Bakgrund: Förekomst av språkbarriärer inom hälso- och sjukvården påverkar möjligheten för sjuksköterskor att utföra omvårdnaden. Kommunikation identifieras som en viktig faktor mellan sjuksköterskan och patient för att främja högkvalitetvård. Möjligheten att erhålla kulturkompetens ökar kvaliteten på vården. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av språkbarriärer och strategier för att övervinna dessa i omvårdnaden.Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt med systematisk söksstrategi och baserades på 13 kvalitativa och två mix metod vetenskapliga artiklar. Artikel sökningar utfördes i databaser CINAHL och Pubmed.Resultat: Litteraturöversiktens resultat visar att sjuksköterskor står inför utmaningar som hindrar att främja god och säker vård när språkbarriär förekommer. Sjuksköterskor upplever att genom användningen av professionella och icke professionella tolkar har sina fördelar och sina nackdelar. Sjuksköterskor strävar att övervinna språkbarriären genom att använda sig av olika strategier.Slutsats: Språkbarriär är ett hinder för att ge en individuell omvårdnad och kunna göra en bedömning av patientens vårdbehov. Språkbarriär är ett hot mot patientenssäkerheten. Professionella och icke professionella tolkar ökar risken för att patienten inte får korrekt given information. / Background: The presence of a language barrier in health care affects the ability of nurses to perform nursing. Communication is identified as an important factor between the nurse and the patient to promote high quality care. The opportunity to obtain cultural competence increases the quality of care.Aim: The aim of the literature review is to describe the nurse's experience of language barrier , and nurses' strategies for overcoming them in nursing.Method: The study was conducted as a literature review with a systematic search strategy and was based on 13 qualitative and two mix method scientific articles. Article searches were performed in databases CINAHL and Pubmed.Results: The results of the literature review shows that nurses face challenges that prevent the promotion of good and safe care when a language barrier occurs. Nurses experience that through the use of professional and non-professional interpreters they have their advantages and disadvantages. Nurses strive to overcome the language barrier by using different strategies.Conclusion: Language barrier is an obstacle to providing individual caring and being able to make an assessment of the patient's care needs. Language barrier is a threat to patient safety. Professional and non-professional interpreters increases the risk that the patient will not recive correct information.

The thesis takes a research through design approach to identify the potential of a storytelling board game concept to raise awareness about societal challenges. Knowledge of existing serious game examples illustrating the social issues, designing a board game prototype iteratively, and evaluating with co-creation sessions helped to comprehend the potential of the subject. The thesis, with an iterative process, focuses on one case study, designing a board game called “Can you survive?”. The game uses storytelling to relay stories about refugees’ hardships caused by language and communication barriers to its players. The research process was supported by several co-creation workshops, including game playing and focus group sessions, to advance the board game in terms of making it more impactful and evolving the rules while gathering insights about the game and the players’ thoughts about the game topic. As a result of the research process, the final version of the board game was designed. The study demonstrates that a board game using narrative elements can be a cooperative tool to communicate societal issues with the goal of raising awareness. The results show the players agree that the game drives them to understand the challenges based on the subject and develop different points of view. Even if the case study focuses only on the experience of the ups and downs of the language barrier refugees deal with, it may also be applicable to some other social issues. The study also shows that co-creation sessions to test the prototype with the target groups brought unconsidered perspectives that advance the game mechanics and help to make it more impactful. Having a limited amount of research and design about storytelling game concepts illustrating the serious topics by using board games, this thesis offers that serious game design researchers should consider the storytelling board games aimed at raising attention on societal issues since it helps players to engage, motivate and create empathy. Moreover, it stresses the possibility of serious game design concepts to be used to promote awareness of social problems, not only for training or education purposes.

The study has been carried out with the aim of finding out what a Swedish niche bank's worksystem around the use of decision support looks like. More specifically how decision support is produced and how this decision support is understood and used to partly improve internalbusiness processes. With this purpose, the research question "How is decision support developed within a Swedish niche bank and what is the role of decision support for the business and its development of internal business processes?" has been produced.The method applied in the study is a qualitative method with a case study as a research method. The data collection has been carried out through nine semi-structured interviews of which seven were carried out in the first round and two in an additional interview round The interviews were carried out with respondents who hold different roles within the business.The study used an abductive approach, a target-driven selection and interviews were held remotely. The analysis has been based on the results and the theoretical framework, which contains various subject areas linked to the content of the study, for example decision support, visualization, analyzing data, internal business processes and digital divide. Where each topic from the theory has been linked to relevant parts of the result that either emphasized or questioned the theories.The study provides a discussion around analysis, language barrier, intermediaries and also for future studies that discuss points of view and insights from this study. The study shows how decision support is central to developing various business processes internally. The creation of the decision support lies in the analysis of data which is then visualized for decision makers within the business, who partly order and partly receive these decision support. However, in connection with the decision support and its development and usage, a language barrier arises where the competence around digital tools and data differs between departments, which results in roles that have to interpret and explain the decision support. / Studien har genomförts i syfte att ta reda på hur en svensk nischbanks arbetssystem kring nyttjandet av beslutsstöd ser ut. Nämligen hur beslutsstöd tas fram samt hur dessa beslutsstöd förstås och används för att dels förbättra interna verksamhetsprocesser. Med detta syfte har forskningsfrågan “På vilket sätt tas beslutsstöd fram inom en svensk nischbank och vad har beslutsstöd för roll för verksamheten samt dess utveckling av interna verksamhetsprocesser? ”tagits fram. Metoden som tillämpats i studien är en kvalitativ undersökning med fallstudie som forskningsmetod. Datainsamlingen har utförts genom nio semistrukturerade intervjuer varav sju utfördes i den första omgången och två i en ytterligare intervjuomgång, som två fördjupningsintervjuer. Intervjuerna utfördes med respondenter som besitter olika roller inom verksamheten. Studien har använt sig av en abduktiv ansats, ett målstyrt urval och intervjuer har hållits på distans. Analysen har utgått från resultatet och den teoretiska referensramen som innehåller olika ämnesområden kopplat till studiens innehåll, exempelvis beslutsstöd,visualisering, analysering av data, verksamhetsprocesser och skillnad i digital kompetens. Vardera ämne från teorin har kopplats till relevanta delar av resultatet som antingen poängterat eller ifrågasatt teorierna. Undersökningen för en diskussion kring analys, språkbarriär, mellanhänder och även inför framtida studier som diskuterar synpunkter samt insikter från denna studie. Studien visar hur beslutsstöd ligger centralt för att utveckla olika verksamhetsprocesser internt. Skapandet av beslutsstöden ligger i analysering av data som sedan visualiseras för beslutsfattarna inom verksamheten, för de som beställer och får dessa beslutsstöd presenterade. I samband med beslutsstöden och dess framtagande och användande uppstår dock en språkbarriär där kompetensen kring digitala verktyg och data skiljer sig mellan avdelningar, vilket resulterar i roller som behöver tolka och förklara beslutsstöden.

Studiens syfte är att analysera hur tre bildlärare på högstadiet bedriver sin bildundervisning av nyanlända elever som ännu inte till fullo behärskar svenska språket. Frågeställningarna innefattar olika strategier i bildundervisningen samt vilka problem och möjligheter lärarna upplever i en undervisning utan gemensamt talat språk. Studien innefattar tre semistrukturerade intervjuer – två muntliga och en skriftlig. Resultatet visar att samtliga lärare hade utarbetat och var i färd att utveckla en mängd olika strategier. Bildämnets multimodala resurser och de nyanlända elevernas flerspråkighet var centrala strategier för att överbrygga språkbarriären och skapa förståelse i ämnet. Främst två av lärarna ville även vidareutveckla undervisningen genom utökat kollegialt samarbete. Problemen lärarna uppfattade handlade till stor del om tidsbrist.  För att främja de nyanlända elevernas lärandesituation behövde exempelvis en av lärarna mer tid tillsammans med dem innan de började i ordinarie bildundervisning. Lärarna nämnde många möjligheter angående bildämnets resurser som medel för förståelse, samt möjligheter med att använda elevernas starkaste språk vid bedömning av teoretiska delar. / The purpose of the study is to analyze how three high school art teachers educate newly arrived pupils who do not fully understand the Swedish language. The issues contain how the teachers work with certain strategies and what kind of problems and possibilities they perceive when teaching without a common spoken language. The study includes three semi structured interviews – two oral and one written. The results illustrate that all of the teachers had developed, and were in the process of developing, a variety of strategies. Central strategies in creating understanding were multimodal resources specific for the art subject, and the newly arrived pupils’ multilingualism. Mainly two of the teachers wanted to develop their education further through expanded collegiate corporation. The problems that the teachers perceived mainly had to do with lack of time. To better support the newly arrived pupils’ learning situation the teachers needed more time together with the pupils, before they entered the ordinary classes. The teachers mentioned several possibilities concerning the art subjects’ resources as tools in understanding each other. They also emphasized the possibilities of using the pupils’ strongest language in the matter of theoretical assessment.

Submitted by Rachel Pereira (rachelprr@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-06T18:40:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel-Merigoux-Tese-de-doutorado.entregue-gravado-cd.pdf: 2050684 bytes, checksum: 8de8c55d9ee41a7f60baaee2c8d811a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-06T18:40:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel-Merigoux-Tese-de-doutorado.entregue-gravado-cd.pdf: 2050684 bytes, checksum: 8de8c55d9ee41a7f60baaee2c8d811a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A existência de uma barreira da linguagem, transponível por uma “tradução” em que se perde a verdade pura, justifica geralmente a Divulgação Científica (DC). Problematizamos esse pressuposto retraçando as diferenças teóricas entre as linguagens ditas científica e leiga, bem como sua construção sócio-histórica. Concebemos a DC como parte de uma Comunicação Científica estendida, intra e extrapares, na perspectiva da acumulação de conhecimento, pautados mormente pelos conceitos de reprodução e capital simbólico de Bourdieu. Apreendemos cientista e leigo como atores comparáveis, embora socialmente distintos, recusando qualquer separação a priori, absoluta, natural ou anistórica entre eles. Os primórdios da DC são geralmente datados dos diálogos de Galileu e Fontenelle no século 17. Mas os modernos defendem primeiro o sigilo. Herdeiros do “Mênon” de Platão, aderem a uma filosofia pitagórica tão restrita ao par quanto o “artificial” latim, mesmo quando opõem a este o logos inato, vivo e dialético, representado pelos romances. Contra o poder central papal e o monopólio escolástico das universidades, a quantificação moderna do mundo legitimava os soberanos das nações europeias mercantilistas nascentes, patrocinadores das academias científicas oficiais. A linguagem do Livro da Natureza de Galileu é absolutamente divina: afirma um universo unificado e unívoco, acima das disputas clericais e interpretações qualitativas da Bíblia, mas nega à expressão leiga qualquer verdade científica, inviabilizando a Divulgação. Em vista disso, a DC surge na Atenas dos séculos 5 e 4 a.C., quando a retórica faz a dialética privada entrar na arena pública, governada por escolhas democráticas. Aristóteles seculariza a verdade filosófico-científica, imputando-a a um ato de fala humano, explicitamente regrado pela univocidade sistemática (uma palavra=um sentido), a qual distingue até hoje a linguagem científica da leiga. A definição do Termo impõe à determinação bivalente da verdade tanto quanto à sua comunicação a seleção de um único sentido correto entre aqueles possíveis, prefigurando uma teoria da informação, sem estatísticas. Associada à escrita e ao dialógico agonístico, a univocidade perpetua a ordem social pelo desempate e acerto simbólicos. Oposta à violência física e ambiguidade oraculares, transmite a verdade segundo um ideal de reprodução sem perda. Traduz partes do discurso profano em símbolos impessoais eternos, equivalentes às entidades pitagóricas imateriais e sagradas. Essas, demostradas pelo ato de fala, podem ser trocadas na ágora como bens simbólicos “purificados” entre cidadãos “pares”. A posse da verdade torna-se publicamente perceptível, “qualificando” o leigo pelo “déficit” simbólico, espiritual, moral, cognitivo, social. As linguagens lógico-matemáticas seguem ocultando as marcas linguísticas (pessoa, tempo e modalidade) do ator mortal que as profere. Na perspectiva quantitativa, histórica e progressista da Modernidade, a expressão da experiência e verdades antes incomensuráveis, torna-se unificada, previsível, replicável, incrementável, universal e capitalizável como divisas simbólicas. Antes portado apenas pela voz do filósofo, o ideal de reprodução é impulsado pela mecanização dos meios de comunicação: desde a imprensa até o sinal da comunicação digital, a verdade transmite-se com menor perda física, tempo e intervalo, a um público sempre mais numeroso e distante, enquanto a reprodução sócio-simbólica do cientista cresce exponencialmente. Contudo, nunca foram comprovadas a existência de uma comunicação absolutamente sem perda ou de uma unidade de sentido a priori ou naturalmente présegmentada, refutando uma diferença linguística irreversível entre científicos e leigos. Como o Hípaso de Metaponte da lenda pitagórica, divulgador efetivo da “imperfeição” dos números irracionais e origem humana da ciência, hoje os hackers expõem as falhas da linguagem computacional unívoca, a qual separa as sociedades ditas imaterial e material na “nova” ordem tecnológica informacional. / Science Popularization (SP) is generally justified by a language barrier, overcame by a “translation” that loses “pure” truth. We discuss this presupposition tracing the theoretical differences between so-called scientific and common languages, as well as their socio-historical construction. We assume SP is part of a Scientific Communication extended to both peers and non peers, in the perspective of knowledge accumulation, mainly based on Bourdieu's notions of symbolic capital and reproduction. We comprehend Scientists and laypersons as comparable actors, nevertheless socially distinct and not separated by any a priori, absolute, natural or innate characteristic. While it is admitted that early SP dates back to Galileo's and Fontenelle dialogs, the moderns prove firstly to be secretive. Heirs of Plato's Meno, they stick to a Pythagorean philosophy, as restricted to peers as the “artificial” Latin, even when they oppose to this the dialectic, innate and living logos, represented by romances. Against central papal power and scholastic university monopoly, moderns' universe quantification legitimates the emerging Mercantile European nations' sovereigns, who funded the official academies of science. The language of Galileo's Book of Nature is absolutely divine, above clergymen disputes and qualitative Bible interpretations. But it denies any scientific validity to lay expression of truth, then obstructing SP. Considering this, SP emerges in Athena during 6th-5th centuries BC, when rhetoric makes private dialectic enter the public arena, governed by democratic choices. Aristotle secularizes philosophico-scientific truth, imputing it to a human speech act, explicitly ruled by systematic univocity (one word=one meaning), which until now distinguishes scientific from common language. Term definition imposes to bivalent determination of truth and its communication the selection of a single correct meaning among possible ones, prefiguring an information theory yet without statistics. Combined with writing and agonistic dialog, univocity perpetuates social order trough symbolic settlement. Contrary to oracular ambiguity and physical violence, it transmits and accumulates truth according to an ideal of lossless reproduction. It translates parts of profane discourse into impersonal and eternal symbols, equivalent to Pythagorean entities, immaterial and sacred. Demonstrated trough a speech act, these can be exchanged in the agora, as “purified” symbolic goods, between citizen “peers”. Truth possession turns publicly perceptible, “qualifying” layperson by his symbolic, spiritual, moral, cognitive, then social “deficit”. Still, logico-mathematical languages hide the linguistic markers (person, tense, modality) of the mortal actor who utters them. In the quantitative, historical and progressive perspective of Modernity, the expression of incommensurable experiences and truths becomes unified and predictable, universal replicas that can be incremented and capitalized as symbolic currencies. Once restricted to philosophers' voice reach, the ideal of reproduction is boosted by the mechanization of communication techniques. From printing to the signal of digital communication, truth is transmitted with decreasing physical loss, time and interval, to an always more numerous and distant public, while scientists socio-symbolic reproduction grows exponentially. Nevertheless, neither lossless communication nor naturally pre-segmented or a priori units of meaning have ever proven to exist in absolute, refuting any impassable linguistic differences between laypersons and scientists. Just as Hippasus of Metapontum in the Pythagorean legend indeed popularized the “imperfection” of irrational numbers, betraying the human origin of Science, today's hackers expose the flaws of the univocal computing language, which divides our “new” informational and technological order into the so-called immaterial and material societies.

Kateřina Papežová, Collaboration of czech and austrian border regions after 1989 This diploma thesis deals with the topic of cooperation between border regions of the Czech Republic and Austria since the opening of the common border in 1989 until the Czech Republic's entering the European Union in 2004. The aim of the thesis is to observe the influence of the opening of the border on the regions and the development of the cooperation in the following years. The introduction presents the development of the interstate relations between the Czech Republic and Austria in 1989-2004. The following chapters focus on three areas of cooperation of border regions that have been selected in order to monitor the intensifying of the regional cross-border cooperation. The first chapter concentrates on the initial contacts between the inhabitants of the regions on the occasion of cross-border encounters and cultural events. It also deals with the positive and negative effects of opening the border for the border regions. In the second chapter, attention is given to the efforts of Czechs and Austrians living in the neighborhood of the border to understand each other, as well as to the prejudices and stereotypes that contributed to misunderstandings between the neighboring nations. The last chapter discusses the...

The research area this report relates to is real-time automatic transcription and translation. The purpose of the work done for the report is to reduce the perceived language barriers online and to make a user-friendly application to make use of the latest deep learning technology to transcribe and translate in real-time. This application could be used in a work environment (especially when working from home) and for leisure activities such as watching videos. There is currently most likely no application that uses automatic speech recognition in this way. The most similar applications that were found were mainly similar to Google Translate which are not meant for real-time usage on a computer but rather to wait for an input and then write it out when it is completely done. The application created for this purpose was a desktop application that combines Open-AI's Whisper model for transcription and Argos Translate for translation into one application with a user-friendly GUI created with Java Swing. For creating the application, an iterative and incremental methodology was used both for the GUI design and the software development. In the end, the development was successful resulting in a working desktop application accomplishing the goals of transcribing and translating in real-time with the user of a user-friendly application, which could for example easily be used for digital meetings or videos online. / Det område som denna rapport handlar om är automatisk transkription och översättning i realtid. Syftet med arbetet som gjorts för rapporten är att minska de upplevda digitala språkbarriärerna och att göra en användarvänlig applikation för att använda den senaste djup maskininlärnings teknologin för att transkribera och översätta i realtid. Just nu finns det med största sannolikhet inget program som använder automatisk röstigenkänning på detta sätt. De mest liknande applikationerna som var funna är sådanna som liknar Google Translate, men dessa är inte skapade för anvädning i realtid utan istället för att höra hela indatan och sedan skriva ut hela resultatet. Applikationen som skapades med detta syfte var en datorapplikation som kombinerar Open-AIs Whisper-modell för transkription och Argos Translate för översättning till en applikation med ett användarvänligt grafiskt användargränssnitt skapat med Java Swing. För att skapa applikationen användes en iterativ och inkrementell metodik både för den grafiska användargränssnittsdesignen och mjukvaruutvecklingen. Resultatet var lyckat vilket ledde till en fungerande dator applikation som uppnådde målen att transkribera och översätta i realtid med en användarvänlig applikation.

The thesis analyses a dispute of two anarchist movements promoting Anarcho-Capitalism and an automated non-monetary economy. It asks the question whether the dispute can be explained in terms of paradigm conflict and not exclusively in political terms . The goal is to search for signs of scientific paradigm in an apparently ideological dispute. The thesis also examines the reasons why did the debate deteriorate into a personal and moral conflict of the representatives. The method of analysis is Grounded Theory, with reference to authors who interpret Kuhn's paradigm conflict as the consequence of an unconscious language barrier. Paradigm was operationally defined as a hierarchy of concepts with physical reference, theoretical network of the concepts and the scientific field objectives. The field objectives are the only reliable reference points between paradigms. The thesis sums up the debate between Anarcho-Capitalists and proponents of Resource-Based Economy and recovers the scientific answers and field objectives which were demanded yet missing in the debate. The thesis concludes that the debate can legitimately continue and that the ideological differences were mostly caused by a different scope of technical instruments and their describing paradigms, regardless of historical origin and...