Med fokus på Sveriges insats i Afghanistan som är en asymmetrisk konflikt där konventionella stridskrafter möter en motståndare som består av talibaner och kriminella med medel och metoder som skiljer sig från en reguljär motståndare. Problemet som kan uppstå är att motståndaren gömmer sig bland civila och förmågan till precisionsbekämpning av mål samt informationsinhämtning för att identifiera motståndare från civila blir viktigt. Syftet med uppsatsen är att se hur funktionen nyttjas i Sverige av erfarna truppförare och trupputbildare som har stor erfarenhet av prickskyttefunktionen för att sedan jämföra med insatsen i Afghanistan, FS19, och försöka se möjligheter till utveckling av funktionen vid internationell insats. Metoden kommer vara en jämförande fallstudie av prickskyttefunktionen i Sverige och Afghanistan. Med inriktning mot fyra ämnesområden (psykologisk effekt, risker, funktion och organisation) kommer en enkät att besvaras av chefer från FS19 och Arméns Jägarbataljon. Resultatet från studien är att prickskyttefunktionen nyttjades väldigt sällan på FS19. Den främsta orsaken till att den inte nyttjades var de ökade riskerna detta medförde samt att cheferna på FS19 föredrog att nyttja dem som skarpskyttar. Slutsatserna efter genomförd undersökning är att för att prickskytten skall nyttjas enligt definitionen måste befattning utvecklas i utlandsstyrkan och befattning måste övas, både för att öva prickskytten själv men också för att chef ska få förtroende för skytten och vilken effekt denne kan uppnå. Vidare måste förmågan till Personnel Recovery öka vilket ger cheferna större möjlighet att nyttja funktionen, förutsatt att befattning är övad och anses duglig. / The essay was written by Claes Christensson, during his sixth and final semester atKarlbergMilitaryAcademy. The essay is an exam in the final course at theNationalDefenceCollege basic officers program. Before entering the program, Christensson served fifteen months conscription in Arvidsjaur at the Army Ranger Battalion (ARB). Christensson was a sniper squad leader and is himself also a trained sniper. Today the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) takes part in different conflicts around the world. This essay focuses on the SAF contribution to the asymmetric conflict currently taking place inAfghanistan. In today’s conflicts where insurgents cannot fight using conventional warfare, other means and methods are instead used. A problem for COIN forces is the fact that insurgents hide among the civilian populace. A sniper can however, with high precision, both destroy enemy personnel or locate and distinguish insurgents from civilians. The purpose of this essay is to determine how snipers are being used by highly experienced officers when training at the ARB. These experiences will then be compared to how snipers are being utilised in the Swedish contribution to ISAF (called FS19) at the Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Mazar-i-Sharif in northernAfghanistanbetween April and October 2010. The method of this essay will be a comparison between the ARB and FS19. Commanders will be subjected to a questionnaire and answer a number of questions, based upon four subjects. The subjects are psychological effect, risks, function and organisation linked to the sniper concept. The result of this essay shows that snipers were not nearly as often being used during FS19 than during exercises at ARB. The apparent reason for this was the increased risk and that commanders from FS19 preferably used them as sharpshooters. Soldiers with sniper rifles were being used to destroy enemy personnel with high precision and to determine civilians from enemy personnel. The conclusions are that if snipers are to be used in the proper fashion, the dedicated posting needs to be implemented in the SAF contribution to ISAF. Moreover, both snipers and commanders need to train applicably to get the full understanding of the effects a sniper can have and to gain confidence in the sniper as a concept. Furthermore, the Personnel Recovery ability needs to improve so that commanders can utilise the sniper concept in high risk operations.

Dans le domaine du spatial, des sources laser à forte puissance sont déjà employées dans le cadre d’activités scientifiques. On peut citer par exemple l’analyse à distance de la composition chimique des roches sur Mars par LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) et le sondage atmosphérique par Lidar (Light Detection And Ranging) pour l’amélioration des prédictions météorologiques. Cependant l’endommagement laser (LID) et la contamination induite par laser (LIC) sur les composants optiques des systèmes demeurent des risques difficiles à anticiper. En ce qui concerne la LIC, l’interaction du flux laser avec les optiques de l’instrument en orbite peut provoquer des dégradations irréversibles, liées à la création de dépôts organiques absorbants qui peuvent induire des endommagements laser dans le temps. L’effet LIC reste donc aujourd’hui un obstacle au développement de sources laser de puissance pour les applications sans maintenance possible et possédant des durées de vie raisonnables. Une étude paramétrique de l’effet LIC est proposée dans cette thèse afin de progresser dans la compréhension des mécanismes mis en jeu / Since their first implementation in satellite systems, lasers have proven to be very versatile devices in space applications. They are key components of a variety of space-based instruments performing altimetry, light detection and ranging, laser sensing, and laser communication. However, laser induced damage (LID) and laser-induced contamination (LIC) of optical surfaces are a major failure risk for space-bound laser instruments. Regarding the LIC effect, the interaction of the laser with slight traces of organic compounds on the optical surface leads to the formation of a highly absorbing nanometric deposit on the laser footprint. Under certain conditions, this deposit may cause laser induced damage. Today, mainly the LIC effect remains an obstacle for the development of reliable and long-living spaceborne lasers. A parametric study concerning this effect was carried out in this work in order to enhance our understanding of the various mechanisms involved

本論文主要希望能夠藉由軍事準則一非作戰軍事行動(Military Operations Other Than War, MOOTW)的實務操作面向去分析「美日防衛合作新指針」中「雙方平時合作事項」，運用理論與實踐去檢證美日軍事合作對國際社會的貢獻與對台海的適用性。因為，在未來亞太安全與和平上，日本將扮演更積極角色與參加國際事務，那對曾受迫害的亞洲地區民族而言，如果無法保持客觀、理性的中立立場去觀察，那將難以抹取二次大戰軍國主義歷史的陰影，只會阻礙亞太地區邁向二十一世紀全球化的發展，具體而言，本論文具有大膽理論探討之前瞻性，屬於前沿理論(軍事準則)的概念形式。 針對亞太地區而言，在冷戰期間並沒有產生如同北大西洋公約組織及華沙公約組織一般相互對峙的軍事集團，而蘇聯所扮演的角色也僅是影響亞太安全的數個強權國家之一。冷戰結束之後，國際體系架構在冷戰結束後跨入了一個新的交替時期，東、西兩極體系彼此對抗的大環境已然消失，亞太地區也因為缺乏一個有效的多邊安全機制而失去了足以依靠的平衡槓桿。因此，亞太地區便逐漸形成一種「動態平衡」的結構。美國身為二十一世紀的唯一超強，其對於亞太地區，尤其是東北亞地區的安全政策，便成為大家所關注的焦點。其中民主國家又以美國及日本之間的共同防禦條約最值得吾人注意。 美日安保條約已逐漸成為兩國之間互動的重要架構之一，雖然美日安保條約仍以軍事安全為核心，但也進一步成為雙方經濟、政治、文化和議題發展的結構性支柱。尤其蘇聯瓦解，使得世界在可預期的未來，似乎不可能出現大規模世界核子戰爭，但是區域間的族群衝突，跨國恐怖活動、毒品走私或海盜活動等，這些「低強度衝突」(Low Intensity Conflict,LIC)的發生機率又非常的高，帶給人類和平與安全有莫大威脅，因此從實務層面思考，如何解決前述國際安全問題，才是美、日安保同盟對國際和平最大的貢獻。 針對本論文研究發現，有以下兩點建議： 一、建立國軍「非作戰軍事行動」準則 例如國內發生重大災難與跨國恐怖事件，或與國外軍事合作的行動準則，由本論文的研究發現可參考美軍準則如下：(一)可參考《美軍聯合作戰教令(Joint pub3-0》一建立(或增列)國軍聯合作戰準則中。(二)可參考《非作戰軍事行動聯合教令(Joint pub3-7)》建立國軍非作戰軍事行動教令。(三)可參考美軍陸、海、空軍對非作戰軍事行動的規範，建立國軍各軍種教範，資料如后: 1.美國陸軍野戰教範(FM100-5)。 2.美國海軍作戰準則(NDP1: Naval Warfare)。 3.美國空軍非作戰軍事行動準則(ADD2-3)。 二、積極參與區域海上人道救援行動 戰爭現已不再容易獲得國內與國際輿論之支持，反之，一國參與維持國際和平或區域海上人道救援行動，不僅容易獲得國內輿論之讚許，且可提高並贏得國際聲譽。實際上，維持國際和平與海上人道救援訓練與戰爭並無二致。並可達「寓戰於訓」的目的。而且從俄羅斯在北海的明斯克號潛艦沉沒事件，國軍在發展二代潛艦兵力的同時，對區域海上人道救援行動更應該積極參與，並列入爭取美、日、韓、澳、星等多邊國家軍事交流與訓練的第一優先項目。 關鍵詞：非作戰軍事行動 美日防衛合作新指針 低強度衝突 美日關係 / The main purpose of this thesis is looking forward to analyzing the mutual cooperation in the peace period in the " The New U.S.-Japan Defense Cooperation Guidelines " by the military principle- the real operation level of Military Operations Other than War (MOOTW). We use this theory and practice to verify the contribution of the military cooperation of between America and Japan for international society and the adaptability using in Taiwan Strait. Since the Japan will be a more active role and take part in more mission for the security and peace of Asia and Pacific area in the future. To those peoples who had suffer the oppression by Japan in Asian areas, if they can not keep an objective, rational and impartial position to observe this event,it will be hard to erase the shadow of militarism causing by Japan in the World War II.The result of this prejudice will only obstruct the progress of Asian area forward to the development of Internationalize in the 21^st century.Concretely speaking, this thesis posses a foreside in the theory discussion,and belong to the conceptualize style of the leading edge theory(military principle). Specifically speaking to the Asia and Pacific areas, it do not result the same conflict of each military ally as did between NATO and the Warsaw Treaty Organization.The former Soviet Union took part in one of the powerful countries,which influence the security of the Asian and Pacific areas. After cold war, the international structure enters to a new interchange period.The entire environment confronting between western and eastern polarities had disappeared. Asia-Pacific area lost a dependable balance lever due to lacking an effective multilateral security mechanism. Therefore, Asia- Pacific area gradually becomes a "dynamic balance" structure.The U.S. is the only one super power in the world in 21st century. The Asia-Pacific area security strategy of the U.S.,especially in northeast Asia, is the focus to other countries.For other democratic countries,the U.S.-Japan defense alliance is the axis about which the Asia-Pacific security policy of the US rotates. The U.S.-Japan Defense Cooperation Guidelines has become one of important structures of interactions between both sides.Although the U.S.-Japan Defense Cooperation Guidelines is focus on military security, furthermore, it becomes a construction pillar in economy, politics, culture and relevant developing issues on both sides. Especially,after the former Soviet Union broke down, it is almost impossible to have a nuclear war took place in the future,instated, the regional ethnic conflicts, international terrorism, narcotics dealing and smuggling and piratical activities take place very often, those bring huge threat to our peace and security. Pragmatically thinking about this, how to figure out those international issues can be the biggest contribution in terms of international peace. Based on our research,we propose the following suggestions: 1. To establish the R.O.C."Peacetime Military Operation Guidelines" for providing the Ministry of National Defense a guideline on dealing with the domestic disasters,deterring terrorism, and perusing international cooperative operations.We found that the US doctrines can provide a hands on reference: (1) The US Joint Operation Doctrine (Joint pub 3-0) can be referenced to establish the ROC joint operation doctrines. (2) The US Military Operation Other than War Joint Operation Doctrine (Joint pub 3-7) can also be referenced to establish ROC Other than War joint operation doctrines. (3) The US Military Operation Other than War Joint Operation Doctrines,for examples; US Army Operation Doctrine (FM 100-5),US Navy Operation Doctrine (NDP I: Naval Warfare), and US Air Force Other Than War Operation Doctrine (AFDD 2-3), can be referenced to establish ROC Services' Other Than War Joint Operation Doctrines. 2. To participate Asia-Pacific area rescue operations The international and nation's general public do not support the conduction of war. In contrary, the general publics always give highly respects to the organization join the international rescue operations. In facts,the procedure on conducting the war is similar to join the international rescue operation. Furthermore,the operation furnishes our troops a training event.For example, the Russia joined the rescue operation on Minske event. While the new generation submarine program is underway, we should take action and participate the area rescues, and join the international association work organized by US,Japan, Korea, Australia,and Singapore. Keywords: Military Operations Other than War (MOOTW),the New U.S.-Japan Defense Cooperation Guidelines,Low Intensity Conflict( LIC ),the U.S.-Japan Relations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EHPS - Josefa Eliana Souza.pdf: 549498 bytes, checksum: 4943669ec240cca8aad854584b915d09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this study is to understand the way Tavares Bastos dealt with Brazilian public education in the 60 s and in the beginning of the 70 s, in the XIX century, as for what he named the Brazilian public education program . It also tried to answer the following question: if and how did the author try to incorporate North-American models into the program of public education in Brazil? In order to perform such task, pamphlets the author/politician published between the years of 1861 and 1873 were examined. The analysis of such work allows identifying elements tha t are part of the program of public education aimed at by Tavares Bastos, and it emphasis that elements of the North- American models were used, mainly the one implemented by Horace Mann, and the ones presented by Aléxis Tocqueville, as an appropriate ama lgam to direct the Brazilian people towards the path of progress and civilization. By picking elements that constitute those models, Tavares Bastos built arguments in order to defend the idea of a free and universal school, mandatory education, co-education schools, and a teaching program dedicated mainly to knowledge based on practical principles that would provide the students with a kind of training that would be more adequate to the needs of workers from the fields of industry, commerce, and agriculture of that time. Therefore, the provinces should be equipped with schools whose mission would be preparing students to perform the tasks society demanded and to prepare them for democracy / Neste estudo a finalidade é compreender o modo como Tavares Bastos tratou a instrução pública brasileira, na década de 60 e início de 70 do século XIX, no que denominou de programa de instrução pública brasileira . Buscou-se também responder a seguinte questão: se e de que forma o autor procurou incorporar modelos ou referentes norteamericanos ao programa de instrução pública do Brasil? Na realização dessa tarefa foram examinados os panfletos que o autor/parlamentar publicou entre os anos de 1861 a 1873. A análise dessa produção permite identificar elementos que constituem o programa de instrução pública almejado por Tavares Bastos e afirmar que elementos de modelos norteamericanos foram mobilizados, sobretudo o implementado por Horace Mann e os apresentados por Aléxis Tocqueville, como um amálgama adequado para conduzir o povo brasileiro ao caminho do progresso e da civilização. Ao pinçar elementos que constituem esses modelos, Tavares Bastos produziu os argumentos para defender a escola gratuita e universal, o ensino obrigatório, escola mista, programa de ensino voltado, sobretudo, para o conhecimento baseado em princípios práticos e que possibilitassem ao aluno um tipo de formação mais adequada às necessidades do trabalhador da indústria, do comércio e da agricultura da época. Por isso, as províncias deveriam ser dotadas de escolas, cuja missão deveria ser preparar o aluno para exercer as tarefas que a sociedade exigia e preparar o caminho para a democracia

El fenomen atmosf��ric de les brises marines adopta a l���illa de Mallorca caracter��stiques protot��piques, i la seva efectivitat permet una f��cil constataci�� com�� i la subseq��ent verificaci�� cient��fica. Operant simult��niament des de les diferents costes, les brises adquireixen un car��cter unitari i centr��pet que ocasiona converg��ncies d���aire a ��rees de l���interior, a on la precipitaci�� estival tendeix a focalitzar-se. L���espai agrari de Mallorca s���ha conformat hist��ricament amb el massiu desplegament territorial d���infrastructures de base cereal��stica, fonamentalment eres de batre. El principal factor de la seva localitzaci�� ��s la disponibilitat de vent, tot constituint unitats de significaci�� e��lica susceptibles d���interpretar-se en clau clim��tica. La seva georeferenciaci�� per fotointerpretaci�� de l���ortofotografia de l���any 1956 s���ha tradu��t en un mapa sint��tic d���eres, m��s una metodologia in��dita per a determinar indirectament les direccions del vent a cada empla��ament. El model ���anemogr��fic��� resultant s���ajusta amb relativa bondat amb les simulacions del sistema de brises precedents. / El fen��meno atmosf��rico de las brisas marinas adopta en la isla de Mallorca caracter��sticas protot��picas, y su efectividad permite una f��cil constataci��n com��n y la subsiguiente verificaci��n cient��fica. Operando simultaneamente desde las diferentes costas, las brisas adquieren un car��cter centr��peto que ocasiona convergencias de aire en ��reas del interior, donde la precipitaci��n estival tiende a focalizarse. El espacio agrario de Mallorca se ha conformado hist��ricamente con el masivo despliegue territorial de infraestructuras de base cereal��stica, fundamentalmente eras de trillar. El principal factor de su localizaci��n es la disponibilidad de viento, constituyendo unidades de significaci��n e��lica susceptibles de interpretarse en clave clim��tica. Su georeferenciaci��n por fotointerpretaci��n de la ortofotografia del a��o 1956 se traduce en un mapa sint��tico de eras, m��s una metodolog��a in��dita para determinar indirectamente las direcciones del viento en cada emplazamiento. El modelo ���anemogr��fico��� resultante se ajusta con relativa bondad con las simulaciones del sistema de brisas precedentes. / In Mallorca, sea breeze presents prototypical characteristics. It is so consistent that its effectiveness allows for easy common as well as scientifc verification. Daytime breezes operate simultaneously from different coasts, and penetrate inland. Its centripetal nature causes wind convergences in certain inland areas, where summer rainfall tend to focus. The agricultural area has historically made with massive territorial deployment of cereal production infrastructure, mainly threshing floors, the main factor of its location being the quantity of the wind resources available. These are small circular spaces that can be interpreted in relation to climate. A synthetic chart of threshing floors and a methodology designed to indirectly determine the dominant wind directions at each site have been developed, based on their geo-referencing by photo-interpretation of the ortho-photographs of 1956. The resulting ���anemographic��� model fits nicely with the main features of the sea breezes identifed by the theoretical-experimental and numerical simulations already tested.

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