À la fin du Moyen Âge, la parenté constitue une structure sociale, cellule de base sur laquelle s’édifie la société. Dans ce contexte, quelle place trouvent les personnes seules, parfois isolées ? Qui sont ces personnes seules, comment vivent-elles leur solitude dans le cadre urbain de Montpellier ? Comment leur situation est-elle perçue par les autres ? C’est à travers une étude sociodémographique des personnes seules et l’analyse de leurs réseaux de sociabilité que l’on parvient à comprendre la manière dont elles s’insèrent dans la société aux XIVe et XVe siècles. Différentes formes de solitude se manifestent dans la ville, des solitudes spécifiques à l’âge et au sexe des individus, qui entraînent des réponses et réactions adaptées au cas de chaque personne. Souvent pauvres et vulnérables, les personnes seules de Montpellier sont des acteurs importants de la société urbaine tardomédiévale souvent oubliés par l’historiographie. / At the end of the Middle Ages, kinship is a social structure, the basic unit on which society is built. In this context, how people living alone, sometimes isolated, fit in the urban society? Who are these people and how do they live their loneliness in the city of Montpellier? How is their situation perceived by others? It is through a sociodemographic approach and an analysis of their social networks that we are able to understand how they fit into the urban society, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Loneliness occurs in different ways in the city, ways that depend on age and gender of the individuals. Identifying those lonelinesses lead us to understand the responses and reactions toward each situation. Often poor and vulnerable, people living alone take an important part in the late medieval urban society of Montpellier, a part often forgotten by historians.

Bakgrund: Ensamhet och social isolering är ett utbrett problem bland många äldre personer och kan bidra till hälsorisker och för tidig död. I takt med att befolkningen blir allt äldre förväntas ensamhet och social isolering öka vilket kommer att kräva större behov av vård och omsorg. Trots att sjuksköterskan och övrig hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal känner till de negativa effekterna av ensamhet och social isolering är det lågt prioriterat inom äldreomsorgen. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa hur äldre personer över 65 år upplever ensamhet och social isolering. Metod: En litteraturöversikt genomfördes med resultat från elva kvalitativa artiklar inhämtade från databaserna CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE, PubMed och PsycINFO. Artiklarnas resultat färgkodades för att identifiera likheter och skillnader och som tematiserades i sex teman. Resultat: I resultatet framkom sex teman; Känslor av ensamhet, Social ensamhet och brist på samhörighet, Förlust av partner och närstående, Fysiska hinder och förluster, Ensamhet kopplat till tid och rum och Ensamhet som en känsla av frihet. Äldres subjektiva upplevelse av ensamhet och social isolering är unik med en bred variation av känslor kopplade till olika livshändelser. Somliga uttryckte smärtsamma känslor som medförde lidande medan andra uppgav positiva känslor av frihet. Diskussion: Ensamhet och social isolering kan leda till allvarliga konsekvenser, det är därför viktigt att hälso- och sjukvården fångar upp utsatta äldre genom preventivt och hälsofrämjande arbete. Katie Erikssons teori om att lindra lidande har använts som en fördjupad del i resultatdiskussionen som stöd för sjuksköterskans arbete i att förstå och bemöta ensamma och socialt isolerade äldre personer. En holistisk människosyn är av betydelse för att lindra lidande samt att beakta de äldres grundläggande behov som är meningsfullhet och gemenskap. Sjuksköterskan har i sin profession ett ansvar att främja äldres hälsa och sociala behov vilket kan möjliggöras genom ökade kunskaper som kan införas i vården av äldre. / Background: Loneliness and social isolation are a widespread problem among older people and may contribute to bad health and premature death. As the population grow older loneliness and social isolation are expected to become an increasing problem in society and will require greater need for care. Although nurses and other healthcare professionals are aware of the negative effects of loneliness and social isolation it is low prioritized. Aim: The aim was to illustrate how older people over 65 years experiences loneliness and social isolation. Method: A literature review was performed with results from eleven qualitative articles collected from the databases CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE, PubMed and PsycINFO. The results of the articles were color-coded to identify similarities and differences that were sorted into six themes. Results: The result showed six themes; Feelings of loneliness, Social loneliness and lack of affinity, Loss of partner and close relatives, Physical barriers and losses, Loneliness linked to time and space and Loneliness as a sense of freedom. Older people’s experiences of loneliness and social isolation is subjective and unique and wide-ranging emotionally linked to different life events. The older people expressed painful feelings and suffering while others stated positive feelings of freedom. Discussion: Since loneliness and social isolation can lead to serious consequences, it is important that the health care system identify older people at risk through preventive and health promotive work. Katie Eriksson's theory of relieving suffering has been used as an in-depth part of the performance discussion as support for the nurse's work in understanding and responding to lonely and socially isolated elderly people. A holistic view of humanity is of importance for alleviating suffering and for considering the basic needs of the elderly, which are meaningfulness and solidarity. The nurse responsibility is to prevent older people from bad health and social discomfort through realizing what knowledge is needed and how to apply it.

Loneliness – the feeling that manifests when one perceives one’s social needs are not being met by the quantity or especially the quality of one’s social relationships – is a common but typically short-lived and fairly harmless experience. However, recent research continues to uncover a variety of alarming health effects associated with longterm loneliness. The present study examines the psychological mechanisms underlying how persons scoring high in trait loneliness perceive their social environments. Evaluations of transient facial expression morphs are analyzed in R using dynamical systems methods. We hypothesize that, consistent with Cacioppo and Hawkley’s sociocognitive model, subjects scoring high in loneliness will exhibit hypervigilance in their evaluations of cold and neutral emotions and hypovigilance in their evaluations of warm emotions. Results partially support the socio-cognitive model but point to a relationship between loneliness and a global dampening in evaluations of emotions. Keywords: loneliness, perceived social isolation, social dynamics, emotion recognition. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

O presente trabalho tem como campo de investigação experiências clínicas da pesquisadora como acompanhante terapêutica (at). Pela apresentação destas, busca descrever o fenômeno da empatia ou sentir com (Einfühlung) experiência de vivenciar o outro. Aquilo que inicialmente aparece na reflexão clínica como contratransferência ou identificação projetiva conceitos da psicanálise começa a ganhar contornos distintos e exigir uma nova compreensão para aquilo que se apresenta como base para Acontecimentos terapêuticos. Tais Acontecimentos fundam possibilidades de ser e constituem pessoa e comunicação, gerados numa relação cuja base é a empatia. Assim, esse percurso clínico e investigativo caminha para a apropriação de fundamentos éticos revelados pelas experiências empáticas. O método utilizado neste trabalho é a hermenêutica e o referencial teórico clínico é a psicanálise, onde a faculdade de sentir com aparece originariamente na obra de Ferenczi, ganha corpo na obra de Winnicott e aparece como ética na obra de Gilberto Safra. Além da psicanálise, há o diálogo com as formulações de Edith Stein, cuja pesquisa fenomenológica sobre a estrutura da pessoa humana e sobre a empatia contempla a complexidade do fenômeno estudado, sem restringi-lo à dimensão psíquica ou física. Através da apresentação das vivências empáticas na clínica, a pesquisadora percorre os aspectos que se mostraram mais originários para compreensão da empatia: o corpo, a comunicação, a estética, a alma. Por fim, busca reunir os sentidos apreendidos pela vivência e reflexão da empatia em duas experiências fundamentais: experiência de mutualidade e de solitude. Assim, a investigação dos fundamentos da experiência de sentir com acaba por revelar aspectos fundamentais do encontro terapêutico e possibilita a apropriação de uma ética clínica ao acompanhamento terapêutico (AT). A posição de acompanhante é condição para a empatia, que por sua vez é condição para a ética clínica geral. Dessa forma, o AT revela-se como base para clínica do Acontecimento / This study shows an investigation based on our clinical practice as therapeutic companion. Taking some clinical experiences into account, we intend to describe the empathy phenomenon (Einfühlung) i.e. the experience of foreign consciousness in the therapeutic accompaniment. In this work, the well-known psychoanalytic concepts of counter transference and projective identification, seen from a slightly distinct point of view, claim to a different interpretation to the basis of therapeutic Events. Such Events inaugurate possibilities of being, constituting person and communication both generated in an empathy-based relationship. Having said that, this clinical and investigative journey leads us to the use of ethical issues formerly revealed by empathy experiences. In this work, hermeneutics was used as the methodological reference and psychoanalysis as the clinical theoretical basis, where the faculty of Einfühlung firstly appears in the work of Ferenczi, gets matured in Winnicotts, and appears like ethics in Safras. Besides psychoanalysis, Edith Steins investigations are also taken into account, whose phenomenological research related to the empathy and to the structure of the human being , considering the complexity of such phenomenon, does not reduce it to a psychological or biological dimension. Throughout our empathically clinical experiences, the originate aspects found in the process of empathy were: the body, the communication, the esthetics, the soul, and two fundamental intersubjective experiences: mutuality experience and solitude. The investigation of the core elements involved in the experience of empathy reveals fundamental aspects of the therapeutic meeting and provides the appropriation of a clinical ethics to the therapeutic accompaniment. The role of the companion is to achieve empathy, condition for clinical ethics. Through this process, the therapeutic accompaniment reveals itself as basis for the clinic Event

O presente trabalho tem como campo de investigação experiências clínicas da pesquisadora como acompanhante terapêutica (at). Pela apresentação destas, busca descrever o fenômeno da empatia ou sentir com (Einfühlung) experiência de vivenciar o outro. Aquilo que inicialmente aparece na reflexão clínica como contratransferência ou identificação projetiva conceitos da psicanálise começa a ganhar contornos distintos e exigir uma nova compreensão para aquilo que se apresenta como base para Acontecimentos terapêuticos. Tais Acontecimentos fundam possibilidades de ser e constituem pessoa e comunicação, gerados numa relação cuja base é a empatia. Assim, esse percurso clínico e investigativo caminha para a apropriação de fundamentos éticos revelados pelas experiências empáticas. O método utilizado neste trabalho é a hermenêutica e o referencial teórico clínico é a psicanálise, onde a faculdade de sentir com aparece originariamente na obra de Ferenczi, ganha corpo na obra de Winnicott e aparece como ética na obra de Gilberto Safra. Além da psicanálise, há o diálogo com as formulações de Edith Stein, cuja pesquisa fenomenológica sobre a estrutura da pessoa humana e sobre a empatia contempla a complexidade do fenômeno estudado, sem restringi-lo à dimensão psíquica ou física. Através da apresentação das vivências empáticas na clínica, a pesquisadora percorre os aspectos que se mostraram mais originários para compreensão da empatia: o corpo, a comunicação, a estética, a alma. Por fim, busca reunir os sentidos apreendidos pela vivência e reflexão da empatia em duas experiências fundamentais: experiência de mutualidade e de solitude. Assim, a investigação dos fundamentos da experiência de sentir com acaba por revelar aspectos fundamentais do encontro terapêutico e possibilita a apropriação de uma ética clínica ao acompanhamento terapêutico (AT). A posição de acompanhante é condição para a empatia, que por sua vez é condição para a ética clínica geral. Dessa forma, o AT revela-se como base para clínica do Acontecimento / This study shows an investigation based on our clinical practice as therapeutic companion. Taking some clinical experiences into account, we intend to describe the empathy phenomenon (Einfühlung) i.e. the experience of foreign consciousness in the therapeutic accompaniment. In this work, the well-known psychoanalytic concepts of counter transference and projective identification, seen from a slightly distinct point of view, claim to a different interpretation to the basis of therapeutic Events. Such Events inaugurate possibilities of being, constituting person and communication both generated in an empathy-based relationship. Having said that, this clinical and investigative journey leads us to the use of ethical issues formerly revealed by empathy experiences. In this work, hermeneutics was used as the methodological reference and psychoanalysis as the clinical theoretical basis, where the faculty of Einfühlung firstly appears in the work of Ferenczi, gets matured in Winnicotts, and appears like ethics in Safras. Besides psychoanalysis, Edith Steins investigations are also taken into account, whose phenomenological research related to the empathy and to the structure of the human being , considering the complexity of such phenomenon, does not reduce it to a psychological or biological dimension. Throughout our empathically clinical experiences, the originate aspects found in the process of empathy were: the body, the communication, the esthetics, the soul, and two fundamental intersubjective experiences: mutuality experience and solitude. The investigation of the core elements involved in the experience of empathy reveals fundamental aspects of the therapeutic meeting and provides the appropriation of a clinical ethics to the therapeutic accompaniment. The role of the companion is to achieve empathy, condition for clinical ethics. Through this process, the therapeutic accompaniment reveals itself as basis for the clinic Event

Este trabalho se propõe a analisar duas obras do escritor português António Lobo Antunes, tendo em vista algumas instâncias narrativas, que, a nosso ver, sobressaem na obra do autor. As obras são Ontem não te vi em Babilónia, romance publicado em 2006, e O arquipélago da insónia, de 2008. Os dois romances compõem o ciclo de produção mais recente do autor, no qual as experimentações formais e estéticas são mais intensas do que nos romances anteriores. Além disso, as obras apresentam convergências temáticas já explicitadas por uma leitura atenta de seus títulos. Ontem não te vi é a representação de um tempo de espera, um tempo de frustração; Babilónia é Babel, símbolo maior da incomunicabilidade para o Ocidente. Já arquipélago é um conjunto de ilhas, reunião marcada pelo isolamento e pela incomunicabilidade; insónia é, igualmente, uma espera frustrada por algo que não vem, no caso, o sono, que nos romances será metáfora para a morte. O trabalho privilegiará, portanto, a análise do espaço, a partir do símbolo da casa; do tempo, insone e de morte; e do texto, que se apresenta, essencialmente, por uma enxurrada discursiva. Assim, pretende-se entrar no universo antuniano e, como parece ser o desejo do autor, desvendar a nós mesmos e a nosso tempo / This work proposes an analysis of two novels by the portuguese writer António Lobo Antunes, taking into consideration narrative instances that, from our point of view, are highlighted in the authors work. The books are Ontem não te vi em Babilônia, novel that was published in 2006, and O arquipélago da insônia, published in 2008. The novels make up the authors most recent production cycle, in which the formal and aesthetic experiences are much more intense than in his previous novels. Besides that, these works show thematic convergences that appear in careful reading of the books titles: Ontem não te vi is the representation of time passing, time of frustration; Babilônia is Babel, the biggest symbol of incommunicability for the West. Arquipélago is a group of islands, a gathering that is noticeable for its isolation and incommunicability; Insônia is equally a frustrated wait for something that never arrives, in this case, sleep, which is a metaphor for death in his novels. Therefore, this work is going to focus on the analysis of space, taking into consideration the house as a symbol; time, as death and sleepless; and the text, that is, basically, presented as a discursive overflow. This way, we will enter in Lobo Antunes universe and, what seems to be the authors desire to reveal ourselves and our time

This study examined the role of hope in understanding the link between loneliness and negative affective conditions (viz., anxiety and depressive symptoms) in a sample of 318 adults. As expected, loneliness was found to be a significant predictor of both anxiety and depressive symptoms. Noteworthy, hope was found to significantly augment the prediction of depressive symptoms, even after accounting for loneliness. Furthermore, we found evidence for a significant Loneliness × Hope interaction effect in predicting anxiety. A plot of the interaction confirmed that the association between loneliness and anxiety was weaker among high, compared to low, hope adults. Some implications of the present findings are discussed.

This study examined loneliness and future orientation as predictors of suicidal risk, namely, depressive symptoms and suicide ideation, in a sample of 228 college students (54 males and 174 females). Results of regression analyses indicated that loneliness was a significant predictor of both indices of suicidal risk. The inclusion of future orientation was found to significantly augment the prediction model of both depressive symptoms and suicide ideation, even after accounting for loneliness. Noteworthy, beyond loneliness and future orientation, the Loneliness × Future Orientation interaction term was found to further augment both prediction models of suicidal risk. Consistent with the notion that future orientation is an important buffer of suicidal risk, among lonely students, those with high future orientation, compared to low future orientation, were found to report significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms and suicide ideation. Some implications of the present findings for studying both risk and protective factors associated with suicidal risk in young adults are discussed.

abstract: Advances in health care have resulted in an increase in life expectancy causing a rapid growth in the number of older adults at a global level. At the same time, socioeconomic development is transitioning family structures and social relationships. With reduced family engagement, many older adults are more at risk for physical and psychological health issues including loneliness, which is considered a public health issue affecting their quality of life and well-being. This descriptive, exploratory study aims to describe the significance of loneliness in three northern regions of the Sultanate of Oman. The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence and correlates of loneliness and the relationship of loneliness to health statuses among older Omani adults aged 60 years and above. A demographic data questionnaire, the UCLA loneliness scale, and SF-12-v-1 health status instruments were used for data collection. The sample includes 113 Omani older adults, male (n = 36) and female (n = 77), who experienced a mixture from low to high and severe levels of loneliness. Among these older adults, 34.5% perceived low level, 34.5% moderate level, 22.1% high, and 8.8% were severely lonely. The main demographic factors that were associated with the older adults level of loneliness were female gender, older age 80 years and above, living with others who were not a family member, and being unemployed. When controlling for demographic and environmental factors loneliness was a significant predictor (p < .001) for lower mental health status but not for physical health status (p > .05). / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Nursing 2019

Personality researchers have described dispositional traits to typically show stability over the life course and yet one such trait, shyness, has rarely been examined in later life. Shyness as a global trait has been linked negatively to multiple psychological indices of childhood well-being, including loneliness. Despite the fact that older adults may be already at risk for experiencing heightened loneliness, regret, or decreased fulfillment, research has not assessed these experiences in relation to personality in later life. In recent years, withdrawal research has begun to move past shyness as a global trait to examine the motivations behind socially withdrawn behavior. The current study used regression analyses to examine ways that three facets of withdrawal (shyness, avoidance, and unsociability) may relate to loneliness, regret, and fulfillment in later life. Data from 309 older participants of the Huntsman Senior Games were used to explore associations. Results indicated that shyness, avoidance, and unsociability significantly predicted increased loneliness and regret, and decreased fulfillment to some extent. Further, marital status (married, divorced, widowed) moderated links between withdrawal and psychological indices of later life well-being.