In the United States, there is a growing trend towards livable cities that facilitate physical, psychological, and social well-being. According to Congress of the New Urbanism, the great American suburb served by the automobile, does not fulfill all these functions. Urban sociologist Ray Oldenburg points out three realms of satisfactory life as work, home and the ‘great good place’ as the third. The third place is one that facilitates barrier free social interaction, for example the American main-street, the English pub, French coffee house etc. Despite the ever existing need for such places, greater travel distances and the ever expanding needs of the automobile era have stripped our urban fabric of these. The Charter of the New Urbanism points out that in the American suburbs, neighborhood parks have the potential to serve as ‘third places.’ The twofold purpose of this research was to examine Steeplechase dog-park using Oldenburg’s Third Place construct as a starting point; and then to operationalize third place by establishing relationships between social characteristics and physical environment. Participant observation, casual conversations and ethnographic interviews were methods used to examine how residents use Steeplechase Park. The observation phase was used to understand on-site behavior, user interests and then establish contacts with participants for recruitment. In-depth interviews were then conducted to examine user history, relationships and attitudes toward the place. Data was coded and analyzed in NVivo 10 utilizing Oldenburg’s framework as a reference, the components of which were then examined for correlations to the physical elements. The findings of suggest that Steeplechase Park functions as a somewhat unique third place in terms of user motivation, companion animal/social lubricant, neutrality and inclusiveness of the place. Findings also establish useful links between the physical design of the space and the social activity; prospect-refuge supported by vegetation and layout, topography, shade, edges and access being the most important aspects. Additionally, lack of maintenance was established as a major concern to sustained use.

Due to the sheer volume of data involved, video coding is an important application of lossy source coding, and has received wide industrial interest and support as evidenced by the development and success of a series of video coding standards. All MPEG-series and H-series video coding standards proposed so far are based upon a video coding paradigm called predictive video coding, where video source frames Xᵢ,i=1,2,...,N, are encoded in a frame by frame manner, the encoder and decoder for each frame Xᵢ, i =1, 2, ..., N, enlist help only from all previous encoded frames Sj, j=1, 2, ..., i-1. In this thesis, we will look further beyond all existing and proposed video coding standards, and introduce a new coding paradigm called causal video coding, in which the encoder for each frame Xᵢ can use all previous original frames Xj, j=1, 2, ..., i-1, and all previous encoded frames Sj, while the corresponding decoder can use only all previous encoded frames. We consider all studies, comparisons, and designs on causal video coding from an information theoretic point of view. Let R*c(D₁,...,D_N) (R*p(D₁,...,D_N), respectively) denote the minimum total rate required to achieve a given distortion level D₁,...,D_N > 0 in causal video coding (predictive video coding, respectively). A novel computation approach is proposed to analytically characterize, numerically compute, and compare the minimum total rate of causal video coding R*c(D₁,...,D_N) required to achieve a given distortion (quality) level D₁,...,D_N > 0. Specifically, we first show that for jointly stationary and ergodic sources X₁, ..., X_N, R*c(D₁,...,D_N) is equal to the infimum of the n-th order total rate distortion function R_{c,n}(D₁,...,D_N) over all n, where R_{c,n}(D₁,...,D_N) itself is given by the minimum of an information quantity over a set of auxiliary random variables. We then present an iterative algorithm for computing R_{c,n}(D₁,...,D_N) and demonstrate the convergence of the algorithm to the global minimum. The global convergence of the algorithm further enables us to not only establish a single-letter characterization of R*c(D₁,...,D_N) in a novel way when the N sources are an independent and identically distributed (IID) vector source, but also demonstrate a somewhat surprising result (dubbed the more and less coding theorem)---under some conditions on source frames and distortion, the more frames need to be encoded and transmitted, the less amount of data after encoding has to be actually sent. With the help of the algorithm, it is also shown by example that R*c(D₁,...,D_N) is in general much smaller than the total rate offered by the traditional greedy coding method by which each frame is encoded in a local optimum manner based on all information available to the encoder of the frame. As a by-product, an extended Markov lemma is established for correlated ergodic sources. From an information theoretic point of view, it is interesting to compare causal video coding and predictive video coding, which all existing video coding standards proposed so far are based upon. In this thesis, by fixing N=3, we first derive a single-letter characterization of R*p(D₁,D₂,D₃) for an IID vector source (X₁,X₂,X₃) where X₁ and X₂ are independent, and then demonstrate the existence of such X₁,X₂,X₃ for which R*p(D₁,D₂,D₃)>R*c(D₁,D₂,D₃) under some conditions on source frames and distortion. This result makes causal video coding an attractive framework for future video coding systems and standards. The design of causal video coding is also considered in the thesis from an information theoretic perspective by modeling each frame as a stationary information source. We first put forth a concept called causal scalar quantization, and then propose an algorithm for designing optimum fixed-rate causal scalar quantizers for causal video coding to minimize the total distortion among all sources. Simulation results show that in comparison with fixed-rate predictive scalar quantization, fixed-rate causal scalar quantization offers as large as 16% quality improvement (distortion reduction).

A load plan specifies how freight is routed through a linehaul terminal network operated by a less-than-truckload (LTL) carrier. Determining the design of the load plan is critical to effective operations of such carriers. This dissertation makes contributions in modeling and algorithm design for three problems in LTL load plan design: (1) Refined execution cost estimation. Existing load plan design models use approximations that ignore important facts such as the nonlinearity of transportation costs with respect to the number of trailers, and empty travel beyond what is required for trailer balance that results from driver rules. We develop models that more accurately capture key operations of LTL carriers and produce accurate operational execution costs estimates; (2) Dynamic load planning. Load plans are traditionally revised infrequently by LTL carriers due to the difficulty of solving the associated optimization problem. Technological advances have now enabled carriers to consider daily load plan updates. We develop technologies that efficiently and effectively adjust a nominal load plan for a given day based on the actual freight to be served by the carrier. We present an integer programming based local search procedure, and a greedy randomized adaptive search heuristic; and (3) Stochastic load plan design. Load plan design models commonly represent origin-destination freight volumes using average demands, which do not describe freight volume fluctuations. We investigate load plan design models that explicitly utilize information on freight volume uncertainty and design load plans that most cost-effectively deal with varying freight volumes and lead to the lowest expected cost. We present a Sample Average Approximation approach and a variant of the method for solving the stochastic integer programming formulations.

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι να εξετάσει τους παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν την καινοτόμο δραστηριότητα των μικρομεσαίων επιχειρήσεων στις απομακρυσμένες αγροτικές περιοχές της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης θέτοντας ερευνητικά ερωτήματα που σχετίζονται με την ανάπτυξη και υποστήριξη της καινοτομίας στην περιφέρεια. Για την πραγματοποίηση της έρευνας επιλέχθηκαν δώδεκα περιοχές μελέτης που βρίσκονται σε έξι χώρες της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. Σε κάθε μια από τις έξι χώρες που συμμετείχαν στην έρευνα, επιλέχθηκε μια περιοχή με σχετικά καλή οικονομική απόδοση λαμβανομένου υπόψη του μειονεκτήματος λόγω της απομακρυσμένης της θέσης (περιοχή Α), και μια περιοχή σχετικά προσβάσιμη (περιοχή Β) με οικονομική απόδοση αντίστοιχη με αυτή της περιοχής Α. Οι περιοχές είναι οι εξής: Shetland (Α) και East Ayrshire (Β) στη Σκωτία, Keski- Suomi (Α) και Satakunta (Β) στη Φινλανδία, L’Alcoià (Α) και Camp de Morvedre (Β) στην Ισπανία, Rottal-Inn (Α) και Bitburg-Prüm (Β) στη Γερμανία, Ευρυτανία (Α) και Καλάβρυτα (Β) στην Ελλάδα και Midwest Clare (Α) και Southeast Wexford (Β) στην Ιρλανδία. Τα δεδομένα προήλθαν από 600 συνολικά επιχειρήσεις (50 από κάθε περιοχή) και συλλέχθηκαν με τη βοήθεια ερωτηματολογίων και μέσω προσωπικών συνεντεύξεων στα πλαίσια ενός ερευνητικού προγράμματος χρηματοδοτούμενου από την Ε.Ε. (AsPIRE: Aspatial Peripherality, Innovation and the Rural Economy). Η διδακτορική διατριβή είναι χωρισμένη σε τρία μέρη. Στο πρώτο μέρος δίνεται καταρχήν ο ορισμός της καινοτομίας και πραγματοποιείται μια ανασκόπηση της διεθνούς βιβλιογραφίας για την καινοτομία και την κατανομή της στο χώρο. Στη συνέχεια αποτυπώνεται η επιρροή του χωρικού, τοπικού και μη τοπικού, περιβάλλοντος μιας επιχείρησης στην καινοτόμο δραστηριότητά της. Γίνεται η υπόθεση ότι η πρόσβαση των επιχειρήσεων σε μη- τοπικά περιβάλλοντα καθορίζει την πιθανότητα να εισάγουν οι επιχειρήσεις καινοτομία και ελέγχει το ποσοστό της συνολικής καινοτόμου δραστηριότητας μιας περιοχής. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι η καινοτόμος δραστηριότητα των επιχειρήσεων επηρεάζεται από παράγοντες που σχετίζονται με το άνοιγμα των τοπικών συστημάτων παραγωγής σε μη τοπικούς κόσμους. Τα δίκτυα επιχειρήσεων, το συσσωρευμένο επιχειρηματικό και ανθρώπινο κεφάλαιο, η γνώση και η εμπειρία που αποκτήθηκαν σε μη τοπικό επίπεδο, καθώς και η υπάρχουσα τοπική επιχειρηματική ιστορία ενισχύουν την ικανότητα των επιχειρήσεων να καινοτομούν και διευρύνουν την ικανότητα μάθησής τους. Το δεύτερο μέρος της διατριβής εξετάζει την επίδραση της χωροθέτησης των επιχειρήσεων στην καινοτόμο δραστηριότητά τους, τόσο σε μικρο- όσο και σε μακρο- επίπεδο. Στο μικροοικονομικό επίπεδο συνάγεται ότι η πιθανότητα εισαγωγής καινοτομίας είναι καλά προβλεπόμενη από παρατηρήσιμα επιχειρηματικά χαρακτηριστικά. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι οι πιο προσβάσιμες περιοχές παρουσιάζουν υψηλότερα ποσοστά καινοτόμου δραστηριότητας σε σχέση με τις λιγότερο προσβάσιμες. Στη συνέχεια η διαφορά στα ποσοστά καινοτόμου δραστηριότητας ανάμεσα στις περισσότερο και λιγότερο προσβάσιμες περιοχές αποδομείται σε εκείνη που οφείλεται σε παρατηρήσιμους και σε εκείνη που οφείλεται σε μη παρατηρήσιμους παράγοντες. Συμπεραίνεται ότι το μεγαλύτερο μέρος της διαφοράς των πιθανοτήτων να παρουσιάσει μία εταιρεία καινοτόμο δραστηριότητα αποδίδεται σε μη παρατηρήσιμους παράγοντες αποκαλύπτοντας έτσι την σοβαρή επίδραση του τοπικού περιβάλλοντος (όπως αυτό συλλαμβάνεται από την επίπτωση των μη-παρατηρήσιμων παραγόντων) στη καινοτομία. Κατά συνέπεια τα συμπεράσματα προτείνουν να είναι η πολιτική καινοτομίας για τις ΜΜΕ εξειδικευμένη στα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά κάθε περιοχής και να στοχεύει στην ικανοποίηση των ιδιαίτερων αναγκών των επιχειρήσεων και στη διατήρηση και βελτίωση του τοπικού περιβάλλοντος καινοτομίας. Σε μακροοικονομικό επίπεδο γίνεται μια προσπάθεια καταγραφής κάποιων παραγόντων που ευθύνονται για την «Αχωρική Περιφερειακότητα». Αποδεικνύεται ότι η συμβατική περιφερειακότητα (μετρούμενη σε όρους προσβασιμότητας) δεν μπορεί από μόνη της να εξηγήσει τις παρατηρημένες μορφές απόστασης και την οικονομική ανάπτυξη. Ταυτόχρονα, υπάρχει ένας σημαντικός αριθμός απομακρυσμένων και σχετικά μη προσβάσιμων περιοχών που ξεπερνούν τα αναμενόμενα επίπεδα οικονομικής ανάπτυξης, καθώς και ένας επίσης σημαντικός αριθμός περισσότερο προσβάσιμων περιοχών που παρουσιάζουν αρκετά μικρότερα από τα αναμενόμενα επίπεδα οικονομικής ανάπτυξης. Αποδεικνύεται ότι οι παράγοντες της αχωρικής περιφερειακότητας είναι εκείνοι που ευθύνονται για την απόκλιση των περιφερειών από τη συμβατική σχέση τοποθεσίας και επιπέδου ανάπτυξης. Τέτοιοι παράγοντες είναι για παράδειγμα η λειτουργία χωρικά οριζόντιων και κάθετων επιχειρηματικών δικτύων. Τέλος, το τρίτο μέρος της διατριβής ασχολείται με την επίδραση της καινοτομίας στην απόδοση των επιχειρήσεων και πιο συγκεκριμένα με την επίδραση της καινοτομίας προϊόντος στις επενδύσεις σε πάγια περιουσιακά στοιχεία. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι η εισαγωγή καινοτομίας προϊόντος μειώνει την πιθανότητα πραγματοποίησης επενδύσεων σε πάγια περιουσιακά στοιχεία. Ένα άλλο συμπέρασμα είναι ότι το μέγεθος της επιχείρησης ασκεί μια ιδιαίτερα σύνθετη επίδραση στην πιθανότητα πραγματοποίησης επενδύσεων. Η επίδραση αυτή αποτελείται από δυο συνθετικά μέρη, μια μορφής ανεστραμμένου U άμεση επίδραση του μεγέθους της επιχείρησης στην πιθανότητα για πραγματοποίηση επενδύσεων και μια έμμεση γραμμική επίδραση του μεγέθους στην πιθανότητα εισαγωγής καινοτομίας. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν επίσης ότι το χάσμα στην πιθανότητα πραγματοποίησης επενδύσεων μεταξύ καινοτόμων και μη καινοτόμων επιχειρήσεων αυξάνεται με την αύξηση του μεγέθους. / The aim of this PhD Thesis is to examine the factors that influence the innovative activity of SMEs in peripheral and less favored areas of the European Union by posing research questions that relate to the development and support of innovation in this type of areas. In the framework of this research, survey data collected in twelve case study regions in six EU member states was used. Within each of the six participating member states, one region (Region A) was selected as a relatively peripheral region, perceived to be performing relatively well economically (given its locational disadvantages), and a second one (Region B) was selected as an example of a relatively accessible region with a perceived performance similar to that of Region A. These areas were Shetland (Α) and East Ayrshire (Β) in Scotland, Keski- Suomi (Α) and Satakunta (Β) in Finland, L’Alcoià (Α) and Camp de Morvedre (Β) in Spain, Rottal-Inn (Α) and Bitburg-Prüm (Β) in Germany, Evrytania (Α) and Kalavryta (Β) in Greece and Midwest Clare (Α) and Southeast Wexford (Β) in Ireland.This data was collected from 600 businesses (50 in each case study area) during 2003 for the EU Fifth Framework research project entitled “Aspatial Peripherality, Innovation and the Rural Economy” (AsPIRE). Data was collected through personal interviews with the firm’s owner or manager and with the use of questionnaires. The PhD Thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part there is a literature review on the definition of innovation and the dissemination of innovation through space. In a second step it is hypothesized that firms’ access to the non-local domain determines the probability to innovate and controls the rate of an area’s overall innovative activity. Results reveal that firms’ innovative activity is influenced by factors opening local production systems to the non-local world. Business networks, accumulated entrepreneurial human capital, knowledge and experience acquired non-locally and the embedded local business history enrich firms’ innovative capacities and shape the learning capacity of firms and localities. When local economic systems operate under national systems that are prone to innovation, these factors account less for the probability that a firm will innovate and vice versa. The second part of the thesis examines the effect of the peripheral location of firms on their innovativeness. It is concluded that the probability to innovate is well predicted by observable firm, entrepreneurial and business network characteristics. Results show that more accessible areas consistently present higher activity rates than their peripheral counterparts. The difference in innovation activity rates between peripheral and central areas is then decomposed into observable and non-observable factors. It arises that the whole innovation gap is attributed to non-observable factors constituting a combination of ‘behavior and environment’. Innovation policy for SMEs should thus aim at meeting businesses’ specific needs (firm-specific factors) and at sustaining and improving the innovation environment. Finally, the third part of this Thesis explores the relationship between product innovation and investments in fixed capital assets. Results show that the presence of product innovation reduces the probability to invest. Another result is that a firm’s size exerts a rather complicated effect on the probability to invest. This effect consists of a direct, inverted U-shape component of firm’s size on the probability to invest and an indirect component through the size’s linear effect on the probability to innovate. The gap in the probability to invest between innovative and non-innovative firms increases with size.

Neural networks are one of the most efficient classifier methods. One of such classifying neural networks we are trying to teach in this work by using genetic algorithms. In this work we test two types of genetic algorithms. One may be called parameterized genetic algorithm. It is built on the basic ideas of genetic algorithms. The other one is called parameter less genetic algorithm. It was presented by F. G. Lobo and D. E. Goldberg. Both genetic algorithms are tested and compared to the other well known optimization methods such as Bayes and Monte Carlo search. Experiments show the relevance of use genetic algorithms in teaching classifying neural network. Also stated that parameter less genetic algorithm works more efficient than parametric genetic algorithm in general cases. Created programs will be used in future studies.

Darbo objektas – žemės ūkio viešosios gėrybės mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti vietovėse. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti žemės ūkio viešųjų gėrybių kūrimo mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti vietovėse poveikį žemdirbių pajamoms. Iškeltam tikslui pasiekti sprendžiami šie uždaviniai: 1. Išnagrinėti viešųjų gėrybių koncepcijos esmę ir pagrįsti reguliavimo būtinumą. 2. Identifikuoti ir išanalizuoti BŽŪP finansinius instrumentus, skatinančius viešųjų gėrybių kūrimą mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti vietovėse. 3. Išanalizuoti BŽŪP finansinių instrumentų, skatinančių viešųjų gėrybių kūrimą mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti vietovėse, poveikį ūkininkų pajamoms Lietuvoje. 4. Atskleisti 2007 – 2013 metų BŽŪP vaidmenį skatinant viešųjų gėrybių kūrimą mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti vietovėse. Tyrimo metodai – mokslinės literatūros bei Europos Sąjungos ir Lietuvos žemės ūkio ir kaimo plėtros dokumentų analizė ir sintezė, lyginamosios analizės, indukcijos, dedukcijos, monografinis, duomenų sisteminimo ir statistinės analizės, grafinio vaizdavimo, apibendrinimo ir kiti metodai. Remiantis viešųjų gėrybių ir žemės ūkio daugiafunkciškumo koncepcijomis bei Europos Sąjungos ir Lietuvos teisinių dokumentų, reglamentuojančių BŽŪP finansinius instrumentus analize, identifikuoti ir išanalizuoti BŽŪP finansiniai instrumentai, skatinantys žemės ūkio viešųjų gėrybių kūrimą mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti vietovėse. Kartu įvertintas Europos Sąjungos paramos poveikis ūkininkų, ūkininkaujančių mažiau palankiose vietovėse... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object of research – agriculture public goods in less favoured areas. The aim of work – to analyze the impact of production of agriculture public goods in less favoured agricultural areas on the income of farmers in Lithuania. Seeking the aim, the tasks are: 1. To analyze the point of the public goods concept and substantiate the necessity of regulation. 2. To identify and analyze the financial instruments of CAP, which promote the production of public goods in less favoured areas. 3. To analyze the impact of CAP financial instruments, which promote the production of public goods in less favoured areas, on the income of farmers in Lithuania 4. To identify the role of CAP in 2007 – 2013 on the promotion to produce public goods in less favoured areas. Methods of research – the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and the EU and Lithuanian agricultural and rural development documents, comparable analysis, induction, deduction, monographic, data systematization and statistical analysis, graphical depiction, summarizing and other methods. With a reference to the analysis of the concepts of public goods and multifunctional agriculture and EU regulations, CAP financial instruments, which have an impact on production of public goods in less favoured areas, have been analyzed. Also the impact of EU support on the income of the farmers in the less favoured areas has been evaluated.

Darbo objektas – daugiafunkcinis žemės ūkis. Darbo dalykas – daugiafunkcinis žemės ūkis mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti vietovėse. Darbo tikslas – išnagrinėti daugiafunkcinio žemės ūkio svarbą, stiprinant mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti vietovių konkurencingumą. Iškeltam tikslui pasiekti keliami šie uždaviniai: 1. išanalizuoti žemės ūkio privačių ir viešųjų gėrybių savybes ir jų kūrimo ypatybes; 2. išanalizuoti konkurencingumo sąvokos traktuotes ir apibrėžti vietovės konkurencingumą bei jo tipus;. 3. įvertinti daugiafunkcinio žemės ūkio galimybes, didinant ekonominį, aplinkosauginį, socialinį MPŪV konkurencingumą; 4. išnagrinėti 2007 – 2013 metų Bendrosios žemės ūkio politikos priemones, skatinančias daugiafunkcinio žemės ūkio plėtotę MPŪV. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros šaltinių loginė analizė ir sintezė, indukcija ir dedukcija, grafinis vaizdavimas, žemės ūkio ir kaimo plėtros dokumentų analizė ir apibendrinimo metodas. Remiantis daugiafunkcinio žemės ūkio pozityviąja ir normatyviąja koncepcija, išanalizuotas daugiafunkcinio žemės ūkio pasireiškimas mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti vietovėse, kuriant privačias ir viešąsias gėrybes bendrosios gamybos procese. Išnagrinėti konkurencingumo pasireiškimo lygmenys ir identifikuotos konkurencingumo rūšys, prisidedančios prie mažiau palankių ūkininkauti vietovių palaikymo. Įvertintas 2007-2013 m. politikos priemonių ir finansinių instrumentų kompleksas, skatinantis daugiafunkcinio žemės ūkio plėtojimą mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object of research – multifunctional agriculture. The subject of research – multifunctional agriculture in less favourited areas. The purpose of work – to analyse the importance of multifunctional agriculture increasing competitiveness in less favourited areas. Seeking the purpose, the tasks are: 1. to analyse features of private and public goods (and features of their creation) of agriculture. 2. to analyse descriptions of competitiveness and define types of competitiveness in rural area. 3. to evaluate possibilities of multifunctional agriculture creating economical, environmental and social competitiveness in less favourited areas. 4. to analyse measures of Common Agriculture Policy in 2007–2013 witch motivate development of multifunctional agriculture in less favourited areas. Methods of research – the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, induction, deduction, graphical depiction, the analysis of agricultural and rural development documents and summarizing method. With a reference of positive and normative concept of multicultural agriculture, multifunctional agriculture in less favourited areas which producing private and public goods in common process of production, the levels of competitiveness have been analysed. The kinds of competitiveness which support less favourited areas also have been identified. Complex of measures and financial instruments of Common Agriculture Policy in 2007–2013 which motivates multifunctional agriculture in less favoured... [to full text]

Due to the sheer volume of data involved, video coding is an important application of lossy source coding, and has received wide industrial interest and support as evidenced by the development and success of a series of video coding standards. All MPEG-series and H-series video coding standards proposed so far are based upon a video coding paradigm called predictive video coding, where video source frames Xᵢ,i=1,2,...,N, are encoded in a frame by frame manner, the encoder and decoder for each frame Xᵢ, i =1, 2, ..., N, enlist help only from all previous encoded frames Sj, j=1, 2, ..., i-1. In this thesis, we will look further beyond all existing and proposed video coding standards, and introduce a new coding paradigm called causal video coding, in which the encoder for each frame Xᵢ can use all previous original frames Xj, j=1, 2, ..., i-1, and all previous encoded frames Sj, while the corresponding decoder can use only all previous encoded frames. We consider all studies, comparisons, and designs on causal video coding from an information theoretic point of view. Let R*c(D₁,...,D_N) (R*p(D₁,...,D_N), respectively) denote the minimum total rate required to achieve a given distortion level D₁,...,D_N > 0 in causal video coding (predictive video coding, respectively). A novel computation approach is proposed to analytically characterize, numerically compute, and compare the minimum total rate of causal video coding R*c(D₁,...,D_N) required to achieve a given distortion (quality) level D₁,...,D_N > 0. Specifically, we first show that for jointly stationary and ergodic sources X₁, ..., X_N, R*c(D₁,...,D_N) is equal to the infimum of the n-th order total rate distortion function R_{c,n}(D₁,...,D_N) over all n, where R_{c,n}(D₁,...,D_N) itself is given by the minimum of an information quantity over a set of auxiliary random variables. We then present an iterative algorithm for computing R_{c,n}(D₁,...,D_N) and demonstrate the convergence of the algorithm to the global minimum. The global convergence of the algorithm further enables us to not only establish a single-letter characterization of R*c(D₁,...,D_N) in a novel way when the N sources are an independent and identically distributed (IID) vector source, but also demonstrate a somewhat surprising result (dubbed the more and less coding theorem)---under some conditions on source frames and distortion, the more frames need to be encoded and transmitted, the less amount of data after encoding has to be actually sent. With the help of the algorithm, it is also shown by example that R*c(D₁,...,D_N) is in general much smaller than the total rate offered by the traditional greedy coding method by which each frame is encoded in a local optimum manner based on all information available to the encoder of the frame. As a by-product, an extended Markov lemma is established for correlated ergodic sources. From an information theoretic point of view, it is interesting to compare causal video coding and predictive video coding, which all existing video coding standards proposed so far are based upon. In this thesis, by fixing N=3, we first derive a single-letter characterization of R*p(D₁,D₂,D₃) for an IID vector source (X₁,X₂,X₃) where X₁ and X₂ are independent, and then demonstrate the existence of such X₁,X₂,X₃ for which R*p(D₁,D₂,D₃)>R*c(D₁,D₂,D₃) under some conditions on source frames and distortion. This result makes causal video coding an attractive framework for future video coding systems and standards. The design of causal video coding is also considered in the thesis from an information theoretic perspective by modeling each frame as a stationary information source. We first put forth a concept called causal scalar quantization, and then propose an algorithm for designing optimum fixed-rate causal scalar quantizers for causal video coding to minimize the total distortion among all sources. Simulation results show that in comparison with fixed-rate predictive scalar quantization, fixed-rate causal scalar quantization offers as large as 16% quality improvement (distortion reduction).

In this thesis, we investigate the potential of improving demand management activities in the global supply chains. In the increasingly global world, commerce is becoming more complex with an incredible amount of internal and external information available for businesses to select, analyze, understand and react. We identify opportunities for companies to convert data and business information into actionable intelligence. We first study the logistics industry with real data. In the Less-than-Truckload (LTL) market, we analyze an extensive historical shipment database to identify important factors to estimate LTL market rates. Quantifying critical expert knowledge, we develop a price estimation model to help shippers reduce their logistics cost and carriers to better manage their demand. In our second study, we analyze a global supply chain in the high tech industry. Using the demand dependency structure of certain products, we identify collaboration opportunities in the ordering practices that results in increased forecast accuracy. In our third study, we focus on using historical product adoption patterns for developing good pre-launch forecasts for new product introductions. Through a normalization approach and algebraic estimation procedures that use intuitive parameters, our models provide opportunities to significantly improve pre-launch forecast accuracy. Finally, in our fourth study, we develop novel approaches for modeling and mitigating the impact of demand seasonality in new product diffusion context. Focusing mainly on practical applications, our research shows that companies can find innovative ways for turning raw data into valuable insights leading to better demand management activities.

Reading non-alphabetic script can be a serious challenge to second language (L2) learners with alphabetic backgrounds. Many L2 learners of Japanese or Chinese who are fluent in speaking the language do not necessarily acquire an advanced-level reading ability. The aim of my thesis was to investigate the development of L2 word recognition ability, one of the most important abilities that learners need to develop for efficient reading, among English-speaking learners of Japanese. By analysing the results of behavioural tests and a verbal protocol administered to both L1 and L2 readers of Japanese, the study described the changes in developing L2 learners’ kanji recognition skills and their awareness of the structure and function of characters at the different stages of L2 exposure. / The overall findings suggest that the changes in processing patterns demonstrated by the participants in the present study may be fundamentally similar to those of L1 children, which have been found to be similar regardless of the types of script involved. The changes in L2 readers’ developing kanji recognition were accounted for by the transformation of the internal processing system; this transformation seems to occur by continuous link formation through learning corresponding information, and information processing based on the learned information. The process of transformation, which is affected by the frequency of exposure and the amount of practice, and therefore appears to be item-based, generally progresses on a stage-based developmental trajectory; the processing begins with local and incomplete information and progresses via intentional and analytical processing to develop into sophisticated attention-free processing. / Although the developmental trajectory may be universal, the findings of the present study suggest that, when L1 and L2 are orthographically distant, L2 readers repeat the developmental phases due to lack of their ability to process script-specific information. L2 readers with alphabetic backgrounds cannot simply transfer the recognition skills and awareness that they have acquired in their L1 in the new environment of character recognition. The findings of the study suggest that script-specific recognition skills and awareness develop over time as the L2 readers’ internal processing system undergoes successive transformations. By identifying several critical skills and awareness, the present study has discussed the possibility of enhancing character recognition ability with the use of explicit instruction at critical moments.