This resreach discusses how the organization knowledge establishes itself in different steps during the process of developing a new product. The four crucial force (including technology push¡Bmarket pull¡Bfocus strategy¡Bcompetitive advantage) which affects the development of a new product function basing on the fundemental models of Leonard-Barton (1995) and the four models of Nonaka(1994). The force will interact with one another and create the spiraling of the organization knowledge. The research chooses a leading transportation manufacturer as the study case. The four steps of developing its new product are integrated into an individual case. The organization knowledge is accumulated, communicated, applied, integraged, and innovated while executing the business, applying the resource of technology, being inspired by the culture of the enterprise, as well as cooporateing with the other companies. We learned from the research that we need to understand the mechanics of the organization knowledge and to know how to apply the agent of the knowledge if we need the knowledge to be fast and unexhausted. We are to create the four force of a new product, as well as the mechanics of selecting the organization knowledge and the right direction to which the knowledge will guide us. The organization base cooperates with the execution of business, and each individual takes his or her part in the case. Thus the personal and the social knowledge can be combined and carried out effectively and established into systematic graph via socializaiton, internalization, externalization,combination. Therefore, the model of creating the organization knowledge of enterprise is formed step by step. The organization knowledge can be the core potencial and asset of the enterprise, and it will be advantage while competing with other enterprises. As for the new product, it is the full presentation of the organization knowledge of an enterprice.

More and more traditional industries (especially have a own brand company) have invited their customers or suppliers to attend an activity which performs and coordinates new product innovation, thus, these all still have not a formal model to executed. This thesis is regarding that let company to aware demand and consuming behavior of consumer market as whole and seeking a new product creative from customer through establishing an innovation activity. This customer innovation activity model that is build up from an Ethnographic model combined with knowledge spiral and cultural creative industries for example. The combination reason is that both of ethnographic model and knowledge spiral need to supplementation with together, because its have each of advantage and disadvantage. An Ethnographic model, could be explore the customer behavior, need, taste and so on in the innovation activity; other more, knowledge spiral could be stimulate the company¡¦s staff and customer knowledge tacit. Whether the customer innovation activity model is practicable? In first step, it should verify and explore the phenomenon of cultural creative industries invited the customer to attend the innovation activities is exit. Therefore, the customer innovation activities models hypothesis verifies information is obtained by four companies or interviewers. Other than, it will be proof these hypothesis, if it has exits the phenomenon of customer attend to innovation activities invited by companies. However, the value of customer innovation activities model should within base of innovation concept, customer innovation, and customer orientation are necessary.

<p>The purpose with this paper is to find out how the knowledge development is functioning within the hotel industry and if it would be possible to implement Knowledge Management as a strategy.</p><p>The procedure used during the method part is a case study, with semi structured interviews. The method of reasoning during this paper has been abduction this is because the approach to this research has oscillated between both a deduction and a induction approach.</p><p>The theories that this paper have been based upon is Mr I Nonaka’s thoughts around the four modes of knowledge; Socialization, Externalization, Combination and Internalization. The four different modes are comparable to four different ways of learning that are separate from each other but at the same time connected through a knowledge spiral which makes it possible for the four modes to collaborate as a unit of knowledge.</p><p>Six interviews have been carried out for the empirics, the interviews all came from different fields of work. During the interviews almost all of the personnel asked where positive to knowledge development and knowledge exchange both within the hotel and with the outside. The only exception was the cleaner who only was focused on a internalization mode of learning. The interviews also showed that the there is a will amongst almost all personnel to take part in the procedure of all the knowledge modes but the monetary aspect and the lack of time makes it harder for them to do so.</p><p>The result of the analysis of this paper is that the hotel where the case study was made was that, if used the hotel could benefit from a knowledge management strategy but it is nothing they implement in their management of the hotel today.Also shown in the analysis is that if the knowledge management strategy is supposed to be successful within the hotel and make them save both money and time all different fields of work within the hotel must be involved and time must be invested to save time. But most important of all the management must realize how much power there is in knowledge.</p>

The purpose with this paper is to find out how the knowledge development is functioning within the hotel industry and if it would be possible to implement Knowledge Management as a strategy. The procedure used during the method part is a case study, with semi structured interviews. The method of reasoning during this paper has been abduction this is because the approach to this research has oscillated between both a deduction and a induction approach. The theories that this paper have been based upon is Mr I Nonaka’s thoughts around the four modes of knowledge; Socialization, Externalization, Combination and Internalization. The four different modes are comparable to four different ways of learning that are separate from each other but at the same time connected through a knowledge spiral which makes it possible for the four modes to collaborate as a unit of knowledge. Six interviews have been carried out for the empirics, the interviews all came from different fields of work. During the interviews almost all of the personnel asked where positive to knowledge development and knowledge exchange both within the hotel and with the outside. The only exception was the cleaner who only was focused on a internalization mode of learning. The interviews also showed that the there is a will amongst almost all personnel to take part in the procedure of all the knowledge modes but the monetary aspect and the lack of time makes it harder for them to do so. The result of the analysis of this paper is that the hotel where the case study was made was that, if used the hotel could benefit from a knowledge management strategy but it is nothing they implement in their management of the hotel today.Also shown in the analysis is that if the knowledge management strategy is supposed to be successful within the hotel and make them save both money and time all different fields of work within the hotel must be involved and time must be invested to save time. But most important of all the management must realize how much power there is in knowledge.

Research of Knowledge Creation & Spread In Company -Case Study Abstract Knowledge management is one of the current hottest issues in academy and in practice. Nowadays, facing changeful and critical competitive environments, knowledge creation and spread management is the key resource to gain competitive advantage. The structure of this research is based on four modules of knowledge transformation; five-step modules in organization knowledge creation procedure and five circumstances of organization knowledge creation spiral, which advocated by Nonaka & Takeuchi (1994). The research designs contents of interviews in order to explore the influence of company competition in knowledge creation and spread management. The research also tries to integrate scopes of knowledge management researches by academic documents and deep interviews to explore and understand knowledge creation and spread management in company. The result shows most of companies know knowledge management is one of the internal core procedures. If it can establish a better knowledge management system earlier than competitor, then the company can develop it into a long-term major advantage by a spread of knowledge spiral even if it is tiny initially. In this case, manufacturers know customer¡¦s demands by feedback system management operating by customer claim service department. Then marketing and developing departments react punctually and supply suitable product and service in market. A tiny advantage can increase company¡¦s competition. This is increasing return economics. Keywoeds: Knowledge Management¡A Knowledge Creation & Spread ¡A Knowledge Conversion Model ¡A The Knowledge Spiral

This thesis's purpose was to gain a deeper understanding of how organizations create knowledge retention (KR), both proactively (day-to-day basis) and reactively (when an employee decides to resign), to avoid knowledge loss. A qualitative multiple case study was conducted through semi-structured interviews, with eight respondents from eight different organizations. An analytical model based on Levy’s (2011) KR framework and Nonaka and Takeuchi's (1995) knowledge spiral model was developed as a tool to understand the KR process in practice. The study found that all studied organizations worked proactively to retain knowledge, either structured or unstructured. The respondents with a structured, proactive KR process did not apply a reactive KR process, showing that they are more prepared for handling potential knowledge loss when employees resign. The respondents that did not apply a structured, proactive KR process applied a reactive knowledge retention process, where the main explanation for this was lack of time or unawareness of the process. Furthermore, no clear groups emerged in the empirical material as the companies faced different challenges at each stage of the analytical model. Lastly, the study concludes that these findings could be particularly relevant for organizations seeking to conduct KR processes to avoid losing valuable knowledge.

企業當如何跨越市場進入門檻以追求未被開發市場，並滿足未被創造或未被滿足的需求？本論文透過理論探討與個案分析，研究企業跨市場領域開發所需的關鍵因素與成功做法，以提昇企業之競爭優勢。 個案研究以儀器界先驅的惠普/安捷倫科技為對象，研究該公司在知識創造、動態能力與顧客關係三大構面對進入電信監控管理系統市場績效的影響，以及彼此之間的相互影響。顧客關係研究變數採顧客信任與忠誠度；知識創造研究變數採認識論與本體論知識螺旋；而動態能力研究變數則採企業之流程、位置與路徑。 研究發現顧客關係、知識創造與動態能力三項關鍵因素，對個案公司進行跨市場領域開發績效有直接影響，彼此之間亦呈相互影響之關係。個案公司的成功做法為，以顧客優先的顧客管理流程，配合前線員工與顧客良好的互動關係，發展互信關係。鼓勵員工坦誠溝通、提供自主且相互尊重的工作環境，以利組織知識創造。管理階層重視各級員工的訓練與培育，使內隱知識得以順利累積與轉換。因應市場需求變化，企業對流程與策略性資源之調整能力與速度，影響其競爭能耐的蓄積。 與顧客建立高度互動的組織交流機制，透過專案執行互動過程，產生知識轉換創造新知。知識轉換程度越深，雙方互信與互賴程度越高，對忠誠度越有幫助。此作法可以提昇顧客關係與知識創造的貢獻。企業與顧客培養共同成長路徑，有助雙方未來策略位置發展的互賴關係，信任與忠誠度就越高。此作法可提昇顧客關係與加強動態能力的關係。企業專注於本業，培養專業團隊長期精耕市場、透過購併補強實力、隨時保持知識創造的最佳環境與流程，以培養未來策略性資源。此作法對組織知識創造與動態能力之提昇，均有助益。 研究結論顯示，企業利用高度互動的組織交流機制，透過前線員工與顧客創造知識轉換，建立共同成長路徑，培養策略性資源開發的互信互賴關係，提昇顧客忠誠度，以跨越進入新市場領域的門檻。企業最前線組織是知識創造的關鍵單位，其管理階層扮演知識創造及動態能力更新之重要角色，透過由中而下而上的管理過程，培養企業最佳的競爭優勢。 本研究提出三點管理實務建議：企業當隨時調整內部流程以配合顧客之個別流程，從雙方高度互動中創造共鳴性知識，達到雙贏局面；企業應當加強市場需求辨識敏銳度，提昇組織更新內外部能力的效率，創造嶄新優勢；深化企業文化與價值於員工心中，建立樂於分享之工作環境與氛圍，深紮成長根基。 / How enterprise crosses the knowledge gap to get into undeveloped marketplaces or satisfy unmet customer needs? This research adopts the “Case Study” research method to study the success factors and best practices from selected enterprise who has been successfully crossed the knowledge gap and won the installed-base from new marketplaces. This research selects HP/Agilent Technologies as the target company, who is the market leader among the test and instrument industry. This research framework is consists of knowledge creation, dynamic capability and customer relationship dimensions. Purpose to validate each research dimension is able to contribute the performance of getting into new marketplace or not, and also validate the interrelationship across these three dimensions. The variables used for customer relationship dimension include customer trust and loyalty, for knowledge creation dimension include knowledge spirals of epistemological and ontological domains, for dynamic capability dimension include key process, position and path of enterprise. Findings of this research: (1) these three research dimensions have been validated all are able to contribute to the performance of new entrance, and every dimension also interrelates to others. (2) Best practices from the case-study company include front-end employees follow the “Customer First” culture to develop the best customer relationships and gain mutual trust from owned customers. Trust and respect people, and encourage open communications both contribute to knowledge creation. Management team not only supports the employee development, but also delivers the training programs by themselves, which accelerates the knowledge conversion and accumulation. Proactively change on process and resource allocation to echo to the environmental change. (3) Interactive with customer proactively, create new knowledge through project execution. More knowledge conversion, more trust. More trust, then higher customer loyalty. (4) Develop learning path together with customer, which creates the interdependence relationships with customer when moves to next strategic position. (5) Be focused and rely on dedicated team to invest on market development, support with valuable solution offering, and manage the most updated knowledge creation processes to develop long-term strategic resources. Conclusions of this research, (1) enterprise adopts proactive account management approach to interact with customers. The front-end employee creates knowledge conversion and learning path with customer for next strategic resource development. (2) The field middle-level manager plays critical role on knowledge creation and dynamic capability update. Recommendations on managerial practice include (1) enterprise should adopt internal change proactively to match with individual account process, which promotes the best interactions with customers. (2) Enterprise should be more sensitive to distinguish the external change, and improve organizational capabilities to maintain his competitive advantage. (3) Cultivate corporate culture and values into people mindset. Encourage employee shares success with others.

知識管理是現代最重要的課題之一，企業轉型也在許多實務中證明對組織的成長與獲利很有幫助。然而因為轉型而創新的知識要如何管理，又是如何以知識螺旋的方式融入企業，進而幫助企業創新服務營運內容，則較少為人討論。本研究就是以此為研究動機，發展出的論文。藉由發生在Z公司轉型的過程中知識轉移發展的個案故事，來分析與印證企業在「知識管理」，與「企業轉型」兩方面的變化，如何與「知識螺旋」理論，交互影響的演變過程。 為了探討「知識轉換」的個案故事，本論文分別整理多篇「全球化」，與「知識螺旋」兩方面的重要理論文獻，設計出研究架構。本研究將個案公司企業知識的轉換過程，區分為三大階段; 而每一個歷程包含部份「共同化」、「外化」、「結合」與「內化」因子。企業知識管理上的重點之一，便是在於經理人們，如何能夠有效地調和這個「知識變換螺旋」過程，並將組織的策略資源與知識能力，藉由共同化、內化、外化與結合、轉化與學習而提昇。 經由個案資料與理論的分析與比較，主要的研究發現與結論如下：(1).在商業模式的轉型中，導入外部新資源與新知識，可讓其更迅速轉型並找到新策略。Z公司是企業轉型的最佳典範； (2). Z公司重新定位於「科技服務事業」，與轉型為「全球整合型企業」的創新商業模式，讓公司重新站上高峰；(3)個案A公司利用差異化分析，導入Z公司的經驗，建構新的能力，成就自己成為一個「全球整合型企業」。 最後，由個案故事的分析，本研究發現在「知識轉換」的螺旋中，即使是幫別的公司輔導轉型，也會對於因此學習到或是培養的新知識，經過知識的螺旋，再度轉換成企業本身的新核心能力。 關鍵字：知識螺旋、全球化、企業流程優化、委外加工、模組化、全球整合型企業、轉型、共享式服務中心 / Knowledge management is one of the most important topics in recent years. Business transformation has proved to be useful in the growth of the organization and profit. However, only few studies had focused on how to manage the innovative knowledge and how it is merged into a business through knowledge spiral and thereby helping to expand the business opportunities. This research is based on the case study of the knowledge conversion during a business transformation at company Z and analyzed the mutual effect and its relation with the knowledge spiral theory. The research structure is based on the summary of several key literatures on globalization and knowledge spiral to better understand the knowledge conversion cases. This research has divided the business transformation and knowledge conversion process in company Z into three major phases, and each phase is analyzed by four modules of knowledge transformation model, Socialization, Externalization, Combination and Internalization. One of the key points in business knowledge management is how the managers could cope with the knowledge conversion spiral process and improve the strategic resources with knowledge through the processes of socialization, externalization, internalization and combination. This research concludes that a company could introduce new external resources and knowledge during the business transformation in order to speed up the transformation process and craft a new strategy. Also, company Z repositioned itself as a service science company and then transformed with an innovative business model into a globally integrated enterprise to reclaim its glory. Finally, company A utilized gap analysis tool and introduced the transformation experiences by company Z to establish its own new expertise and become a globally integrated enterprise as well. This research also discovers that a company could also obtain new core comptetence through knowledge spiral by servicing other companies. Keywords: The Knowledge Spiral Theory, Globalization, Business Process Re-engineer, Outsource, Component Business Model, Globally Integrated Enterprise, Business Transformation, Shared Service Center

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Konstruktion eines Ordnungsrahmens für den systemischen Umgang mit Wissen im Enterprise 2.0. Dieser Ordnungsrahmen zeigt Einsatzpotentiale und Handlungsfelder des Enterprise 2.0-Konzepts für Wissensmanagement systematisch auf und vermittelt ein Verständnis über die Zusammenhänge zwischen den Gestaltungsdimensionen Mensch, Organisation und Technologie im speziellen Fall des Enterprise 2.0. Ergänzend zu den theoretisch erarbeiteten Aspekten wird der konzipierte Ordnungsrahmen verwendet, um die Eignung eines realen Enterprise 2.0-Ansatzes (Wiki-Plattform) für Wissensmanagement zu bewerten.

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Konstruktion eines Ordnungsrahmens für den systemischen Umgang mit Wissen im Enterprise 2.0. Dieser Ordnungsrahmen zeigt Einsatzpotentiale und Handlungsfelder des Enterprise 2.0-Konzepts für Wissensmanagement systematisch auf und vermittelt ein Verständnis über die Zusammenhänge zwischen den Gestaltungsdimensionen Mensch, Organisation und Technologie im speziellen Fall des Enterprise 2.0. Ergänzend zu den theoretisch erarbeiteten Aspekten wird der konzipierte Ordnungsrahmen verwendet, um die Eignung eines realen Enterprise 2.0-Ansatzes (Wiki-Plattform) für Wissensmanagement zu bewerten.:ABKÜRZUNGEN III ABBILDUNGEN IV TABELLEN V 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Problemstellung 2 1.2 Zielsetzung 2 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 4 2 Theorie des Wissensmanagements 6 2.1 Überblick zum Wissensmanagement 6 2.1.1 Probleme in Theorie und Praxis 8 2.1.2 Wissensbegriff und Abgrenzung 10 2.1.3 Wissensprozesse 12 2.2 Das SECI-Modell 13 2.2.1 Konzeptionelle Probleme 16 2.2.2 Kritische Würdigung 21 2.3 Systemisches Wissensmanagement mit IDEA 22 2.3.1 IDEA-Ordnungsrahmen 22 2.3.1.1 Interaktion 23 2.3.1.2 Dokumentation 24 2.3.1.3 Evolution 24 2.3.1.4 Adoption 25 2.3.2 Anwendung des IDEA-Ordnungsrahmens 25 3 Enterprise 2.0 28 3.1 Vom Web 2.0 zum Enterprise 2.0 28 3.2 Enterprise 2.0 als Organisationsparadigma 30 3.3 Social Software und Groupware 30 3.3.1 Anwendungsklassen 32 3.3.1.1 Wiki 32 3.3.1.2 Weblog 33 3.3.1.3 Social Networking-Dienste 33 3.3.1.4 Microblog 33 3.3.1.5 Social Tagging 34 3.3.1.6 Social Bookmarking 34 3.4 Systematisierung 34 4 Wissensmanagement im Enterprise 2.0 37 4.1 Erfolgsfaktoren 37 4.1.1 Interaktion 37 4.1.1.1 Identitäts- und Reputationsmanagement 39 4.1.1.2 Beziehungs- und Kollaborationsmanagement 39 4.1.1.3 Kultivierung von Communities 40 4.1.1.4 Robuste Wissensnetzwerke 40 4.1.2 Dokumentation 41 4.1.2.1 Webbasierte Wissensarbeit 41 4.1.2.2 Flexible Wiki-Anwendungsmodi 42 4.1.2.3 Motivation der Wissensarbeiter 44 4.1.3 Evolution 45 4.1.3.1 Perpetual Beta-Wissenskultur 46 4.1.3.2 Kreativität im Netzwerk 47 4.1.3.3 Kollektive Objektivierung 48 4.1.4 Adoption 48 4.1.4.1 Navigationskonzepte 49 4.1.4.2 Ganzheitliche Awareness 50 4.1.4.3 Kontextualisierung 51 4.2 Herausforderungen 52 4.2.1 Information Overload und Orientierungslosigkeit 52 4.2.2 Organisationale Destabilisierung 53 4.3 Neue Aufgaben des Wissensmanagements 53 5 Fallstudie: T-Systems MMS 56 5.1 Vorstellung des Unternehmens 56 5.2 Das TeamWeb 58 5.3 Zielsetzung und Vorgehen 60 5.4 Ergebnisse der Umfrage 61 5.5 Handlungsempfehlungen 66 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 70 6.1 Ergebnisse der Arbeit 70 6.2 Kritische Betrachtung 72 6.3 Ausblick und weiterer Forschungsbedarf 73 LITERATUR VI GLOSSAR IV ANHANG IX