This thesis examines the characteristics of railway infrastructure development and associated issues in Manitoba, Canada. The period under consideration dates from when the first tracks were laid in 1878 through to the completion of the Hudson Bay Railway in 1929. Setting the scene is a template for railway development in general, one that allows hypotheses to be drawn that are specific to Manitoba. In order to test those hypotheses it is necessary to first provide a comprehensive overview of the historical evolution of the railway network. Next, aspects of graph theory are reviewed, identifying the methodology most appropriate for a spatial analysis of railway networks. This analysis attempts to draw conclusions about the relationship between the railway companies and the governments, people and geography that they were compelled to deal with. The testing of these forms revealed that while the Manitoba railway network is very complex, it never arrived at the maximum possible complexity.

This paper investigates different stakeholder groups’ perceptions on how Chinese investments contribute to the development of Ethiopia in the capital city Addis Ababa. To delimit the thesis, one recently completed infrastructural project was analyzed, namely the Light Railway Transit (LRT) in Addis. This project was a collaboration between the Ethiopian and the Chinese governments and to 85% funded by Chinese loans. By conducting twenty-six semi-structured interviews with interviewees from six strategically selected stakeholder groups, varying perceptions on Ethio-China relations and the LRT project were encountered. The main findings of the study include that the Ethio-China relations have been beneficial for the two governments and that Chinese investments have affected Ethiopia’s economic growth positively. However, in the case of the LRT project, the main observable was that it contributed to developmental image-building and failed to meet some of the other objectives pursued by it, such as providing reliable transportation service to the citizens. Moreover, experts and representatives from international organizations, the Ethiopian private sector and trade unions as well as citizens brought up problems with respect to skill transfer and working conditions related to Chinese investments, among other things. Further, they claimed that Ethio-China relations might negatively affect Ethiopia’s potential for democratization.

Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-30T19:59:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissEAR.pdf: 12223025 bytes, checksum: d4fa6029f95b2739900c674b1237e593 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-05T13:29:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissEAR.pdf: 12223025 bytes, checksum: d4fa6029f95b2739900c674b1237e593 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-05T13:29:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissEAR.pdf: 12223025 bytes, checksum: d4fa6029f95b2739900c674b1237e593 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T13:36:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissEAR.pdf: 12223025 bytes, checksum: d4fa6029f95b2739900c674b1237e593 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-30 / Não recebi financiamento / The identification of aspects and circumstance considered as challenges and opportunities inherent in the implementation of the urban transport system operated by the Light Rail Transit - LRT in Brazilian cities are at the heart of the goals of this work. Developed a methodology where theoretical research done through the literature review and the application of Delphi method, used for the query to a group of subject matter experts, formed the basis for completion of the study. The results show its role of facilitator and propellant within the context of urban policies in cities where it already operates on a consolidated basis in several countries, creating expectations that can achieve the same effects in Brazilian cities, which will be deployed and that way, if firm as an efficient urban transport mode, an agent of sustainable urban mobility. It is concluded that, given the reality of urban mobility conditions in most Brazilian cities large and medium-sized, the opportunities for this innovative transport system and holder of proactive features, observed by the methodology applied, are feasible, since , its viability is proven through studies covering aspects such as; the existence of demand, the investment capacity of the governing body, the prospect of financial return and integration with existing modes, to name the most important. Also through the applied methodology, it can be concluded that the challenges for its implementation in the country are of great proportions, starting with the high investments required, through the formulation of policies that integrate the various segments of urban management and culminating with the effective participation of population most interested. Thus, it is understood that the opportunities and challenges for the VLT go hand in hand, on the prowl for decisions that put to the test. / A identificação de aspectos e circurstâncias considerados como desafios e oportunidades inerentes à implantação do sistema de transporte urbano operado pelo Veículo Leve sobre Trilhos – VLT, em cidades brasileiras, constituem o cerne dos objetivos desse trabalho. Desenvolvido por uma metodologia, onde a pesquisa teórica feita através da revisão bibliográfica e a aplicação do método Delphi, utilizado para a consulta a um grupo de especialistas no assunto, formaram a base para a conclusão do estudo. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam o papel de agente facilitador e propulsor que o VLT desempenha no contexto das políticas urbanas nas cidades onde já opera de forma consolidada em diversos países, criando a expectativa de que possa alcançar os mesmos efeitos nas cidades brasileiras onde venha ser implantado e dessa maneira, firme-se como um modo de transporte urbano eficiente, um agente da mobilidade urbana sustentável. Conclui-se que, dada a realidade das condições da mobilidade urbana na maioria das cidades brasileiras de grande e médio portes, as oportunidades para que esse sistema de transporte inovador e detentor de características proativas, constatados através da metodologia aplicada, são factíveis, desde que, sua viabilidade seja comprovada através de estudos abrangendo aspectos tais como; a existência de demanda, a capacidade de investimentos do órgão gestor, a perspectiva do retorno financeiro e sua integração com os modos existentes, para citar os mais relevantes. Também através da metodologia aplicada, pode-se concluir que, os desafios à sua implantação no país são de grandes proporções, começando pelos altos investimentos necessários, passando pela formulação de políticas que integrem os diversos segmentos da gestão urbana e culminando com uma efetiva participação da população, principal interessada. Assim, entende-se que as oportunidades e os desafios para o VLT caminham lado a lado, à espreita de decisões que as coloquem à prova.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第18630号 / 地環博第125号 / 新制||地環||26(附属図書館) / 31530 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)准教授 森 晶寿, 教授 宇佐美 誠, 准教授 吉野 章 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Tidigare studier visar på att blodtrycket hos gravida sjunker under andra trimestern och sedanökar i ett senare skede av graviditeten. Högt blodtryck hos gravida kan medföra hälsorisker, vilket gör mätningar av blodtryck relevanta. Dock uppstår det osäkerhet då olika personer inom vården hanterar blodtrycksmätningarna på olika sätt. Delar av vårdpersonalen avrundarmätvärden och andra gör det inte, vilket kan leda till svårigheter att tolkablodtrycksutvecklingen. I uppsatsen behandlas ett dataset innehållandes blodtrycksvärden hos gravida genom att skatta nio olika linjära regressionsmodeller med blandade effekter. Därefter genomförs en simuleringsstudie med syfte att undersöka hur mätproblem orsakat av avrundningar påverkar parameterskattningar och modellval i en linjär blandad modell. Slutsatsen är att blodtrycksavrundningarna inte påverkar typ 1-felet men påverkar styrkan. Dock innebär inte detta något problem vid fortsatt analys av blodtrycksvärdena i det verkliga datasetet.

This study examines potential transportation improvements in the Elysian Fields Avenue Corridor, and the benefit that these improvements may produce. Data for the study area are compiled and analyzed. Conceptual plans for the implementation of different transit technology alternatives were developed and assessed in terms of user benefits, cost, potential land use impacts, potential economic impacts, and feasibility. Case studies and relevant literature are reviewed. The intent of this thesis is to provide an overview of the study area prior and subsequent to Hurricane Katrina, develop plans for the implementation of transit alternatives in the Elysian Fields Avenue Corridor, and assess potential costs and benefits of the different alternatives developed.

Essa pesquisa tem como foco a tomada de decisão para a escolha de modais de transporte urbano coletivo e analisa os desempenhos operacionais e funcionais dos sistemas Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), Veículo Leve sobre Trilhos (VLT) e Monotrilho. Um modelo de apoio multicritério à decisão (AMD) em cenários complexos é utilizado na análise e tem como dados de entrada as preferências subjetivas de agentes de decisão (stakeholders) e os desempenhos objetivos e subjetivos dos três modais com relação a um sistema de cinco critérios e 22 subcritérios. Tal sistema cobre os eixos de eficiência energética, custo, viabilidade econômica e financeira, qualidade da viagem e impactos ambientais. Stakeholders selecionados com perfis de operador, vizinho, usuário, fornecedor de equipamentos e serviços e consultor em transportes urbanos atribuem suas preferências, pontuando-as em escala numérica de 1 a 9. Visando a aplicação do modelo na região da cidade de São Paulo, foram coletadas 138 opiniões de preferências através de formulários de avaliação e entrevistas conduzidas nessa região. Cada um dos três modais, após ser configurado para atender aos requisitos operacionais e funcionais do serviço de transporte definido por uma unidade funcional comum, tem os seus desempenhos com relação ao mesmo conjunto de critérios e subcritérios pontuados em uma escala numérica. Um índice global (IG), que define a prioridade de cada alternativa, é obtido pela agregação das preferências e desempenhos com uma função aditiva. O modelo foi aplicado em um estudo de caso que simulou a operação dos três modais no trecho entre as estações Vila Prudente e São Mateus da Linha 15 do Metrô de São Paulo, cujos requisitos definiram a unidade funcional. Dentro dos limites e premissas estabelecidas para o estudo de caso, os índices globais calculados indicaram a preferência pelo modal Monotrilho, seguido, na ordem, pelo VLT e BRT. / This research focuses on decision-making support methods to choice public urban transport modes and analyzes the operational and functional performances of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), Light Rail Transit (LRT) and Monorail systems. A multicriteria decision aided model (MDAM) in complex scenarios is used in the analysis and has as input data the subjective preferences of stakeholders and the objective and subjective performances of the three modalities in relation to a set of five criteria and 22 subcriteria. This system covers the axes of energy efficiency, cost, economic and financial feasibility, travel quality and environmental impacts. Stakeholders selected with profiles of operator, neighbor, user, equipment and service provider and consultant in urban transport assign their preferences, scoring them on a numerical scale from 1 to 9. In order to apply the model in the region of the city of São Paulo, 138 opinions were collected through evaluation forms and interviews conducted in that region. Each of the three modes, once configured to meet the operational and functional requirements of the transport service defined by a common functional unit, has its performances against the same set of criteria and subcriteria scored on a numerical scale. A global index (GI), which defines the priority of each alternative, is obtained by aggregating the preferences and performances according to an additive function. The MDAM model was applied in a case study that has simulated the operation of the three transport modalities in the stretch between the stations Vila Prudente and São Mateus of the Line 15 of the São Paulo Metro, whose general requirements did define the functional unit of the case. Within the limits and assumptions defined for the case study, the calculated global indices indicated the first preference for the Monorail modal, followed, in sequence, by the LRT and BRT.

Afin de comprendre pourquoi tous les nouveaux projets de tramways en cours de développement au Canada sont réalisés en mode partenariat public-privé (PPP) plutôt que grâce au mode traditionnel (gestion publique) utilisé par le passé, cette recherche porte sur trois projets de tramways présentement en cours de réalisation (Edmonton, Ottawa et Toronto). À l’aide de trois études de cas, nous explorons l’argumentaire entourant chacune des décisions menant au choix du mode de gouvernance PPP ainsi que la forme prise par ce PPP. Nous démontrons que dans tous les cas, il est possible d’observer les mécanismes du transfert de politique, tant volontaire que coercitif. Nous croyons que le transfert de politique peut donc fournir un élément de réponse à notre question. De plus, l’argumentaire utilisé par les acteurs locaux pour justifier le choix du mode PPP, bien que semblable sur plusieurs points, comporte tout de même une combinaison de justifications unique à chacun des cas, ce qui nous laisse croire que le PPP est un instrument de politique polyvalent. Ces constats démontrent l’intérêt de prendre en considération les transferts de politique au niveau municipal et non seulement les transferts qui prennent place entre les États nationaux. To understand why all new light rail projects under development in Canada are carried out in public-private partnership (P3) rather than through the traditional mode (public administration) that prevailed in the past, this research explores three light rail projects currently underway in Edmonton, Ottawa and Toronto. We study the arguments surrounding each decision leading to the choice of P3 governance. We show that in all cases, it is possible to observe the mechanisms of policy transfer, whether voluntary or coercive. Moreover, the argument used by local actors to justify the choice of P3, although similar in several respects, still forms a unique combination of justifications for each case, which leads us to believe that P3s are a versatile policy instrument. These findings demonstrate the importance of taking into account policy transfer at the municipal level and not only transfers that take place between national states.

Essa pesquisa tem como foco a tomada de decisão para a escolha de modais de transporte urbano coletivo e analisa os desempenhos operacionais e funcionais dos sistemas Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), Veículo Leve sobre Trilhos (VLT) e Monotrilho. Um modelo de apoio multicritério à decisão (AMD) em cenários complexos é utilizado na análise e tem como dados de entrada as preferências subjetivas de agentes de decisão (stakeholders) e os desempenhos objetivos e subjetivos dos três modais com relação a um sistema de cinco critérios e 22 subcritérios. Tal sistema cobre os eixos de eficiência energética, custo, viabilidade econômica e financeira, qualidade da viagem e impactos ambientais. Stakeholders selecionados com perfis de operador, vizinho, usuário, fornecedor de equipamentos e serviços e consultor em transportes urbanos atribuem suas preferências, pontuando-as em escala numérica de 1 a 9. Visando a aplicação do modelo na região da cidade de São Paulo, foram coletadas 138 opiniões de preferências através de formulários de avaliação e entrevistas conduzidas nessa região. Cada um dos três modais, após ser configurado para atender aos requisitos operacionais e funcionais do serviço de transporte definido por uma unidade funcional comum, tem os seus desempenhos com relação ao mesmo conjunto de critérios e subcritérios pontuados em uma escala numérica. Um índice global (IG), que define a prioridade de cada alternativa, é obtido pela agregação das preferências e desempenhos com uma função aditiva. O modelo foi aplicado em um estudo de caso que simulou a operação dos três modais no trecho entre as estações Vila Prudente e São Mateus da Linha 15 do Metrô de São Paulo, cujos requisitos definiram a unidade funcional. Dentro dos limites e premissas estabelecidas para o estudo de caso, os índices globais calculados indicaram a preferência pelo modal Monotrilho, seguido, na ordem, pelo VLT e BRT. / This research focuses on decision-making support methods to choice public urban transport modes and analyzes the operational and functional performances of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), Light Rail Transit (LRT) and Monorail systems. A multicriteria decision aided model (MDAM) in complex scenarios is used in the analysis and has as input data the subjective preferences of stakeholders and the objective and subjective performances of the three modalities in relation to a set of five criteria and 22 subcriteria. This system covers the axes of energy efficiency, cost, economic and financial feasibility, travel quality and environmental impacts. Stakeholders selected with profiles of operator, neighbor, user, equipment and service provider and consultant in urban transport assign their preferences, scoring them on a numerical scale from 1 to 9. In order to apply the model in the region of the city of São Paulo, 138 opinions were collected through evaluation forms and interviews conducted in that region. Each of the three modes, once configured to meet the operational and functional requirements of the transport service defined by a common functional unit, has its performances against the same set of criteria and subcriteria scored on a numerical scale. A global index (GI), which defines the priority of each alternative, is obtained by aggregating the preferences and performances according to an additive function. The MDAM model was applied in a case study that has simulated the operation of the three transport modalities in the stretch between the stations Vila Prudente and São Mateus of the Line 15 of the São Paulo Metro, whose general requirements did define the functional unit of the case. Within the limits and assumptions defined for the case study, the calculated global indices indicated the first preference for the Monorail modal, followed, in sequence, by the LRT and BRT.

Afin de comprendre pourquoi tous les nouveaux projets de tramways en cours de développement au Canada sont réalisés en mode partenariat public-privé (PPP) plutôt que grâce au mode traditionnel (gestion publique) utilisé par le passé, cette recherche porte sur trois projets de tramways présentement en cours de réalisation (Edmonton, Ottawa et Toronto). À l’aide de trois études de cas, nous explorons l’argumentaire entourant chacune des décisions menant au choix du mode de gouvernance PPP ainsi que la forme prise par ce PPP. Nous démontrons que dans tous les cas, il est possible d’observer les mécanismes du transfert de politique, tant volontaire que coercitif. Nous croyons que le transfert de politique peut donc fournir un élément de réponse à notre question. De plus, l’argumentaire utilisé par les acteurs locaux pour justifier le choix du mode PPP, bien que semblable sur plusieurs points, comporte tout de même une combinaison de justifications unique à chacun des cas, ce qui nous laisse croire que le PPP est un instrument de politique polyvalent. Ces constats démontrent l’intérêt de prendre en considération les transferts de politique au niveau municipal et non seulement les transferts qui prennent place entre les États nationaux. To understand why all new light rail projects under development in Canada are carried out in public-private partnership (P3) rather than through the traditional mode (public administration) that prevailed in the past, this research explores three light rail projects currently underway in Edmonton, Ottawa and Toronto. We study the arguments surrounding each decision leading to the choice of P3 governance. We show that in all cases, it is possible to observe the mechanisms of policy transfer, whether voluntary or coercive. Moreover, the argument used by local actors to justify the choice of P3, although similar in several respects, still forms a unique combination of justifications for each case, which leads us to believe that P3s are a versatile policy instrument. These findings demonstrate the importance of taking into account policy transfer at the municipal level and not only transfers that take place between national states.