行同儕間的互動與合作；(2) 知識論壇平台活動記錄分析結果發現，在論壇的輔助下進行知識翻新教學，有助於幫助學生跳脫分工合作的小組活動、進行更機遇式(opportunistic)的合作學習；(3) 平台中的發文內容分析顯示，經過18週的課程，學生有更多以合作為基礎的學習活動；(4) 訪談稿前測結果指出，學生對於科學知識本質的「暫時性」與「共構性」僅有初步瞭解。在合作方式上，多數學生認為科學家會合作，然而在合作的方式上則普遍強調以「分工」為基礎的科學合作，而非以「創新」知識為基礎的合作方式。訪談稿後測結果則指出，經過知識翻新課程後，受試國小學生已漸能形成以創新為基礎(而非任務為導向)的科學合作概念。 本研究主要的結論有四點：(1) 知識翻新教學有助於促進學生間的互動學習；(2) 在知識翻新教學後學生有更多以合作為基礎的探究活動；(3) 本研究中的小學生已普遍有合作的理念，但仍停留在分工合作的觀點；以及(4) 知識翻新教學可以有助於幫助學生形成以創新為主的合作觀。 / The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of knowledge building on fifth-grader’ science learning process and their views on collaboration. A software program called Knowledge Forum—which is designed based on knowledge-building theory—was employed to complement student learning. Participants were 53 fifth-graders from an urban school in Taipei. Data source mainly came from video-taping of classroom activities, class observation records, group interview, and the online activities automatically recorded in the Knowledge Forum platform. The students were divided into two groups for comparison: (1) the experiment group adopted knowledge building pedagogy; (2) the control group adopted traditional instruction that combined both teacher lectures and student collaboration in groups. The main findings are as follows: (1) as shown in the video and the classroom observation data, it was found that in the traditional (control) class, teacher-led activities took up the majority of class time; in contrast, in the knowledge building (experimental) class, students had more time for peer interaction and collaboration; (2) as the online activity data showed, it was found that engaging in knowledge building helped students to move away from division of labor and to engage in more opportunistic collaboration ; (3) based on content analysis on student online discussion, it was found that students progressively performed more collaborative activities towards the end of this class; and (4) as evidenced in the pre-post interview data, it was found that students initially had a more limited understanding of scientific knowledge as “tentative” and “co-constructive”. In addition, while they thought scientists work together, they tended to highlight the kind of teamwork based on division of labor, rather than the kind of teamwork aimed to create new knowledge. However, the post-interview data showed that after engaging in knowledge building for 18 weeks, students began to see scientific collaboration as more innovation-oriented, and less task-oriented. Based on the findings, the following conclusions were made: (1) engaging students in knowledge building was helpful for promoting more interaction among students; (2) knowledge building progressively fostered more scientific inquiry activities that is based on collaboration; (3) before attending this study, students had already the concept of cooperation, and such concept is highly based on division of labor, but after engaging in knowledge building, they were able to gradually develop a more creative view of collaboration.

本研究探討設計導向的知識翻新學習對師培生的學習有何影響，包括探討其學習結果與學習歷程，同時本研究也分析各學習分組間的差異。研究對象為修習教學媒體與操作課程之44位師培生，以小組為單位進行課程，每組4至5人，共分為10組，採個案研究法。 資料來源包括：(1)師培生三次教案設計；(2)師培生三次教案設計之組內討論；(3)師培生三次教案設計後同儕回饋。資料分析方式說明如下：其一、將三次教案設計根據改編的教案評量表進行教案品質評分，透過相依樣本無母數檢定，比較其成果是否有所改變。其二、根據Mishra和Koehler（2006）所提出之七項教學知識架構，將三次基於教案設計的小組討論及同儕回饋進行編碼，以了解各組想法及回饋中所包含的教學知識有何改變；並以想法類別編碼分析各組師培生討論之想法有何差異。其三、利用集群分析各學習小組，比較不同集群之間學習成果與學習歷程之異同，並藉由質性分析探討各小組如何討論及設計教案，並剖析差異原因。 主要研究結果如下：(1)師培生整體教案設計品質提升，其中又在教學創新及創意表現向度（Z= 2.87，p < .01）與教學架構向度（Z=2.55，p < .05）上有顯著成長。(2)在各組教案設計討論過程中，發現包含一項教學知識的想法數量有顯著減少趨勢（Z=-2.81，P<.01）；在各組收到的回饋中也發現，回饋包含兩項教學知識者於期末則有明顯成長趨勢（Z= 2.19，p < .05）。(3)利用集群分析將各組師培生教案設計所討論的想法進行分類，結果得到兩大集群，其一在認知及後設認知類型想法中產出較多，命名為想法高產出組；另一群則相反，命名為想法低產出組。此外研究還發現，想法高產出組在教案設計之創新及創意面向（t=2.33，p<.05）、教學媒體及科技面向（t=2.80，p<.05）顯著高於低想法產出組，也較低產出組能產出更多認知及後設認知類型討論想法。 綜上述而言，本研究發現設計導向的知識翻新學習歷程有助於師培生教學媒體教案設計之翻新，並提升師培生在討論及回饋中融合運用教學知識之能力。此外亦發現，能提出較多高階類型想法組別，其教案設計之創新程度、科技使用品質及給予他組回饋的表現上，相較之下也較佳。本研究建議教師在教學上應同時兼顧師培生討論數量及品質，鼓勵學生不斷提升討論的想法層次，並適時介入低產出組學生討論之中，協助學生不斷改進其教案設計的想法，以提升其教案設計所需的相關教學知識。 / The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of design-based knowledge building on pre-service teachers’ teaching knowledge. This research adopted a case study design. Participants were 44 undergraduate pre-service teachers who engaged in a course pertaining to the design of instructional media. They were divided into 10 learning groups. Data sources included: (1) pre-service teachers’ design of three lesson plans; (2) pre-service teachers’ discussion within groups; and (3) peer feedback after presentation of each group’s lesson plan. The process of data analysis is as follows: First, lesson plans were assessed by an evaluation form, and then analyzed by using nonparametric tests to see if there was any change in the design of lesson plans. Second, the three discussion and peer-feedback activities within each group were analyzed by open coding using two different coding schemes: “Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge—TPACK” (Mishra & Koehler, 2006), and quality of ideas. Third, using cluster analysis to divide 10 groups into different clusters, this study further compared students’ learning processes and outcomes between groups. The findings were as follows: (1) It was found that the design quality of lesson plans were enhanced, especially in terms of the innovative and creative teaching performance dimension (Z = 2.87, p <.01) and the design framework dimension (Z = 2.55, p <.05); (2) In the course of group discussion, teaching ideas that contained only one type of teaching knowledge (e.g., content knowledge) had decreased significantly (Z=-2.81，P<.01). Teaching feedback (received from other groups) regarding two types of teaching knowledge (e.g., pedagogical content knowledge) increased significantly (Z= 2.19，p < .05). (3) Using cluster analysis, this study classified 10 groups into 2 clusters based on groups’ discussion about teaching ideas. One cluster outperformed in both cognitive and meta-cognitive types of teaching ideas was named high-productive cluster; the other cluster was named less-productive cluster. High-productive cluster was superior to low-productive cluster in terms of the “Innovative and Creative Teaching” and “Instructional Media and Technology Use” dimensions for lesson plans, and in terms of the quality of feedback they provided to their peer groups. The main findings were as follows: (1) Design-based knowledge building helps pre-service teachers’ to design more innovatively their lesson plans and to enhance their teaching knowledge; (2) It was found that the groups who could work more creatively with ideas could also produce more innovative lesson plans, and were also more likely to give away quality feedback to other peer groups. Based on the findings, it is suggested that teachers should not just pay attention to the quantity of discussion posts, but also the quality of idea discussed. It is also important to encourage student to work innovatively and collaboratively with ideas during discussion. Teachers should also try to intervene and help provide necessary scaffolds to the low-productive groups so as to encourage them to continuously improve their teaching ideas.

本研究的主要目的在探究以想法為中心的教學設計對大學生學習歷程與知識信念的影響。本研究透過知識論壇 (Knowledge Forum，KF) —一個以知識翻新（knowledge-building）教育理念為核心所建立的數位學習平台—來記錄學生的學習歷程。研究設計採個案研究法，以一個班級為研究單位，藉由多元資料的蒐集，以深入瞭解知識翻新教學對大學生在學習歷程上的影響。研究對象為某大學修習「生活科技概論」課程之22位學生。 資料來源包括：(1) 知識論壇上的學習筆記(note)—即學生整學期在知識論壇平台上的貼文與對話記錄；(2) 期末科技成品與影音記錄—即課程中學生所設計科技產品的期末發表; (3) 期末反思—即學生的期末學習心得; (4) 知識信念問卷(Chan & Elliott, 2004)的前後測資料。 本研究依據資料分析結果提出以下三點主要結論: (1)協作式的知識共構活動可以幫助學生跳脫傳統以個人為中心的學習方式，並進而以集體想法交流的形式來共構知識；(2) 從學生在科技產品上的創意表現可知，學生已逐漸能體認到知識是可以被創造的，人人都有能力創造知識；(3) 學生經過一學期的知識建構過程後，在知識信念上也有部分轉變，特別是在「天賦能力」的面向上，傾向學習能力並非天賦且不可改變的觀點。 根據上述結論，本研究在教育實務上提出以下三點建議：(1) 教師應多運用想法中心的教學設計，以培養有自主想法的學生，並藉此激勵學生積極參與學習社群中的知識共構活動；(2) 教師應將知識創造的能力視為學生學習的關鍵能力，以培養學生面對未來職場所需的競爭力；(3) 師資培育機構應注重師資培育生在知識信念上的發展，並協助其養成更具建構取向與學生中心的教學信念。 關鍵詞：想法中心、電腦支援協作學習、知識翻新、知識信念、主動學習 / The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of idea-centered education on college students’ learning progress and change in epistemological beliefs. An online collaborative knowledge-building environment—Knowledge Forum (KF)—was employed in this study to document the process of students’ idea generation and development, as well as their belief change. This study employed a case-study design, using a college class as a unit for investigation, with multiple datasets collected to understand how knowledge building might affect students’ learning process and outcome. Participants were 22 students (16 females and 6 males) who took a course titled “Introduction to Living Technology” in a university, Taiwan. Major data sources include: (1) Students’ online discourse recorded in a KF database; (2) Students’ final presentations about the technology products they designed (the presentations were videotaped); (3) An open-ended survey employed to elicit students’ reflection on what they did and learned from this course; (4) A belief questionnaire, adopted from Chan & Elliott (2004), which was administered in the beginning and at the end of the course. There were three main findings: (1) An idea-centered approach was found helpful for students to move away from individual-based learning to taking more collective responsibility in their knowledge advancement. It was found that with support of KF, students were able to engage in continuous idea exchange and improvement; (2) As evidenced in students’ performance on the design of creative technology products, it was suggested that students have gradually realized that knowledge can be created and that all humans has potential to create knowledge; (3) After doing knowledge-building for a whole semester, the participating students also shifted their’ beliefs to become less inclined to believe in inborn ability as a fixed quality. Building on the findings, this study made the following suggestions: (1) To foster student capacity for more autonomous learning and collaborative knowledge building, teachers should try to encourage students to work with ideas and to engage them in sustained idea improvement; (2) Teachers should regard knowledge creation as a key ability that students need to acquire in order to face the competitive workplace in the future; (3) Teacher education programs should pay attention to the development of students’ epistemological beliefs, and to help student develop a more constructivist-oriented and student-centered teaching beliefs. Keywords: idea-centered, CSCL, knowledge building, epistemological beliefs, active learning