Grave X was found in 1952 during construction work in Tuna in Badelunda parish, in the province of Västmanland. Objects from this 3rd Century grave were dispersed and the stone grave covering and cist-like wooden burial chamber were cut almost in half as a result of the construction work that unearthed it. The purpose of this dissertation is to create a better understanding of Tuna in Badelunda and to place Grave X and the person buried there in context. Due to my interest in Grave X and the person in this grave, the scope of the study is limited to Tuna during the Late Roman Iron Age. What kind of place may Tuna in Badelunda have been during that time? Which kinds of knowledge may the person in Grave X have possessed and what roles may this person have had in local society? How may this person have acted in Tuna in Badelunda in particular? Why was this person buried in the specific type of structure that was Grave X? To answer these questions, ancient monuments and phenomena in the Tuna area, objects from the grave and construction details of the grave are discussed. Specifically, I examine the name Tuna, stone enclosures, hillforts of Bejby borg-character and travel routes, beads, golden rings in the shape of snakes, vessels and serving utensils, and the stone grave covering and cist-like chamber. Since Grave X was partly ruined when discovered, comparisons are made to about 20 similar graves from other parts of Scandinavia in order to get an idea of what may have been lost from Grave X. A performative-constructive gender perspective is of importance in this dissertation, as well as the concept of creolization. The kinds of knowledge and the societal roles the person in Grave X may have had can be summarized in five categories or contexts of action: production within the (social-political) economy of the farm, ritual performances, physical communication, textile production, and oral performances with the telling of stories and relating of memories. Possible personal strategies in relation to the activities the person in question was involved in are seen as important. One way this dissertation takes up this subject is through the discussion of the role the person may have had in greetings and farewells in the yard of the farm (Sw. tun, gårdsplan). Greetings and farewells were probably of importance, and Tuna is discussed as a crossroads. This means that although a local perspective is advocated in this dissertation, Tuna may not be seen as an isolated community, but rather as a small place that to a great extent partook in the larger world. This can also be seen in Grave X; when the person in this grave was buried, the living made choices that both expressed local traditions and made reference to far-away places. In contrast to the surrounding graves, the person in Grave X was not cremated. One of many possible reasons may have been a desire to emphasize the person’s personality and gender as well as roles in society. / <p>Auktoriserad namnform i LIBRIS: Fernstål, Charlotte, 1974-</p>

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Parasitologie : Lille 2 : 2008. / Résumé en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. f. 178-195.

Cette thèse pose un premier regard sur l’expérience subjective de la violence manifestée par les individus atteints d’un trouble de santé mentale grave et persistant et d’un trouble lié à une substance. À partir d’une recension des écrits, elle présente, dans le premier chapitre, une adaptation des volets psychopharmacologique et économico-compulsif du modèle tripartite de Goldstein (1985), à la population aux prises avec une telle comorbidité. Dans les deuxième et troisième chapitres, elle présente l’analyse qualitative d’une série d’entrevues effectuées auprès de détenus incarcérés dans une unité de santé mentale d’un pénitencier canadien pour cause de délits violents. Elle explore, dans ces chapitres, les représentations de l’influence de la consommation sur les différentes sphères de la vie de ces détenus ainsi que l’importance qu’ils attribuent à celles-ci quant au passage à l’acte responsable de leur incarcération. L’analyse démontre que presque la moitié des personnes interrogées attribue la responsabilité du délit violent aux effets directs de la substance sur les symptômes liés à la maladie mentale ou aux effets directs de celle-ci sur leur comportement et leurs cognitions. Les autres attribuent plutôt la responsabilité de leur acte violent à la détérioration de leur fonctionnement psychosocial (c’està- dire à leur incapacité graduelle à maintenir un emploi, à se nourrir, se loger et à entretenir des relations sociales, amoureuses ou familiales), qui résulte des conséquences sociales et économiques associées à l’usage répétitif et/ou excessif de substances intoxicantes. À la lumière de ces résultats, le deuxième chapitre vérifie l’applicabilité du volet psychopharmacologique à cette population, et le troisième, celle du volet économico-compulsif. Les trois chapitres de cette thèse sont présentés sous forme d’articles scientifiques. / This thesis offers a first look at the subjective experience of violent behaviour manifested by individuals who present a severe mental disorder and a substance abuse disorder. The first chapter presents an adaptation of Goldstein’s psychopharmacological and economic-compulsive models (1985), based on a literature review. The second and third chapter present a qualitative analysis of a series of interviews conducted with mentally disordered offenders from a Canadian penitentiary who are incarcerated for violent crimes. These chapters explore the inmates’ perceptions of the influence of the substance abuse on the various aspects of their lives and of its contribution in the realization of their crime. The results show that almost half of the subjects were of the opinion that their violent crime resulted from the direct influence of the substance abuse on their mental illness, on their behaviour or on their cognitions. The others attributed the responsibility of their violent crime to the gradual deterioration of their general psychosocial functioning (meaning their gradual inability to hold a job, to feed themselves, to maintain housing accommodations, as well as social, familial and love relationships) that results from the social and economical consequences of substance abuse. Based on these results, the second and third chapter discuss the applicability of the psychopharmacological and economiccompulsive models to this population. All three chapters are presented in the form of a scientific article.

The diet of the Stone Age cultures is a strong indicator to the social group, thus farmers and hunters can be distinguished through their diet. There is well-preserved and well excavated Polish skeletal material available for such a study but the material has not previously been subject to stable isotopes analyses and therefore the questions of diets has not been answered. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the cultures in the Kichary Nowe 2 area in the Lesser Poland district in southern Poland. Through analysis of the stable isotopes of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur in the collagen of teeth and skeletal bones from the humans in the Kichary Nowe 2 grave-field and from bones from the fauna, coeval and from the same area, the study will establish whether there were any sharp changes of diets. The material from the grave-field comes from cultures with an established agricultural economy, where their cultural belonging has been anticipated from the burial context. The results from my study of stable isotopes from the bone material will be grouped by various parameters, culture, attribution to sex and age. The groups will then be compared to each other to investigate patterns within and between the groups.

No description available.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-10-30T15:35:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Grasiele Araújo de Oliveira - 2018.pdf: 1192973 bytes, checksum: 9cc6424879f7e347e318480fe993f8b3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-10-31T10:17:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Grasiele Araújo de Oliveira - 2018.pdf: 1192973 bytes, checksum: 9cc6424879f7e347e318480fe993f8b3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-31T10:17:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Grasiele Araújo de Oliveira - 2018.pdf: 1192973 bytes, checksum: 9cc6424879f7e347e318480fe993f8b3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-27 / Introduction: There is strong evidence that obesity leads to an imbalance of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), especially in the increase of sympathetic modulation and a decrease in vagal tone, and that associated cardiovascular risk factors may increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To analyze the association between cardiovascular autonomic modulation and clinical variables, food consumption and level of physical activity in obese patients. Methodology: A cross-sectional study with 64 volunteers submitted to biochemical tests, accelerometry, 24-hour recall (R24H), and evaluation of cardiac autonomic modulation. For the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), the R-R (iRR) intervals were captured in the sitting position for 10 minutes. Statistical analysis: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; linear regression to identify the association between HRV data and BMI, CC, HOMA-IR, insulin, glycemia, MVPAS, TS, VET, macronutrient, SBP and PAD. The multiple linear regression between the indexes of the frequency domain and the adjusted variables CC, HOMA-IR, insulin, glycemia, MVPA, TS, VET, carbohydrate and lipids (p <0.05). Results: Of the 64 severe obese patients analyzed in the present study, 9 were male (14.06%) and 55 female (85.93%), with a mean age of 39.10 ± 7.74 years ( 27 to 58 years). For the anthropometric data evaluated, the mean BMI was 46.61 ± 6.86 kg / m2, with a more frequent degree of morbid obesity (60.93%). The mean WC was 118.83 ± 10.66 cm for men and women, with a higher risk for all males and 84.37% for females. Patients were insulinresistant (HOMA-IR 6.03 ± 4.10 mg / dl). In the MVPA analysis it was verified that the obese patients had a mean of 98.92 ± 41.00 min / week. In the frequency domain, the severely obese had a sympathetic predominance (LF 56.44 ± 20.31 un) and low parasympathetic modulation (HF 42.52 ± 19.18 un). From the Simple Linear Regression analysis, it was observed that the BMI, CC, VET, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, SBP and DBP were not associated with cardiovascular autonomic modulation (p> 0.05). However, a negative association between HOMA-IR and HF (p = 0.049), HOMA-IR and LF / HF variables was observed (p = 0.001). For insulin and glycemia, there was a negative association with the sympatho-vagal balance (p = 0.002 and p = 0.021, respectively). In the AF analysis, there was a negative association between MVPA and the sympathetic component (p = 0.042), and for TS there was a negative association with HF (p = 0.049) and LF / HF (p = 0.036) and LF p = 0.014). For multiple linear regression, CC and HOMAIR values were negatively and significantly associated with HF (p = 0.010). HOMA-IR and lipid values were negatively associated with LF / HF (p = 0.003 and p = 0.043, respectively). There were no associations between insulin, glycemia, MVPA, TS, VET and carbohydrate and cardiac autonomic modulation. Conclusion: The study reveals that, among cardiovascular risk factors, insulin resistance, glycemia, and sedentary time influence the cardiac autonomic modulation of the severely obese, increasing the risk for the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases / Introdução: Existem fortes evidências que a obesidade leva a um desequilíbrio do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo (SNA), sobretudo no aumento da modulação simpática e uma diminuição do tônus vagal e que os fatores de risco cardiovasculares associados podem aumentar o risco de desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivo:Analisar a associação entre a modulação autonômica cardiovascular e as variáveis clínicas, consumo alimentar e nível de atividade física em obesos graves.Metodologia: Estudo transversal realizado com 64 voluntários submetidos a exames bioquímicos, acelerometria, recordatório 24 horas (R24H) e avaliação da modulação autonômica cardíaca. Para a análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC), os intervalos R-R (iRR) foram captados na posição sentada durante 10 minutos. Análise estatística: Teste KolmogorovSmirnov; regressão linear simples para identificar a associação entre os dados de VFC e IMC, CC, HOMA-IR, insulina, glicemia, MVPAS, TS, VET, macronutriente, PAS e PAD. A regressão linear múltipla entre os índices do domínio da frequência e as variáveis ajustadas CC, HOMA-IR, insulina, glicemia, MVPA, TS, VET, carboidrato e lipídeos (p<0,05). Resultados: Dentre os 64 pacientes obesos graves analisados no presente estudo, 9 eram do sexo masculino (14,06%) e 55 do sexo feminino (85,93%), com média de idade de 39,10± 7,74 anos (27 a 58 anos). Para os dados antropométricos avaliados, o IMC médio de 46,61 ± 6,86 kg/m2 , com grau de obesidade mórbida mais frequente (60,93%). A CC média de 118,83 ± 10,66 cm para homens e mulheres, com maior risco para todos os homens e para 84,37% das mulheres. Os pacientes demonstraram ser insulinoresistentes (HOMA-IR 6,03 ± 4,10 mg/dl). Na análise do MVPA verificou-se que os obesos graves realizaram uma média de 98,92 ± 41,00min/semana. No domínio da frequência, os obesos graves apresentaram predomínio simpático (LF 56,44 ± 20,31 un) e baixa modulação parassimpática (HF 42,52 ± 19,18 un). A partir da análise de Regressão Linear Simples, foi observado que o IMC, CC, VET, carboidrato, lipídeo, proteína, PAS e PAD não foram associados à modulação autonômica cardiovascular (p>0,05). Porém, foi observado associação negativa entre as variáveis HOMA-IR e HF (p=0,049), HOMA-IR e LF/HF (p=<0,001). Para a insulina e glicemia houve associação negativa com o balanço simpato-vagal (p=0,002 e p=0,021, respectivamente). Na análise da AF, houve associação negativa entre MVPA e o componente simpático (p=0,042), e para o TS verificou-se associação negativa com HF (p=0,049) e LF/HF (p=0,036) e positiva com LF (p=0,014). Para a regressão linear múltipla, os valores de CC e HOMA-IR foram associados negativa e significativamente com HF (p=0,010). Os valores de HOMA-IR e lipídeos em porcentagem foram associados negativamente com a LF/HF (p=0,003 e p=0,043, respectivamente). Não foram observadas associações entre insulina, glicemia, MVPA, TS, VET e carboidrato e modulação autonômica cardíaca. Conclusão: O estudo revela que, dentre os fatores de risco cardiovasculares, a resistência à insulina, glicemia, e o tempo sedentário influenciam na modulação autonômica cardíaca dos obesos graves, aumentando o risco para a ocorrência de doenças cardiovasculares.

INTRODUÇÃO: A síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS) é atualmente uma pandemia, e as doenças pulmonares são a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade dos pacientes com AIDS. Nesse sentido, as infecções respiratórias são frequente causa de hipoxemia e morte. Os pacientes com AIDS e insuficiência respiratória hipoxêmica frequentemente necessitam de ventilação mecânica invasiva, a qual é independentemente associada com mortalidade. A ventilação não invasiva com pressão positiva refere-se à oferta de assistência ventilatória mecânica sem a necessidade de invasão artificial das vias aéreas, sendo reconhecida por melhorar a oxigenação e a dispneia dos pacientes com insuficiência respiratória hipoxêmica, principalmente se aplicada de forma sequencial e progressiva, e esta pode reduzir a necessidade de ventilação mecânica invasiva nestes pacientes. Tendo em vista as incertezas quanto à resposta da oxigenação a PEEP nos pacientes com AIDS com insuficiência respiratória aguda hipoxêmica e usando o racional da pressurização progressiva das vias aéreas e seu potencial benefício na oxigenação sanguínea, nós fizemos a hipótese de que o incremento sequencial dos níveis de PEEP até 15 cmH2O pode melhorar a oxigenação sanguínea sem afetar o conforto e a hemodinâmica do paciente. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de diferentes sequências de níveis de PEEP aplicado de forma não invasiva sobre as trocas gasosas, a sensação de dispneia e os padrões hemodinâmicos em pacientes com AIDS e insuficiência respiratória aguda hipoxêmica. O objetivo secundário foi avaliar o tempo livre de ventilação mecânica invasiva em 28 dias e a mortalidade hospitalar em 60 dias. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 30 pacientes adultos com HIV/AIDS e insuficiência respiratória aguda hipoxêmica. Todos os pacientes receberam uma sequência randomizada de PEEP não invasivo (os valores usados foram 5, 10 ou 15 cmH2O) por vinte minutos. A PEEP foi fornecida através de máscara facial com pressão suporte (PSV) de 5 cmH2O e uma FiO2 = 1. Um período de washout de 20 minutos com respiração espontânea foi permitido entre cada PEEP. Variáveis clínicas e uma gasometria arterial foram registradas após cada etapa de PEEP. RESULTADOS: Analisando os 30 pacientes, a oxigenação melhorou linearmente com a elevação da PEEP, contudo, estudando os pacientes conforme a PEEP inicial randomizada, a oxigenação foi similar independentemente da primeira PEEP randomizada (5, 10 ou 15 cmH2O), e somente o subgrupo com PEEP inicial = 5 cmH2O melhorou mais a oxigenação quando PEEPs maiores foram usadas. A PaCO2 também aumentou junto com a elevação da PEEP, especialmente com uma PEEP = 15 cmH2O. O uso de PSV = 5 cmH2O foi associado com significante e consistente melhora da sensação subjetiva de dispnéia e da frequência respiratória com PEEP de 0 a 15 cmH2O. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes com SIDA e insuficiência respiratória hipoxêmica melhoram a oxigenação com a elevação progressiva e sequencial da PEEP até 15 cmH2O, contudo a elevação da PaCO2 limita a PEEP até 10 cmH2O. Uma PSV = 5 cmH2O promove uma melhora da sensação subjetiva da dispnéia independentemente do uso de PEEP / INTRODUTION: The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a pandemic, and lung diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and are often associated with respiratory infections, hypoxemia and death. The noninvasive ventilation with positive pressure refers to the provision of mechanical ventilatory assistance without the need for artificial airway invasion, being recognized for improving oxygenation and dyspnea in patients with hipoxemic respiratory failure. Patients with AIDS and hypoxemic respiratory failure often require invasive mechanical ventilation, which is independently associated with mortality. Given the uncertainties about response in oxygenation with PEEP in patients with AIDS with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and using the rational for progressive pressurization of the airway and its potential benefits on blood oxygenation, we made the hypothesis that increased levels of sequential PEEP up to 15 cmH2O may improve blood oxygenation without affecting the comfort and hemodynamics of the patient. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different sequences of PEEP levels on gas exchange, the sensation of dyspnea and hemodynamics in patients with AIDS and acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. The secondary objective was to assess the time free of invasive mechanical ventilation in 28 days and hospital mortality within 60 days. METHODS: We studied 30 adults patients with HIV/AIDS and acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. All patients received a randomized sequence of noninvasive PEEP (the values used were 5,10 or 15 cmH2O) for twenty minutes. PEEP was delivered via face mask with pressure support (PSV) of 5 cmH2O and FiO2 = 1. A washout period of 20 minutes with spontaneous breathing was allowed between each PEEP trial. Clinical variables and arterial blood gases were recorded after each PEEP step. RESULTS: Analyzing the 30 patients, oxygenation improved linearly with increasing PEEP, however studying the patients randomized according to the initial PEEP, oxygenation was similar regardless of the first randomized PEEP (5,10 or 15 cmH2O), and only the subgroup with initial PEEP = 5 cmH2O further improve the oxygenation when high PEEP were used. The PaCO2 also rose beside the PEEP elevation, especially with a PEEP = 15 cmH2O. The use of PSV = 5 cmH2O was associated with significant and consistent improvement of subjective sensation of dyspnea and respiratory rate with a PEEP from 0 to 15 cmH2O. CONCLUSION: AIDS-patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure improve oxygenation with a progressive sequential elevation of PEEP up to 15 cmH2O, however the elevation of PaCO2 limit the PEEP up to 10 cmH2O. A PSV = 5 cmH2O promotes an improvement of subjective sensation of dyspnea independently from the use of PEEP

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-11-13T14:19:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao Josy Pinho.pdf: 1226133 bytes, checksum: eb4114659ac7eea459d334e4f15bb04f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-11-13T14:19:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao Josy Pinho.pdf: 1226133 bytes, checksum: eb4114659ac7eea459d334e4f15bb04f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-13T14:19:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao Josy Pinho.pdf: 1226133 bytes, checksum: eb4114659ac7eea459d334e4f15bb04f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Viva Rio / Objetivo: Análise da morbidade materna grave (near miss materno), por meio de revisão sistemática de estudos no Brasil. Métodos: Foram examinados estudos que relataram dados quantitativos, causas e fatores associados à morbidade materna grave (near miss materno). A busca foi feita pelos sites MEDLINE e LILACS, sendo as palavras-chave: maternal near miss or severe maternal morbidity and Brazil. Foram extraídos dados utilizando-se um protocolo pré-definido (autor, ano, desenho do estudo, população estudada, cenário e contexto, análise estatística, critérios de near miss e resultados). A razão de near miss e os indicadores derivados foram descritos ou estimados, quando não relatados. Resultados: Identificamos 55 estudos, a maioria de desenho transversal (32). Predominaram estudos (40) de base hospitalar (local ou nacional); outros usaram sistemas de informação de saúde ou pesquisas nacionais de saúde. Diferentes definições e terminologias para “near miss” foram adotadas. A Razão de near miss materno variou de 2,4/ 1000 NV a 188,4/ 1000 NV, dependendo dos critérios e do cenário epidemiológico. O índice de mortalidade near miss materno variou entre 3,3% e 32,2%. Doenças hipertensivas e hemorrágicas foram as morbidades mais comuns. As causas indiretas vêm aumentando nos últimos anos. A ausência de cuidados pré-natais e outras demoras nos cuidados de saúde foram associados ao near miss, como também fatores sociodemográficos (cor da pele não branca, adolescência/ idade≥35 anos, baixo nível de escolaridade). Conclusão: O near miss materno no Brasil está associado a iniquidades e demoras na assistência à saúde. Existem grandes diferenças entre as regiões e de acordo com a classificação/ definição usada nos estudos. Os casos de near miss devem ser monitorados rotineiramente em unidades de saúde. Pesquisas futuras sobre casos de near miss materno devem usar os critérios da OMS e expandir o conceito de morbidade materna / Objective: Analysis of severe maternal morbidity (maternal near miss), through systematic review of studies in Brazil. Methods: We examined studies that reported quantitative data, causes, and associated factors on severe maternal morbidity (maternal near miss). The search was through MEDLINE and LILACS, and keywords were: maternal near miss or severe maternal morbidity and Brazil. We extracted data, using a pre-defined protocol (author, year, study design, population studied, setting and context, statistical analysis, criteria of near miss, and results). Near miss ratios, and near miss indicators were described or estimated, when not reported. Results: We identified 55 studies, mainly cross-sectional (32). Most of them (35) were health facility-based (local or national); others used health information systems or national health surveys. Different definitions and terminologies for maternal near miss were adopted. Near miss ratio ranged from 2,4/1000 LB to 188,4/1000 LB, depending on criteria and epidemiological scenario. Mortality index for maternal near miss ranged from 3.3%-32.2%. Hypertensive diseases and hemorrhage were the commonest morbidities. Indirect causes have been increasing in last years. Absence of prenatal care and other delays in health care were associated with near miss, as sociodemographic factors (skin color, adolescence and age > 35 years, low educational level). Conclusion: Maternal near miss in Brazil is associated with health iniquities and delays in health care. Large differences exist between regions and depending on the classification/setting of the studies. Near miss cases should be surveyed routinely in health facilities. Future research on maternal near misses should use WHO criteria and expand the concept of maternal morbidity

Abstract The purpose of this study is to look at the plant use on the coast of the Bothnian Bay and especially the changes that have taken place in the era of modernization. What changes do we see in the use of grave plants? How did urbanization influence everyday plant use? How did garden culture and food culture influence external contacts? The households surveyed were located on Keskikatu, Tornio, from the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 19th century. As a reference, to the early modern households, I have studied the use of grave plants of the east coast of the Bothnian Bay. The results are based on the archaeological excavation results of the cemeteries and the inventories under the churches. The burials under the floors of the Tornio, Kempele, Keminmaa and Haukipudas churches have been dated to the 17th to 19th centuries. The results of archaeological excavations at the Iin Hamina and Manamansalo cemeteries indicate the region's medieval graves. The burials from Oulu Cathedral cemetery represent the 17th and 18th centuries, respectively. The gardening of the 18th century is a sign of a modern relationship with nature and, as part of urbanization, a key feature of modernization. The garden culture was visible earlier in the late 17th century and especially in 18th century Tornio and the northernmost parts of Sweden in structures and plans. New architectural currents were also introduced to Tornio in the form of urban plans, and features of classicalism were introduced during the 1700s, but some not until the next century. Ideas largely reached the North thanks to lively trade relations. Even though new commodities - ideas and materials - were wanted, appeared more in desires and plans than in practice. This is reflected in both food culture and garden culture. Foreign plants, medicines or foods were replaced by local plants. The availability of materials defined ownership in Tornio, and the disclosure of one's own ethnic or class identity was not so important in a small community. The manifestations of city identity were a new type of diet and a city garden. The early modern manifestation of nature is a form garden. During the 1700s and 1800s, the town garden grew into a more aesthetic park-like part of the city. In burial ceremonies, different customs and traditions mixed with each other and the origin of the meanings sometimes became obscured. In graves, new plants and artificial decorations were introduced alongside local plants. The 1700s were also central to this change. In the 19th century, burials were associated with indoor flowers and increasingly strong species of origin. There are long traditions in certain graves that follow neither cultural boundaries nor geographical, temporal or religious environments. These include, for example, the use of spruce twigs (Picea abies) and birch bark (Betula). The choice of plants, both in everyday life and in celebrations, began to emphasize individual focus and versatility. Spruce, birch, juniper (Juniperus communis) and raspberry (Rubus idaeus) remained in the life and death of the northern people, as medicines, decorations, food, spices, odours, structures and symbols. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tarkastella kasvienkäyttötapoja Perämeren rannikolla ja erityisesti niiden muutoksia modernisaatioon liittyen. Mitä muutoksia hautakasvien käytössä näkyy? Miten kaupungistuminen vaikutti arjen kasvienkäyttöön? Millä tavalla puutarha- ja ruokakulttuuri saivat vaikutteita ulkoa tulevista kontakteista? Tutkimuksen kohteena olevat kotitaloudet sijaitsivat Keskikadulla, Torniossa, 1600-luvun lopusta 1800-luvun alkuun. Vertailukohteena olen tutkinut kasvien käyttöä Perämeren itärannikon hautauksissa. Tulokset perustuvat hautausmaiden arkeologisiin kaivaustuloksiin sekä kirkkojen alla tehtyihin inventointeihin. Tornion, Kempeleen, Keminmaan ja Haukiputaan kirkkojen lattioiden alle tehdyt haudat on ajoitettu 1600- ja 1800-luvuille. Arkeologisten kaivausten tulokset Iin Haminan ja Manamansalon hautausmailla kertovat alueen keskiaikaisista haudoista. Oulun tuomiokirkon hautauksien tutkimustulokset edustavat vastaavasti 1600–1700-lukuja. 1700-luvun puutarhaharrastus on merkki uudenlaisesta luontosuhteesta. Kaupungistumisen osana se on modernisaation keskeinen piirre. Puutarhakulttuuri oli aikaisemmassa vaiheessaan 1600-luvun lopulla ja erityisesti 1700-luvulla Torniossa ja pohjoisimmissa osissa Ruotsia näkyvillä rakenteiden ja suunnitelmien kautta. Myös uudet arkkitehtoniset virtaukset tuotiin Tornioon ensin kaupunkisuunnitelmien muodossa ja klassismin piirteet tulivat käyttöön pitkin 1700-lukua; osa vasta seuraavalla vuosisadalla. Ideat saavuttivat pohjoisen suhteellisen nopeasti vilkkaiden kauppasuhteiden ansiosta. Uudet hyödykkeet – ideat ja materiaalit – vaikka haluttuja olivatkin, esiintyivät enemmän toiveina ja suunnitelmina kuin käytäntönä. Tämä näkyy sekä ruokakulttuurissa että puutarhakulttuurissa. Vieraita kasveja, lääkkeitä tai ruokia korvattiin kotoisilla kasveilla. Torniossa materiaalien saatavuus määritteli omistamista, eikä oman etnisen tai luokkaidentiteetin julkituominen ollut pienessä yhteisössä niin tärkeää. Kaupunki-identiteetin ilmentymiä olivat uudenlainen ruokavalio ja kaupunkipuutarha. Varhainen modernin luontosuhteen ilmentymä on muotopuutarha. Kaupunkipuutarha, joka oli ollut tunnusomaista kaupungeissa jo keskiaikana, jalostui 1700- ja 1800-lukujen aikana esteettisemmäksi, puistomaiseksi kaupungin keskeiseksi osaksi myös Torniossa. Hautaamisessa eri tavat ja perinteet sekoittuivat keskenään ja merkitysten alkuperä hämärtyi. Hautakasveissa paikallisten kasvien rinnalle tuli uusia kasveja ja keinotekoisia koristeita. 1700-luku on tässäkin muutoksessa keskeinen. 1800-luvulla hautaamisen yhteyteen tulivat sisäkukat ja yhä vahvemmin alkuperältään vieraat lajit. Tiettyjen hautakasvien kohdalla on nähtävissä pitkiä perinteitä, jotka rikkovat kulttuurirajoja, sekä maantieteellisessä, ajallisessa että uskonnollisessa ympäristössä. Tällaisia ovat esimerkiksi havujen ja tuohen käyttö. Kasvien valinnassa, sekä arjessa että juhlassa, alkoi korostua yksilökeskeisyys ja monipuolisuus, joita vahvisti varallisuus. Kuusi, koivu, kataja ja vadelma - pysyvät pohjoisen väen elämässä ja kuolemassa, niin lääkkeinä, koristeina, ruokana, mausteina ja hajuina kuin rakenteina ja symboleinakin.

(in English) This thesis called Grave, Tombstone, Graveyard. The Range of Motifs of the Czech Painting of the 19th Century is based on the analysis of paintings, drawings and graphics made by Czech authors throughout the 19th century. Artists worked with funeral motifs in different ways and these will be presented in different case studies. Some painters were fascinated by these subjects and they turned their attention to them systematically and repeatedly throughout their career. Other artists worked with funeral motifs rarely, although significantly. Artists integrated motifs of graves, monuments and cemeteries to their pieces of art for different purposes; this was connected with the interest of Romanticism in aesthetic anomalies and mystery, with their personal experience and feelings. Artists were also interested in genre scenes that were situated in cemeteries. Funeral motifs can be found in illustrated journals as well. Their aim was to document the specific place and as to symbolically express the finality of the life. The pieces of art will be presented in the context of the burial rites and literature of the 19th century. This phenomenon was also reflected by foreign artists, some of them will be also mentioned in the thesis as an analogy to the Czech works.