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隨著新經濟時代的來臨，知識與資訊成為創造價值的主要關鍵要素，服務業逐漸取代製造業成為各國經濟發展主流，其中具有高附加價值的知識密集服務業更是各國發展服務業的首要目標。近十年來，台灣服務業的GDP產值約維持在七成左右，已然成為經濟發展重心，自2001年起，台灣知識密集服務業更以高達6.86%的速度成長，高於服務業平均成長率，顯示出市場對於知識密集服務業的需求日增。 在製造業為經濟發展主流的時期，學術界與企業界大多採取Porter的價值鏈做為企業創價的分析工具，然而時序進入知識經濟時代，已經有越來越多的研究顯示，傳統價值鏈的分析模式，在知識經濟的市場競爭中，已經無法完全滿足企業的需求，據此本研究將針對近幾年知識密集服務業現況、價值鏈相關理論演進做出分析，並透過七大知識密集服務業個案分析，結合理論與實務，發展出適用於知識密集服務業的價值鏈，期望此價值鏈模型能夠對台灣知識密集服務產業有所貢獻。

Cette thèse propose une méthodologie permettant d’analyser les mécanismes d’innovation au sein du secteur des services ainsi que leurs implications en matière de développement territorial. Cette méthodologie se présente en trois temps. Dans un premier temps, une analyse des processus d’innovation au sein du secteur des services est élaborée afin de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement des modes d’innovation et les logiques de localisation au sein de ce secteur. Dans un second temps, une étude économétrique comparative des déterminants de l’innovation dans les services et l’industrie est réalisée à partir d’une enquête communautaire sur l’innovation (CIS2008). Cette étude permet de mieux appréhender, d’une part, les facteurs à l’origine de l’innovation dans le secteur des services et, d’autre part, les principales divergences en matière d’innovation entre les services et l’industrie. Dans un troisième temps, une étude descriptive et économétrique des déterminants de l’innovation dans les services est effectuée à l’échelle de 31 agglomérations françaises. Cette étude permet de confronter sur données localisées l’impact des déterminants de l’innovation selon les types d’innovations développées (technologique et non technologique).Au final, ce travail, initialement entrepris sur la base d’une analyse globale des activités de services, s’est progressivement centré sur les Services à Forte Intensité de Connaissances (informatiques, R&D, architecture, publicité, etc.) au vue de leur poids économique (en termes d’emploi et de valeur ajoutée) et de leur pertinence en matière d’innovation. / This thesis proposes a methodology to analyze the mechanisms of innovation in the service sector and their implications for regional development. This methodology is presented in three stages. As a first step, an analysis of the innovation process in the service sector is performed to better understand the functioning of innovation patterns and location choices within the sector. In a second step, a comparative econometric study of the determinants of innovation in services and industry conducted on the basis of Community Innovation Survey (CIS2008) data. This study provides insight on the one hand, the factors driving innovation in the service sector and, secondly, the main differences in innovation between services and industry. In a third step, a descriptive and econometric analysis of the determinants of innovation in services is performed for 31 French cities. This study allows to compare the impact of the determinants of different types of innovation (technological and non-technological) on the basis of local data.Finally, this work was originally undertaken on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of service activities, gradually focusing on Knowledge Intensive Service (IT, R & D, advertising, etc.) In view of their economic impact (in terms of employment and value added) and their relevance for innovation.

Weltweit sind immer mehr Unternehmensgründer Migranten. Ihre Gründungsaktivitäten werden mit den individuellen Ressourcen der Migranten und den Möglichkeiten in den Zielregionen erklärt (vgl. z.B. „Mixed-Embeddedness“-Ansatz von Kloosterman et al. 1999). Zu den Ressourcen zählen das Humankapital sowie das soziale und ökonomische Kapital. Veränderte Nachfragestrukturen, rechtliche, institutionelle und technologische Rahmenbedingungen sowie Entwicklungen auf den Arbeits- und Immobilienmärkten im Zielland beeinflussen ferner die Chancen für Migrantengründungen. Auffällig ist, dass transnationale Kompetenzen (Koehen und Rosenau 2002), wie z.B. Mehrsprachigkeit oder das Wissen über mindestens zwei länderübergreifende Kontexte nicht mit zu den individuellen Ressourcen gerechnet werden. So können Akteure, die unterschiedliche kulturelle Deutungsschemata kennen, z.B. bei Geschäftsverhandlungen Bedeutungsgleichheit mit unterschiedlichen Geschäftspartnern herstellen (Pütz 2004, 28). Ziel der Arbeit ist, die Bedeutung transnationaler Kompetenzen für unternehmerisches Handeln in Bezug auf die Entdeckung von Gründungsideen und die Entwicklung von Marktbearbeitungsstrategien herauszustellen und dadurch eine weitere Determinante zur Erklärung der Struktur von Migrantenökonomien zu identifizieren. Der theoretische Teil der Arbeit befasste sich mit der Rolle transnationaler Kompetenzen für die Selbstständigkeit. Die Auswertung 54 problemzentrierter Interviews mit Selbstständigen mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund zeigte, dass transnationale Kompetenzen vor allem für hochqualifizierte Migranten der zweiten Generation in wissensintensiven Dienstleistungsbranchen eine Ressource für ihre Selbstständigkeit darstellen. Sie können zwischen diversen Marktbearbeitungsstrategien wählen und heterogene lokale, nationale und transnationale Netzwerke aufbauen, die sie wiederum dazu befähigen, eine unbediente Nachfrage aufzudecken und spezielle Dienste anzubieten. / The number of entrepreneurs in Germany is expected to decrease by more than half a million within the next 40 years (Deutscher Industrie- und Handelskammertag 2008). Experts propose that migrants may be able to secure the business founding sector in the future. Today already more migrants with foreign nationality found businesses than Germans without a history in migration (Statistisches Bundesamt 2012b). The Research field of Migrant Entrepreneurship explains that some of the reasons for the increase in self-employment among migrants are difficulties in finding jobs, and struggle with legal conditions in the receiving country, as well as business opportunities due to migrant resources (e.g. “co-ethnic” support networks, see Waldinger et al. 1990). Surprisingly, individual transnational competences (Koehn and Rosenau 2002) as multilingualism and the knowledge of diverse cultural contexts are often overlooked. I assume that these competences have an impact on creativity, the exploration of market opportunities and the development of business strategies. Moreover they foster the chance to set up diverse local, national or transnational networks. In the first part of this thesis a summary of former and recent concepts to explain migrant entrepreneurship is presented. The next part deals with the definition of transnational competences (Koehn and Rosenau 2002). Afterwards I raise the question how to gain these competences and what impact they might have for the motivation of getting self-employed. The analysis of 54 structured interviews with self-employed workers of Turkish origin in different sectors in Hamburg shows that transnational competences are indeed advantageous, especially to second generation migrants in the knowledge intensive service industry (i.e. legal and health-care consultation). They develop innovative founding ideas and they can choose between diverse market strategies due to their special competencies and transnational networks.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-05-08T15:58:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Debora Moehlecke.pdf: 980082 bytes, checksum: fdb15528a7aada1f0dafab6b637180c8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T15:58:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Debora Moehlecke.pdf: 980082 bytes, checksum: fdb15528a7aada1f0dafab6b637180c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-09 / Nenhuma / Para que as empresas possam sobreviver e principalmente prosperar, novos serviços são desenvolvidos, por vezes aproveitando a ideia de um cliente ou mesmo uma oportunidade percebida no mercado. O desenvolvimento de novos serviços (DNS) já foi visto como um mero acontecimento que se tornava possível devido à sorte ou intuição. Porém, com o aumento dos estudos sobre o tema, o conhecimento foi ampliado e atualmente defende-se a necessidade de planejamento do DNS e uma maior compreensão gerencial para que assim as empresas possam alcançar o desempenho esperado. A fim de buscar entendimento da capacidade das empresas em utilizar recursos e rotinas para obter sucesso no novo serviço lançado no mercado, em um estudo anterior foi elaborado um modelo de competência em DNS considerando cinco dimensões: i) Foco no processo de DNS; ii)Acuidade de mercado; iii)Estratégia de DNS; iv)Cultura de DNS; e v)Experiência em Tecnologia da Informação (TI). Utilizando este modelo, o presente estudo visa verificar a relação entre as dimensões formadoras da competência em desenvolvimento de novos serviços e o desempenho das empresas no desenvolvimento destes novos serviços, por meio de hipóteses de pesquisa. Tendo em vista a importância do setor de serviços intensivos em conhecimento para a economia mundial e o crescimento destas empresas no Brasil, buscou-se através de uma survey com 239 organizações, confirmar a relação que há entre as cinco dimensões no DNS, validar o instrumento de “modelo de competência” para o desenvolvimento de novos serviços e também verificar como as dimensões contribuem em conjunto para o desempenho das empresas de serviços intensivos em conhecimento (ESIC). Por meio de testes estatísticos como a técnica de análise fatorial exploratória e a análise de regressão múltipla, verificou-se que quatro fatores podem ser considerados responsáveis por 30% do desempenho em DNS das empresas analisadas. Destaca-se que a dimensão Acuidade do mercado foi considerada a de maior efeito em desempenho, seguida da Experiência em TI, Cultura de DNS e Foco no processo de DNS, entretanto a dimensão Estratégia de DNS não pode ser avaliada pois suas variáveis foram eliminadas durante a análise fatorial exploratória. / In order to enable companies to survive and succeed in the market, new services are developed, sometimes availing some customer idea oreven a perceived market opportunity. New service development (NSD) had been seen as a result of luck or intuition. However, due to the increase of studies on the subject, the knowledge has been expanded and now is believed the need of NSD planning and greater managerial understanding so that companies can achieve the expected performance. In order to seek understanding of the ability of firms to use resources and routines to succeed in the new service launched in the market, on a previous study a NSD competence model was developed considering five dimensions: i)NSD process focus; ii)Market acuity; iii)NSD strategy; iv)NSD culture and; v)Information Technology (IT) experience. Using this model, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between all competence dimensions in new service development and the performance of some companies in developing new service through research hypotheses. Given the importance of knowledge-intensive service sector in the world economy and the growth of these companies in Brazil, we attempted through a survey with 239 o rganizations to confirm the relationship between these five dimensions during the new service development, also to validate the instrument “model of NSD competence” as well as to check how all dimensions contribute to the knowledge-intensive service company performance. By statistical tests such as the technique of exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis, it was found that four dimensions can be considered responsible for 30% NSD performance. It is noteworthy that market acuitywas found to have more effect on performance, followed by IT experience, NSD culture and NSD process focus. However, NSD strategycould not be evaluated as their variables were eliminated during exploratory factoranalysis.