Les processus de globalisation, régionalisation et décentralisation ont eu des effets sur les dynamiques locales, nationales et internationales, provoquant une participation plus élevée des entités subétatiques sur la scène internationale. Cette action, pouvant être encouragée par l'incapacité du gouvernement central à satisfaire les intérêts des autorités locales sur la scène nationale et internationale, ainsi que par divers éléments politico-administratifs, culturels et économiques, est devenue un phénomène prenant de plus en plus d'ampleur et de reconnaissance. Elle s'est constituée comme une initiative se déployant non seulement sur le continent européen mais aussi sur d'autres zones géographiques, comme l'Amérique latine. Ces actions ont atteint une portée et un intérêt à des dynamiques non seulement régionales mais aussi mondiales, en faveur des intérêts de l'échelle locale. Dans ce volet international, les collectivités territoriales ont projeté, d'une part, à travers des différents outils (individuels et/ou collectifs), des actions stratégiques contribuant à leur développement local et, d'autre part, des actions leur permettant de coopérer et de conquérir des espaces significatifs sur des scènes supérieures, ainsi que de se consolider comme des acteurs incontournables dans des processus et sur des scènes régionales et mondiales importants. Cette insertion des gouvernements non centraux sur la scène internationale, accompagnée de la mise en valeur de l'échelle locale, de l'ouverture d'espaces et d'une évolution du discours international concernant leur rôle dans les problématiques mondiales, régionales et nationales, est un élément permettant de designer le début d'un changement du paysage du système international. Ce travail étudie l'émergence des nouveaux acteurs sur la scène internationale et particulièrement la projection internationale des gouvernements locaux sur cette arène. Dans ce contexte, nous avons également identifié le processus d'engagement et de mise en place de ce type d'actions par des villes de différentes parties du monde, notamment, les activités développées par Barcelone, en Espagne, et Medellín, en Colombie. De plus, nous nous sommes intéressés à la reconnaissance et l'insertion des collectivités territoriales à des structures supérieures dans des cadres régionaux et mondiaux, comme le Mercosur et l'ONU. Ceci a été réalisé, en partie, à travers d'une action collective de villes et d'une organisation réticulaire, comme les réseaux Mercociudades et CGLU. / The processes of globalization, regionalization and decentralization have created different effects on local dynamics, national and international, causing a higher participation of sub-state entities in the international arena. This action, which may be encouraged by the central government's inability to meet the interests of local authorities on the national and international scene, as well as various political and administrative elements, cultural and economic, has become a phenomenon increasingly taken with greater importance and recognition. This has established an initiative that has spread not only on the European continent but also other geographical areas, such as Latin America. These actions have achieved great traction and interest in a dynamic regarding not only regional but also global in the interests of the local sphere. In this international front, local authorities have projected, on the one hand, through different tools (individual and / or collective), strategic actions contributing to local development, on the other hand, actions that allow them to cooperate and conquer significant spaces on top scenes and consolidated as essential players in processes and important regional and global scenes. This inclusion of non-central governments on the international scene, accompanied by the appreciation of the local sphere, the opening of spaces and an evolution of the international discourse about their role in global issues, regional and national, is an element to project the beginning of a change in the landscape of the international system. This paper studies the emergence of new actors on the international scene and particularly the international influence of local governments on this arena. In this context, we have also identified the process of commitment and implementation of such actions by cities around the world, particularly the activities of Barcelona in Spain, and Medellín in Colombia . Additionally, we have been concerned about the recognition and inclusion of local government in higher structures within regional and global frameworks, such as Mercosur and the UN. This has been done, in part, through the collective action of cities and a network organization, such as networks of Mercociudades and UCLG.

Le patrimoine immatériel des collectivités territoriales pose des questions particulières, qui ne sauraient se réduire à celles qui se posent pour le patrimoine immatériel de l’Etat. Il oblige à s’interroger sur la redéfinition de certains concepts centraux du droit administratif des biens, que la doctrine croyait acquis et que tout le monde pensait connaître. Par exemple, la notion d’actif immatériel révèle très clairement les limites matérielles de la propriété publique. Mais plus encore, l’approche immatérielle révèle aussi les limites de la notion de patrimoine public elle-même. Ce patrimoine, n’est plus simplement composé de ce que possèdent les collectivités territoriales, mais aussi de ce qui les constitue. Dès lors, il accueille en son sein des thèmes liés au nom des collectivités, ou encore, à la protection de leurs savoir-faire. Très vite se pose à leur sujet la question des mécanismes de réservation : la propriété publique suffit-elle à cette réservation ? Avec des problématiques liées au patrimoine linguistique ou culturel, le sujet invite à se placer sur un terrain encore inconnu en droit public qui va bien au-delà du seul aspect patrimonial. S’il semble encore trop tôt pour parler en la matière d’approche extrapatrimoniale, force est de constater qu’une réflexion sur des mécanismes de réservation en dehors de la propriété publique s’impose. Par conséquent, avec l’évolution du droit de propriété publique vers l’immatériel et la question sous-jacente d’un « droit public de la propriété intellectuelle », de même qu’avec la question d’un droit des personnes publiques, sommes-nous en train d’assister à la construction discrète et encore hésitante d’un droit de l’immatériel public ? / The immaterial property of local authorities is specific and cannot be reduce to the immaterial property of the State. Some notions of public property law of goods must be define again, whereas the doctrine thought about it, that everything is acquired, and everybody thought to know. For instance, the notion of immaterial good reveals limitations of public property law. Furthermore, immaterial approach reveals also the limitations of the notion of property itself. This property is not simply made anymore that local authorities have, but also, which identify them. Immaterial property understands immaterial goods like local authorities’ name or their know-how. Therefore, the question of the reservation of these “goods” must be asked: property law is it adapted? With the “linguistic or cultural property”, the subject reveals unknown difficulties in public law, beyond of only question of property. If it seems to be too early to talk about an approach apart from property, it is clear that a reflection about the process of reservation without property is necessary. In consequence, with the evolution of public property law to an immaterial approach, and the underlying question of a “public intellectual property law”, in the same way, the question of a law about public authorities, are we attending to a prudent and reserved construction of public immaterial property law?

A tese tem como objetivo compreender o fenômeno da criação de municípios no planalto de São Paulo entre o início da colonização e 1765. Nessa data o Morgado de Mateus, governador da capitania, empreende uma política de defesa e desenvolvimento econômico através da criação de vilas nos sertões. Procuramos analisar como se deu a criação das vilas na ausência de uma política da Coroa ou do donatário e o papel que as elites políticas tiveram no processo. Buscamos também, em uma perspectiva que intenta ultrapassar as fronteiras dos Impérios, compreender as elites políticas locais dentro de um contexto espacial mais alargado. / The aim of this thesis is to understand the phenomenon regarding the foundation of towns in upland São Paulo between the beginning of colonization and 1765. In this year, Morgado de Mateus, governor of the Captaincy, establishes a policy for security and economic development through the foundation of villages in the wilderness of São Paulo. We mean to analyze how the creation of villages took place in the absence of a Crowns Policy or a governors purpose and the role the political elites played in this process. Adopting an approach that intends to surpass the Empires borders, we seek to comprehend the local political elites within a more extended geographical context.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-03-28T11:22:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gabrieladuquedias.pdf: 1969317 bytes, checksum: 0d541c2a9e2ee4d6be9ad3b7a7800ff0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-03-28T16:08:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gabrieladuquedias.pdf: 1969317 bytes, checksum: 0d541c2a9e2ee4d6be9ad3b7a7800ff0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-28T16:08:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gabrieladuquedias.pdf: 1969317 bytes, checksum: 0d541c2a9e2ee4d6be9ad3b7a7800ff0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O estudo dos mestres de campo, uma alta patente militar existente tanto em Portugal como em suas colônias, é o tema do presente trabalho. O cenário escolhido para compor esta pesquisa foram as Minas setecentistas entre os anos de 1709 e 1777. Há dois propósitos a serem alcançados: o primeiro consiste em tentar entender o que significava ser um mestre de campo na sociedade mineira colonial; o segundo é demonstrar a importância da posse de patentes militares para a configuração do perfil de uma elite local. Para tanto, busquei traçar e cruzar dados que sirvam para elucidar o significado dessa patente, em suas múltiplas esferas de atuação, destacando aspectos de sua trajetória e desvendando o universo de suas ações na busca incessante desses homens por diferenciação social. Com isso, procuro mostrar como a posse de patentes militares e, no caso deste estudo, a de mestre de campo, constituiu um fator importante na configuração de uma elite local e na construção de sua legitimidade social, bem como da eficácia da manutenção da boa ordem política no Ultramar. / The study of mestres de campo, a high ranking military existing both in Portugal and its colonies is this work’s theme. The scenario chosen to write this research were the Minas eighteenth century between the years 1709-1777. There are two purposes to be achieved: the first is an attempt to understand what it meant to be a mestre de campo of colonial mining company. Second, I try to demonstrate the importance of the military ranks possession for the configuration of a local elite profile. For this, I seek to trace and cross data sources required to elucidate the significance of this patent in its multiple spheres of activity, highlighting aspects of its career and unraveling the universe of its shares in relentless pursuit of these men for social differentiation. With that, I try to show how the military ranks possession and in the case of this study, the mestre de campo, was an important factor in the local elite configuration and also fundamental to the construction of their social legitimacy and effectiveness of a good political maintenance in Overseas.

Les problèmes croissants posés par la gestion de l'eau en ville ont entraîné ces dernières décennies la structuration d'une expertise en hydrologie urbaine, dont l'objectif est de résoudre les problèmes d'inondations et les dommages environnementaux provoqués par le ruissellement urbain. Cette expertise s'est appuyée sur le développement de coopérations étroites entre des scientifiques et des praticiens des collectivités territoriales, qui ont donné naissance dans les années quatre-vingt-dix, sur les territoires du Grand Lyon, de Nantes Métropole et de la région parisienne, à des formes institutionnelles inédites : les observatoires d'hydrologie urbaine. Ce travail de recherche analyse la constitution de ces dispositifs de production de connaissances en réalisant une socio-histoire de ces collaborations depuis les années soixante-dix. Celle-ci montre comment la structuration des observatoires est déterminée par leur contexte d'origine et le poids de cet héritage sur leurs logiques de fonctionnement actuelles. La trajectoire de chaque observatoire traduit à la fois une histoire singulière et l'existence de « points de passages obligés » empruntés par les trois entités. L'enquête saisit les formes d'organisation particulières des observatoires, la façon dont ils construisent leur double légitimité (dans le champ académique et en s'appuyant sur une demande sociale), l'ambiguïté de leur rapport au politique et les stratégies déployées pour asseoir leur pérennité. Nous questionnons également les modes de production de la science lorsque cette dernière participe à la construction des problèmes et à leur représentation. Cette sociologie de l'expertise est un point de départ à l'analyse des processus d'innovation à l'œuvre dans la gestion des eaux pluviales. Nous mettons en lumière le modèle d'innovation précautionneux induit par cette configuration d'acteurs, qui assigne aux observatoires un rôle d'évaluation et de régulation des pratiques dans un contexte de changement de paradigme de la gestion des eaux urbaines. Une démarche comparative permet de singulariser ce modèle : l'enquête a été élargie à deux terrains témoins « sans observatoire », Rennes Métropole et la communauté d'agglomération du Douaisis, qui présentent un modèle d'innovation plus radical et donnent à voir d'autres conceptions du changement. À travers l'exemple de la communauté scientifique et technique de l'hydrologie urbaine, nous interrogeons ce que produisent ces nouveaux modes d'intervention scientifique et la manière dont ils réorganisent les rapports entre science, technique et politique. L'altérité apportée par les terrains témoins révèle aussi d'autres façons d'envisager « l'agir dans un monde incertain » et de faire face aux risques qui marquent cette politique environnementale en construction / The growing problems regarding urban water management have been accompanied in the past decades with the emergence of an expertise in urban hydrology, which aims at solving flooding problems and environmental damage caused by urban runoff. This expertise, which involves close cooperation between scientists and practitioners from local authorities, originated in the early nineties with the advent of observatories of urban hydrology in the metropolitan areas of Lyon and Nantes, as well as in the Paris region. This research analyzes the constitution of these organizations by conducting a socio- history of the collaborations since the 1970s. It emphasizes how the structuring of these observatories has evolved from their original contexts, and how the impact of these origins has shaped their current operating logistics. While each of these three observatories has a unique history, they share common features and have undergone similar obligatory main steps. The inquiry captures how the respective observatories have sought a double legitimacy (in the academic field as well as in meeting the demands of societal needs). It also shows the ambiguity of their relationship to politics and their strategies to assure their sustainability. We question too the way science is produced because in this instance, it is participating in dealing with problems while also representing them to the public. The sociology of expertise is a starting point for analyzing the innovation process regarding stormwater management. We bring to light a cautious model of innovation by which scientists assign to the observatories the primary roles of evaluation and regulatory practices in the context of paradigm shift of urban water management. A comparative approach permits characterizing this model. The research includes two additional sites that lack observatories: the Rennes metropolitan region and the Le Douaisis agglomerated community, which present a more radical approach to innovation that reveals other concepts of change. Through the example of the scientific and technical community of urban hydrology, we question what these new modes of scientific intervention produce, and the manner by which they re-shape the relationships between science, technology and policy. The alternate perspectives brought by the different cities also reveal other ways for envisioning "acting in an uncertain world" and for dealing with the inherent risks of this emerging environmental policy

Magister Legum - LLM / Governing an ethnically diverse country constitutes a major challenge for state power and government in Cameroon. The call for national unity, championed by the regime in power has had to survive strong demands for greater autonomy and threats of secession by groups from within an English-speaking minority. In response to these demands and threats, and in conjunction with reforms to improve democratic governance and service delivery, Cameroon state administration has in the last decade resorted to decentralization as a technique for promoting national unity. The question this paper seeks to answer is whether decentralization is helpful or harmful to Cameroon national unity. This study traces the historical, constitutional and political development of the concepts of national unity and decentralization and critically examines their application in the Cameroonian context. It further tests the consolidation of national unity in Cameroon against a theoretical and empirical framework of decentralization. A one-dimensional view of the findings of this study is not very encouraging to regimes seeking to enhance national unity through the implementation of decentralization. However, the major conclusion of this study holds the position that the political outcome of decentralization on Cameroon national unity is largely a product of the constitutional regulation of both concepts and the manner in which the theoretical dimensions of decentralization are transplanted onto Cameroon political landscape. The paper recommends certain reforms to assist and guide Cameroon as it simultaneously implements decentralization and consolidates national unity. / South Africa

La maitrise de la dépense publique locale constitue un enjeu majeur actuel, notamment face à la baisse des dotations de l’Etat vers les collectivités locales. Dans ce contexte, les achats publics locaux représentent un levier d’action important pour agir sur la baisse des dépenses de fonctionnement. Ainsi, plusieurs collectivités locales ont engagé des processus d’optimisation de leurs organisations et pratiques achats. Ces avancées demeurent pourtant isolées et, surtout, hétérogènes, dans la mesure où ces pratiques apparaissent peu cadrées de manière instrumentale et méthodologique.La présente thèse étudie ainsi les dimensions de la performance achats dans les collectivités locales, dans le contexte français. Elle vise en effet à caractériser les pratiques actuelles en termes d’outils et de modes d’organisation, pour aboutir à la définition de leviers d’optimisation. Suivant la démarche préconisée par Churchill (1979), cette recherche doctorale nous permet ainsi de proposer un modèle d’évaluation de la performance achats des collectivités locales, structuré autour de 9 dimensions constitutives, sur la base de la perception des acheteurs publics locaux. Une fois défini, ce modèle nous permet non seulement d’analyser le niveau actuel de maturité des collectivités locales en matière de performance achats, mais aussi de proposer des recommandations, pour s’engager dans un processus d’amélioration de la performance achats au niveau local. / The control of local public expenditure is a major challenge today, especially in the face of declining state allocations to local authorities. In this context, local public procurement is an important lever for action to reduce operating costs. Thus, several local authorities have initiated processes to optimize their organizations and purchasing practices. These advances, however, remain isolated and, above all, heterogeneous, insofar as these practices are not framed in an instrumental and methodological manner.This thesis examines the dimensions of purchasing performance in local authorities, in the French context. It aims to characterize current practices in terms of tools and modes of organization, to arrive at the definition of levers of optimization. Following the approach advocated by Churchill (1979), this doctoral research allows us to propose a model for evaluating the purchasing performance of local authorities, structured around 9 constituent dimensions, based on the perception of local public purchasers. Once defined, this model allows us not only to analyze the current level of maturity of local authorities in terms of purchasing performance, but also to propose recommendations, to commit themselves in a process of improvement of purchasing performance at the level of local authorities.

Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW) / The effective and efficient delivery of social services in South Africa has suffered as a result of the apartheid policies and practices. Now that we have legitimate political structures in our country, social workers in local authorities have the opportunity to take their rightful place in our social service delivery system. In order to enhance the quality of life in South Africa, we must ensure that people are not serviced at a distance. The broad intention of this study is to critically examine social work practice in local authorities in South Africa in order to identify the pertinent elements of a model of practice and to clarify the role of the local authority social worker. Five theoretical issues are identified within structural Marxism which was selected as the theoretical orientation for this study. These are the individual-society relationship, basic needs and services, social change, community participation and professionalism. The literature review of the h-uman services rendered by local authorities in the United Kingdom and the U.~nite-d-S-ta-tes of America, and in South Africa. of which there is a Raucity of research, sensi-ti-ze-d-the res-earcher to the-relevant issues and debates, and informed the empirical study.Ten (10) directors and fifty (50) social work practitioners of social services departments completed the mailed questionnaires. The response rate was, 24,39% and 27,47%, respectively. The empirical data has provided important information about the rationale and types of social services provided by local authorities in 1992-1993. To varying degrees, casework, group work, research and community work/development are practised. While the latter method was purported by many respondents to be their priority, casework was found to be the most popular method. These services were often provided because no other services existed in the area or were inaccessible. In most cases, the social services departments, unfortunately, did not have a mission statement nor terms of reference to guide their planning and interventions. As the majority of the South African population were excluded from the political process, local authority structures were discredited by many people and this caused anxiety among many practitioners and tensions with the communities. There was a high level of co-operation between social services departments and their respective health departments. The conclusions drawn from this study are that local authorities should provide social services through a comprehensive social services department which should include, among other, the health department; and that local government is an important site for the practice of developmental social work. Other researchers could build on this foundation so as to develop clearer policy and practice guidelines for this field of speciality.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / For the last seventeen years I have been actively involved in local government management and I have also been schooled in this academic field. I made this milieu my career as I have an intense yearning to stand in service of the general community, - more specifically the rural communities in South Africa. Practical engagement in this field also taught me that democracy goes hand in hand with urbanisation and, if not countered, the pauperisation of rural districts. The result of this is impoverishment and increasing unemployment.

Non communiqué / Non communiqué