The understanding of the role of the contracting authority in public procurement is important to understand the underused potential of public procurement to contribute to the sustainable development of society. In particular, the concept of public-private cooperation was suggested to increase this potential, but not enough is known about how the interaction has to take place in order to address the behavioural factors that cause the barriers to sustainable public procurement. The results of this research showed that the leading role of the contracting authority could facilitate sustainable procurement by increasing engagement, interaction and collaboration. A strategic planning approach to support the public-private cooperation in the procurement process is needed. Based on the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development, a support for the contracting authority was designed to guide the strategic planning of the procurement process. The suggested design of Support for Strategic Sustainable Procurement was evaluated and found likely to support the contracting authority in strategically leading the public procurement process to leverage the potential of public procurement on the transition towards a sustainable society.

En los últimos años cambios importantes en las condiciones laborales mundialmente, influenciados por crisis económicas y transformaciones de diversas industrias, han impulsado la aparición de más profesionales independientes. Esta tendencia motivó la aparición de los coworking para satisfacer esta nueva necesidad. A través de la revisión de la literatura, esta investigación tiene como objetivo presentar el estado del arte sobre la contribución de los espacios de coworking con la creatividad e innovación. Se ha tomado en cuenta los factores motivacionales, las herramientas tecnológicas, el intercambio de la información entre los participantes y el rol de los espacios en la creatividad e innovación. Los estudios demuestran que la contribución de estos espacios es positiva ya que potencia el desempeño creativo e innovador de los participantes, lograda principalmente a través del factor social, el intercambio de conocimientos, la noción de pertenencia y el acceso a las herramientas tecnológicas. Se encontraron controversias con respecto a los factores que motivan a la utilización de los coworking, la contribución de las herramientas tecnológicas y la contribución a la creatividad e innovación; sin embargo son aisladas y la mayoría de autores mantiene una posición positiva. Sobre el intercambio de conocimiento se encontraron mayores controversias sobre las características de los participantes y la dinámica en los espacios de coworking; sin embargo, se encontró que la interacción social es fundamental en el intercambio del conocimiento y la colaboración. Por este motivo, estos espacios resaltan la importancia de la proximidad física ofreciendo ambientes abiertos que permiten la colaboración. / In recent years, major changes in working conditions worldwide, influenced by economic crises and transformations in various industries, have led to the emergence of more independent professionals. This trend motivated the appearance of coworking to satisfy this new need. Through the review of the literature, this research aims to present the state of the art on the contribution of coworking spaces to creativity and innovation. Motivational factors, technological tools, information exchange among participants and the role of spaces in creativity and innovation have been taken into account. Studies show that the contribution of these spaces is positive since it enhances the creative and innovative performance of the participants, achieved mainly through the social factor, the exchange of knowledge, the notion of belonging and access to technological tools. Controversies were found regarding the factors that motivate the use of coworking, the contribution of technological tools and the contribution to creativity and innovation; however, they are isolated and most authors maintain a positive position. Regarding the exchange of knowledge, greater controversies were found about the characteristics of the participants and the dynamics in the coworking spaces; However, it was found that social interaction is fundamental in the exchange of knowledge and collaboration. For this reason, these spaces highlight the importance of physical proximity by offering open environments that allow collaboration. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Studien syftade till att undersöka huruvida en kunskapsöverföring av tidigare erfarenheter har applicerats på den nya destinationen inför det årliga svenska vinterrallyt. Evenemanget har arrangerats på samma destination i 55 år, vilket mynnade ut i en problemdiskussion som berörde hur implicita och explicita erfarenheter hanterats och förmedlats till den nya destinationen. Problemdiskussionen berörde även på vilka sätt dessa tidigare erfarenheter utspelat sig i evenemanget, och hur ett återkommande evenemang arbetar med den dokumenterade erfarenheten efter avslutat projekt.  Via en kvalitativ ansats genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med totalt 12 deltagare. Datan genomgick sedan en tematisk analys, vilket resulterade i tre centrala teman; Effekten av en kedjereaktion, Vägvalet: Ett rally med, eller utan, Värmland? och Ett kretslopp av erfarenheter. Resultatet mynnade ut i slutsatser som bland annat visar att implicit kunskap för evenemanget är essentiellt, eftersom kunskapsutbytet påverkades av yttre faktorer som den ansvariga organisationen inte enskilt kunde eller får besluta om. Faktorerna låg till grund för bristen på erfarenhet till evenemanget, och således osäkerhet för diverse beslutsfattare och markanvändare på den nya destinationen. Resultatets slutsatser visar också att implicit kunskap efter evenemanget alltid får goda möjligheter till att fångas upp och transformeras till explicit tack vare en gedigen utvärderingsprocess. Utåt sett blev tävlingshelgen lyckad, men fortsatt är det en framtida process med att lära och samla på sig nya erfarenheter till nästkommande år. I förhållande till det är vilja är en viktig faktor att inneha i den interna processen med att lära och erfara, och således en aktuell aspekt under hela planeringsfasen. Studien kunde slutligen påvisa att erfarenhet inte alltid anses vara av positiv karaktär, till exempel när nya förändringar vill genomföras. / The study aimed to investigate whether a learning process from previous experiences has been applied to the new destination before the annual Swedish winter rally. The event has been arranged at the same destination for 55 years, which resulted in a problem discussion that concerned how implicit and explicit experiences were handled and communicated to the new destination. The problem discussion also touched on how these previous experiences took place in the event, and how a recurring event works with the documented experience after the project has ended.  Through a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 12 participants. The data then underwent a thematic analysis, which resulted in three central themes; The effect of a chain reaction, The choice of route: A rally with, or without, Värmland? and finally A cycle of experiences. The outcome resulted in conclusions that show that implicit knowledge for the Swedish rally is essential, as the exchange of knowledge was affected by external factors that the responsible organization not individually could decide on. The factors were founded in the lack of experience for the event, and therefore uncertainty for various decision makers and land users at the new destination. The conclusions of the result also show that implicit knowledge after the event always has good opportunities to be captured and transformed into explicit thanks to a solid evaluation process. Externally, the weekend of the event was successful, but it is still a future process of learning and gaining experiences for the coming years. In relation to that, will is an important factor to possess in the internal process of learning and experiencing, and thus a current aspect throughout the planning phase. Finally, the study was able to show that experience not always is considered to be of a positive nature, for example when new changes want to be implemented.

Between 2005 and 2010 and across 48 countries, including the United States, an increasing positive correlation emerged between national intellectual capital and gross domestic product per capita. The problem remains organizations operating with increasingly complex knowledge networks often lose intellectual capital resulting from ineffective knowledge management practices. The purpose of this study was to provide management opportunities to reduce intellectual capital loss. The first research question addressed how an enhanced intelligent, complex, and adaptive system (ICAS) model could clarify management's understanding of organizational knowledge transfer. The second research question addressed how interdisciplinary theory could become more meaningfully infused to enhance management practices of the organization's knowledge ecosystem. The nature of this study was phenomenological to gain deeper understanding of individual experiences related to knowledge flow phenomena. Data were collected from a single historical research dataset containing 11 subject interviews and analyzed using Moustakas' heuristic framework. Original interviews were collected in 2012 during research within a military unit, included in this study based on theme alignment. Organizational, knowledge management, emergent systems, and cognition theories were synthesized to enhance understandings of emergent ICAS forces. Individuals create unique ICAS flow emergent force dynamics in relation to micro- and macro-meso sensemaking and sensegiving. Findings indicated individual knowledge work significantly shapes emergent ICAS flow dynamics. Collectively enhancing knowledge stewardship over time could foster positive social change by improving national welfare.

I mars 2020 klassades Covid-19 som en pandemi och kan liknas en kris vilket medförde att flera företag fått ändra om sina arbetssätt för att kunna förhålla sig till restriktionerna. Revisionsyrket har likt många andra verksamheter drabbats av distansering där fysisk kontakt med kollegor och kunder begränsats. Detta har gjort att revisorn har behövt hitta alternativa sätt för att genomföra arbetet. De nya omständigheterna innebär att det krävs mer forskning inom ämnet för att se hur det påverkar revisorns arbete, då tidigare kriser har visat sig ha en påverkan på revisionskvaliteten. Det förändrade arbetssättet förväntas även delvis fortsätta framgent vilket gör studien aktuell.  Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för hur revisorns arbete har påverkats under distanseringen och hur det har påverkat revisionskvaliteten. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi där sammanlagt tio respondenter deltog genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Samtliga respondenter har varit verksamma inom revisionsyrket i minst två år från det att Covid-19 klassades som en pandemi, vilket gjorde att de hade erfarenhet av såväl arbete på distans som på arbetsplatsen.  Studiens resultat indikerar att distanseringen har påverkat revisorns arbete, vilket har påverkat revisorns tillstånd av komfort som i sin tur har en inverkan på revisionskvaliteten. Revisorn har behövt använda alternativa sätt vid insamling av revisionsbevis vilket har varit extra kännbart vid lagerinventering. Distanseringen har påverkat kommunikationen med kollegor och kunder vilket har försvårat kunskapsutbytet och förståelsen av det reviderade bolaget. Samtidigt har distanseringen effektiviserat arbetet och gjort det mer flexibelt där nya möjligheter skapats. För att möjliggöra arbetet under distanseringen har digitala lösningar använts i större utsträckning av både revisorerna och kunderna. Fortsättningsvis kommer revisorerna kombinera distansarbete, arbete på kontor och ute hos kund eftersom studien indikerar på att fysiska möten är av betydelse. / In March 2020, Covid-19 was classified as a pandemic and can be likened to a crisis, which meant that several companies have changed their working methods to be able to relate to the restrictions. The auditing profession, like many other businesses, has been affected by distancing where physical contact with colleagues and customers has been limited. This has meant that the auditor had to find alternative ways of carrying out the work. The new circumstances mean that more research is needed in the subject to see how it affects the auditor's work as previous crises have been shown to have an impact on the audit quality. The changed way of working, which is partly expected to continue in the future, makes this study relevant. The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding of how the auditor's work has been affected during the distancing and how it has affected the audit quality. The study is based on a qualitative research strategy and a total of ten respondents participated through semi-structured interviews. All respondents have been active in the auditing profession for at least two years since covid-19 was classified as a pandemic, which meant that the auditors had experience of both working from home and at the workplace.  The results of the study indicate that the distancing has affected the auditor's work, which has affected the auditor's state of comfort, which in turn has an impact on the audit quality. The auditor has had to use alternative methods when collecting audit evidence, which has been particularly noticeable during the inventory. The distancing has affected communication with colleagues and customers, which has made it difficult to exchange knowledge and understand the audited company. The distancing has at the same time streamlined the work and made it more flexible where new opportunities have been created. To enable the work during the distancing, digital solutions have been used to a greater extent by both the auditors and the customers. The auditors will continue to combine homeworking, office work and out at the client's because the study indicates that physical meetings are important.

This thesis analyzes the decade-long collaboration between The Silent University and Tensta konsthall, investigating its role as a lasting, solidarity driven, educational, socially engaged art project within an art institution. Utilizing qualitative methods and institutional ethnography, the study examines the relationship between The Silent University within Tensta konsthall. The research uses three guiding questions: 1) How can The Silent University and its integration into Tensta konsthall be interpreted as a socially engaged, transformative, and performative artwork?; 2) How has the implementation of The Silent University at Tensta konsthall evolved since its inception?; 3) What is the current status of The Silent University as a socially engaged project and artwork within the context of Tensta konsthall? The first question is answered by employing Umberto Eco's concept of "open" works and Claire Bishop's analysis of socially engaged art and uses secondary sources as material. The second question is approached through interviews with Fahyma Alnablsi and Emily Fahlén. Drawing from Michel de Certeau’s concepts of "tactics" and "strategies," as well as Sara Ahmed's notions of the "stranger" and community building, the second chapter explores the project's evolving dynamics and potential tensions since its establishment. In response to the third question, the discussion synthesizes The Silent University's journey at Tensta konsthall, underscoring its evolution and present condition. Findings highlight The Silent University's classification as an "open" and transformative artwork. It has transitioned from a primarily educational focus to a more socially engaged approach within the framework of Tensta konsthall. The project's sustainability is closely intertwined with Alnablsi’s involvement and engagement, thus posing both a strength and a challenge. In essence, this thesis dissects The Silent University's role within Tensta konsthall, delving into its transformative artistic, educational, and social facets, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of the interplay between socially engaged art, institutions, and community dynamics.

This paper explores the existence of a shared community involving the members, users and organisers of three collaborative work spaces located in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Situated as part of an emergent global phenomenon, these spaces, despite having notable differences, share many important features and are, I argue, part of a knowledge exchanging cluster of grassroots entrepreneurialism and innovation-oriented organisations, groups and events in the Phnom Penh area. I explore this cluster as a community in two ways: firstly through the mapping of a knowledge architecture locating the spaces and their actors as nodes within a flow of relationships and activities, secondly, via a networked ethnographic inquiry tracing these flows to actors within the network through qualitative research methods. In doing so I reveal the degree to which there exists a shared community perceived by the users and organisers of these spaces as well highlighting potential opportunities for greater sharing of knowledge, ideas and experience. The paper finds that though a nascent community does exist, there is still significant variance in the levels of cognisance of this community by the different actors as well as in the approach to its engagement. Despite this, there remains, in large part, a shared set of goals and values paving the way for future community collaboration.

Aujourd’hui, les écrans ont envahi nos quotidiens. Cette colonisation a engendré l’avènement de nouveaux écrans, les écrans de grand format. Or, ces grands écrans sont souvent utilisés comme de simples affichages statiques n’autorisant que très peu d’interaction aux utilisateurs en présence. Mais alors comment permettre des interactions multi-utilisateur et surtout quels modes et moyens d’interactions proposer afin d’interagir avec ces grands écrans ? Il faut évidemment définir des règles de collaboration : que faire si plusieurs personnes consultent la même information en même temps ? Comment permettre à un nouvel arrivant de prendre conscience de ce qu’il y a à voir alors que des utilisateurs ont déjà “transformé” l’affichage par leur utilisation courante ?Face à ces enjeux, notre travail a consisté, dans un premier temps, à tester des interactions multi-utilisateurs sur grand écran à l’aide d’un dispositif de détection et de suivi de la position et de l’orientation de la tête (head tracking) instrumenté. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence l’importance du concept de « vision flottante » dans la recherche collaborative d’informations sur grand écran. Dans un second temps, nos recherches se sont concentrées sur le développement d’un dispositif d’head tracking permettant des interactions multi-utilisateur (jusqu’à 6 personnes), sans artefacts et sans calibrage avec un écran de grand format. Enfin, nous présentons l’étude comparative d’un même affichage tantôt statique et tantôt rendu dynamique à l’aide de notre dispositif. Cette étude est basée sur l’évaluation de l’expérience utilisateur (UX). Ainsi, nous avons pu dégager les premières recommandations concernant les métaphores d’interactions à mettre en place pour interagir avec un écran de grand format dans un contexte d’usage en groupe ouvert.Ce travail de doctorat a été consacré à la mise en avant de la faisabilité, de l’intérêt et de la proposition de premières orientations concernant la conception d’interactions multi-utilisateurs avec un écran de grand format basées sur une technique d’head tracking. / Screens have invaded our daily life. Amongst them, large displays are becoming increasingly present in public places. Sometimes, a few interaction are proposed to the users, but most of the time they are simply used as static displays. So, how to interact with these large displays and especially how to allow multi-user interactions? Of course, we have to define rules for collaboration: what we have to do if several people consult the same information at the same time? How to allow a newcomer to become aware of what there is to see when users have already "transformed" the display by their current use?First, our work consisted in testing instrumented multi-user interactions, based on a head tracking system, during a collaborative information seeking task, on a large display. In this part, we have highlighted the importance of the concept of "floating vision". Then, our research focused on the development of a head tracking system allowing intuitive interactions, without needing neither a special equipment nor individual calibration. Our system supports several users (up to six) simultaneously interacting with individualized information on a large display. Finally, we present the study of performance gain within a context of multi-user competitive consultation of information. We compare the benefit of an adaptive display (information move in front of users who are focusing on them), with a standard display. This study is based on user experience (UX) analysis. Thus, we were able to identify the first recommendations about interaction metaphors allowing intuitive interactions with a large display in an open group context.This research was devoted to highlighting the feasibility, interest and proposition of initial orientations concerning the design of multi-user interactions with large public displays based on a head tracking technique.

The thesis aims to present a case for a rethinking of the paradigmatic frames underpinning food marketing control policy and research. In support of its contention, it reports on the methodological strategies, evidence outcomes and knowledge translation contributions of a series of research projects. The projects were commissioned by national and international policy makers during the period 2009-2015 in support of responsible food marketing policy development. They were conceptualised, developed and interpreted through participatory and iterative research planning processes. The research drew on theories and constructs from multiple disciplines. Public health, marketing and policy science contributed most, but information economics and management theories also informed research design and analysis and interpretation of findings. Its key generalizable findings can be summarised as follows: • The identification of a fragmented but convergent pool of evidence indicating contemporary food and beverage marketing is an interactive, dynamic phenomenon. • The identification of a fragmented but convergent pool of evidence demonstrating it significantly impacts sociocultural determinants of food behaviours. • The generation of evidence demonstrating a gap between the strategic aims of responsible marketing policy regimes and the inherent capacity of implemented interventions to constrain marketing’s food environment impacts. • The generation of evidence demonstrating that critical re-appraisal of food marketing policy research assumptions and preconceptions is a strategy supportive of policy innovation. • The generation of evidence that research intended to support real world multi-stakeholder policy development processes requires additional skills to those established and recognised as central to high quality research. These include the ability to engage with dynamic and politicised policy processes and their public communications challenges. • The generation of evidence that can inform future independent benchmark standard for responsible marketing development initiatives. • The generation of evidence that can inform future research on designing and developing policy that is ‘future proof’ and targets marketing’s sociocultural food environment impacts. Its most significant knowledge translation contributions have been: • Support for the WHO Set of Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non-alcoholic Beverages to Children (subsequently endorsed at the 2010 World Health Assembly and the 2011 United Nations General Assembly). • Participatory research contributions to the Scottish Government’s responsible marketing standard development initiative (PAS2500). • Supporting the planning and development of the Scottish Government’s Supporting Healthy Choices Policy initiative. • Knowledge exchange with policy makers and stakeholders engaged in a scoping and prioritisation initiative commissioned by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health (An analysis of the regulatory and voluntary landscape concerning the marketing and promotion of food and drink to children). • Supporting responsible marketing policy agendas targeted to the engagement of a broad mix of stakeholders in innovative policy development processes. • Supporting policy makers’ efforts to increase popular support for stronger, more effective responsible marketing policy controls. The thesis therefore aims to present evidence that the programme of research presented here has made useful and original contributions to evidence and knowledge on contemporary food marketing and its impacts on food behaviours and the food environment. It aims to build on this by demonstrating how this evidence informed and supported policy development. Through this the thesis aims to support its case that a rethinking of food marketing policy research assumptions and conceptions can expand and enrich the evidence base as well as real world policy innovation.

Today, many organizations are facing an increased necessity to employ cross-functional teams. Its growing popularity is rooted in its positive impacts on innovation. Additionally, these teams are an excellent way of managing complex organizational tasks without the need for a significant modification of the existing organizational structure. Despite the benefits of the cross-functional team, the diversity in the profession and the specialized knowledge possessed by the team members lead to different thought worlds and perceptions, causing communication barriers. This is problematic because communication is needed to share, transfer, and create knowledge, which are the prerequisites of both individual and organizational learning. There is various literature on knowledge management and learning; however, our understanding of how knowledge interchanges in cross-functional teams remain limited. Therefore, this thesis conducts semi-structured interviews at five successful companies to examine the policies and procedures established by management to facilitate the interchange of knowledge in the organization. Also, it investigates the activities used by coordinators to maximize learning and create a sense of belonging in the cross-functional team. The findings of this study revealed several activities that could increase both the knowledge interchange and the team’s learning. First, it is preferred to have decent knowledge accessibility, where the bar to contact anyone is low. Second, it seems that knowledge receptivity has to be increased, which can be done by giving knowledge a meaning, using pictures, analogies, metaphors, Etc. Third, a frame of reference could be needed, where people can get into each other’s shoes through, for example, job rotations and learn each other’s jobspecific terminologies. Fourth, competition is preferred to be eliminated, which can be achieved by establishing a common team goal, removing internal bonuses, and eliminating ranking systems. Finally, it seemed essential to have cohesion in the group, which can be accomplished by having, for instance, afterworks, group travel activities, and collective organizational culture