A dinâmica populacional de Scomber japonicus peruanus (cavalinha) foi estudada com base nos dados de captura da pesca comercial obtidos mensalmente, de janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 2003, no litoral peruano (3°23’S-18°20’S e 72°W-84°W), dentro do projeto “Seguimento de los recursos pelágicos en el litoral peruano" que vem sendo desenvolvido no Instituto del Mar del Perú – IMARPE. Nesse período, a Temperatura Superficial do Mar foi obtida mensalmente em cada uma das áreas de coleta. A análise dos parâmetros de crescimento e as taxas de mortalidade, bem como o padrão de recrutamento da cavalinha, foram feitos a partir dos dados da pesca comercial correspondente aos anos de 1996 a 2003, enquanto na avaliação do estoque utilizaram-se os do período de 1993 a 2003. A Temperatura Superficial do Mar variou de 13,60°C (2001) a 29,34°C (1998), sendo os valores mínimos encontrados em 1996 e 1999-2001 e máximos em 1992-1993 e 1997-1998. Os desembarques da espécie Scomber japonicus peruanus entre 1990 e 2003 variaram de 8.119 t a 387.659 t, sendo o valor médio 122.513 t. As médias dos desembarques mensais oscilaram entre 3.274 t e 16.853 t, com maiores valores registrados nos meses de novembro e dezembro de 1998, bem como em janeiro e março de 1999. As anomalias positivas máximas dos desembarques, que variaram de 134.985 t a 345.137 t, foram obtidas no período de 1997-1999 e em 2001, enquanto elevadas anomalias negativas nos anos de 1992 (-34.402 t) e 1993 (-32.894 t). Os resultados mostraram que no período de 1993-2003 o comprimento médio furcal da cavalinha diminuiu de 30,50 cm para 26,70 cm, que o comprimento furcal de primeira captura (Cf50) foi 26,40 cm e que o recrutamento ocorreu o ano todo, principalmente, no verão. xiii No período compreendido entre 1996 e 2003, o estudo do crescimento e mortalidade da cavalinha evidenciou que os valores do comprimento assintótico (Cf∞) e os da taxa de crescimento (K), obtidos pelo ELEFAN I e os registrados pelo método de Ford- Walford, foram 42,40 cm e 0,40 ano–1, respectivamente. O comprimento igual a zero (to) foi –0,37 ano–1 e a amplitude de oscilação (C) 0,40, enquanto os valores de Winter Point (Wp) 0,60 e o do índice de performance (φ) 2,86. A taxa média de mortalidade total (Z) obtida pela análise da curva de captura linearizada e pelo método de Beverton & Holt, foi 2,30 ano–1; a taxa de mortalidade por pesca (F) 1,97 ano–1 e a taxa de explotação 0,86 ano–1. A taxa anual de mortalidade natural (M) estimada pelo método de Rikhter & Efanov e pela equação de Pauly foi 0,50 ano–1. A longevidade da cavalinha foi 7,60 anos. A análise de coorte de comprimento e a aplicação dos modelos de rendimento por recruta de Beverton & Holt e o preditivo de Thompson & Bell, revelaram que o estoque de Scomber japonicus peruanus encontra-se sobre-explotado e próximo da capacidade máxima. / The population dynamics of the Scomber japonicus peruanus (Chub mackerel) was studied based on commercial fishing data obtained monthly from January 1999 to December 2003 off the Peru coast (3°23’S-18°20’S e 72°W-84°W), within the “Tracking of pelagic resources off the Peru coast" project which is being carried out at the Instituto del Mar del Peru – IMARPE. During this period, Sea Surface Temperature data was obtained monthly I n each one of the sampling areas. The analysis of the growth parameters, mortality rates, as well as the recruitment pattern of the Chub mackerel was obtained from commercial fishing data from 1996 to 2003. For stock assessment the time range was from 1993 to 2003. Sea Surface Temperature varied from 13.60°C (2001) to 29.34°C (1998) with minimum values being found in 1996 and 1999-2001 and maximum values in 1992-1993 and 1997-1998. The landing of the Scomber japonicus peruanus species between 1990 and 2003 varied from 8.119 t to 387.659 t, with an average of 122.513 t. The average of the monthly landings varied between 3.274 t and 16.853 t, with higher values registered on November and December 1998 as well as January and March 1999. The maximum positive anomalies of the landings, which varied from 134.985 to 345.137 t, were obtained in 1997 -1999 and in 2001. On the other hand, high negative anomalies were obtained in 1992 (-34.402 t) and 1993 (-32.894 t). The results show that from 1993 to 2003 the mean fork length of the Chub mackerel decreased from 30,50 cm to 26,70 cm, the fork length of the first catch (Cf50) was 26,40 and that recruitment occurred all year, especially during the summer. Between 1996 and 2003, the growth and mortality study of the Chub mackerel showed that the asymptotic body length (Cf∞) and the growth rate values (K) obtained by ELEFAN I and the ones xv registered by the Ford-Walford method were 42.40 cm and 0.40 cm year–1, respectively. The t-zero (length is 0) was –0.37 year–1 and the amplitude (C) 0.40. The Winter Point (Wp) value was 0.60 and the performance index (φ) 2.86. The mean total mortality rate (Z), obtained by analyzing the linearized catch curve and by the Beverton and Holt method, was 2.30 year–1. The rate of fishing mortality (F) was 1.97 year–1 and the exploitation rate 0.86 year–1. The annual rate of natural mortality (M) estimated by the Rikter and Efanov method and by the Pauly equation was 0.50 year–1. The longevity of the Chub mackerel was 7.60 years. The length based cohort analysis and the application of Beverton and Holt's yield per recruit models as well as Thompson and Bell's predictive model, revealed that the Scomber japonicus peruanus is over exploited and nearing it's maximum capacity.

Tesis (magíster en derecho de familia(s) derecho de la infancia y adolescencia) / Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-03-08T13:39:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Yoshida - 2014.pdf: 1288702 bytes, checksum: dd0e8e177b650008eb0f97adf3f3090b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-09T11:11:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Yoshida - 2014.pdf: 1288702 bytes, checksum: dd0e8e177b650008eb0f97adf3f3090b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-09T11:11:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Yoshida - 2014.pdf: 1288702 bytes, checksum: dd0e8e177b650008eb0f97adf3f3090b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The influence of climatic variables on angular leaf spot of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and the reaction of the causal agent Pseudocercospora griseola (Sacc.) Crous & Braun to the carbendazim fungicide were assessed in this study. A methodology for assessing the pathogen resistance to the carbendazim fungicide, of wide use in Brazilian agriculture, was developed at Embrapa Rice and Beans, in Santo Antônio de Goiás. The test was based on P. griseola conidia suspensions at concentrations of 103, 104 and 105 spores mL-1, fungicide concentrations of the at 1 ppm, 10 ppm and 100 ppm per mL-1at the presence of Alamar Blue dye. Alamar Blue is an indicator of cell activity, where the metabolism of viable cells corresponds to a higher dye reduction and a colorimetric reaction. The experimental results were assessed with the support a spectrophotometer to quantify the amount of reduced dye, and thus, to verify the pathogen’s resistance to the fungicide. The results demonstrated the feasibility of the method and greater resistance of the isolate Pg 669 to carbendazim in comparison to isolates Pg 410 and Pg 786. Furthermore, the recommended methodology consisted on fungicide at 100 ppm, 1 × 104 conidia mL-1and 40 hours of incubation at 25ºC. Another study considered the relationships between angular leaf spot severity, crop yield and climate variables to estimate the impacts of monthly rainfall and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon on the disease and yield losses in crops established in the spring/summer (November-February) or fall (February-May) season, in crops established in the spring/summer (November-February) or fall (February-May) season, in different Brazilian municipalities, between 2001 and 2010. The disease data was retrieved from experiments of value, cultivation and use (VCU), conducted by Embrapa and its partners, with the cultivars Pérola, BRS Grafite e BRS Requinte. These tests were carried out in a randomized block design with three replications. The results showed differences (p<0.05) between cultivars and between planting seasons. By means of regression analysis, an inversely proportional relationship between yield and disease severity was found. The principal components analysis, in turn, revealed that ENSO influences differently disease severity and crop yield according to the location of the experiments in the Brazilian states of Goiás, Paraná and Pernambuco. These results provide new evidences about the efficiency of commercially used fungicides for angular leaf spot management, demonstrate the impacts of the disease on a regional scale, and support predictive models of disease and risk assessments of climate change on the development of crops. / Este trabalho avaliou a influência de variáveis climáticas sobre a mancha angular do feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), e a reação de seu agente causal Pseudocercospora griseola (Sacc.) Crous & Braun ao fungicida carbendazim. Na Embrapa Arroz e Feijão (Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO) foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para avaliação da resistência do patógeno ao fungicida carbendazim, de amplo uso na agricultura brasileira. Foram avaliadas suspensões de conídios de P. griseola em concentrações de 103, 104 e 105 esporos mL-1 com concentrações do fungicida a 1 ppm, 10 ppm e 100 ppm mL-1, junto ao corante Alamar Blue. Este corante função é um indicador da atividade celular presente, onde maior a atividade celular corresponde a uma maior redução do corante, o que resulta em uma reação colorimétrica. A análise do experimento foi feita com o auxílio de um espectrofotômetro, para quantificar a quantidade de corante reduzida e assim verificar a resistência do patógeno ao fungicida testado. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade do método e a maior resistência do isolado Pg 669 ao carbendazim, em relação aos Pg 410 e Pg 786, e recomendação para estes ensaios com o fungicida a 100 ppm, 1 × 104 esporos mL- 1, 10 l de Alamar Blue em um intervalo de incubação ótimo de 40 horas a 25ºC. Em outro estudo, foi realizado um levantamento da severidade da mancha angular, da produtividade da cultura e de variáveis climáticas para se estimar os impactos da precipitação mensal e do fenômeno El-Niño Oscilação Sul (ENSO) sobre a doença e as perdas de rendimento nas safras das águas e da seca, em diferentes municípios brasileiros, entre 2001 e 2010. Os dados foram provenientes de ensaios de valoração, cultivo e uso (VCU), conduzidos pela Embrapa e seus parceiros, com as cultivares Pérola, BRS Grafite e BRS Requinte, na safra das águas (novembro-fevereiro) e, eventualmente, da seca (fevereiro-maio). A partir das análises realizadas foram observadas diferenças (p<0,05) entre as cultivares e entre as épocas de plantio. Por meio da análise de regressão, foi observada uma relação inversamente proporcional entre produtividade e severidade da doença. A análise de componentes principais, por sua vez, revelou que o fenômeno ENSO influencia diferentemente a severidade da doença e produtividade da cultura conforme a localização dos plantios nos estados de Goiás, Paraná e Pernambuco. Estes resultados fornecem novos subsídios sobre avaliar a eficiência dos fungicidas utilizados comercialmente para o manejo da mancha angular, demonstram dos impactos da doença em escala regional e subsidiam o desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão de doenças e avaliações de risco de mudanças climáticas sobre o desenvolvimento de cultivos do feijão comum

In this article, we present the preliminary results of the first season of excavations at Huaca Cortada, Caballo Muerto Complex, lower Moche Valley. While Huaca Cortada is one of the largest mounds at Caballo Muerto, there is little known about its occupation. Our research focused on various aspects of the site’s occupation including a more detailed understanding of its construction and chronology. We have determined that Huaca Cortada was first constructed around 1500 cal BC. However, the presence of pottery associated with later architectural phases indicates a longer and more complex occupational history. Furthermore, the excavations showed that Huaca Cortada was built in multiple construction phases to increase its size through time. This fact challenges previous conclusions that Huaca Cortada was built in a single construction episode, which was directed by a centralized political authority. Interestingly, several of the building phases of the mound have sedimentary deposits formed by strong rains associated with the El Niño phenomenon. / En este artículo se presentan los resultados preliminares de la primera temporada de excavaciones en Huaca Cortada, complejo de Caballo Muerto, valle bajo de Moche. A pesar de que es uno de los edificios más grandes de dicho conjunto, hay poca información sobre su ocupación. El actual estudio, enfocado en varios aspectos de este tema, ofrece una comprensión más detallada de las fases de construcción y de su cronología. Se determinó que Huaca Cortada fue erigida alrededor de 1500 a.C. (calib.); sin embargo, la presencia de cerámica asociada a fases de una ocupación más tardía sugiere una historia más larga y compleja. Además, las excavaciones demuestran que el montículo fue construido en múltiples fases y con el objeto de aumentar sus dimensiones. Más aún, algunas fases tienen depósitos con sedimentos producidos por las fuertes lluvias asociadas al fenómeno de El Niño. Estas conclusiones desafían las afirmaciones previas, que indicaban que Huaca Cortada había sido levantada en una sola fase y bajo la dirección de una autoridad centralizada.

Les océans expliquent une part importante de la variabilité des pluies de mousson en Afrique de l’ouest. Quels sont les mécanismes physiques de ces interactions océan– atmosphère ? Comment sont-elles reproduites par les modèles de climat ? Ces deux questions sont ici abordées, en séparant d’emblée les échelles de temps interannuelles et décennales, et en confrontant les simulations réalisées pour le 4e rapport du Groupe intergouvernemental d’experts sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) aux données observées du xxe siècle. À l’échelle interannuelle, les anomalies de température à la surface du Pacifique équatorial, du golfe de Guinée, et de la Méditerranée sont statistiquement liées aux anomalies des pluies d’Afrique de l’ouest. La question de la stationnarité de ces liens au cours du xxe siècle est brièvement abordée. Les mécanismes physiques sont ensuite appréhendés dans les réanalyses atmosphériques et dans les simulations couplées du GIEC. Pour comprendre le comportement du modèle du Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), différentes expériences de sensibilité sont réalisées en prescrivant à l’océan une tension de vent réanalysée, sur le Pacifique tropical ou sur tout globe. Une simulation atmosphérique avec des températures de surface prescrites est aussi utilisée pour discuter du rôle du couplage océan–atmosphère. Étant donné le caractère saisonnier de la mousson africaine, le phasage temporel de la variabilité océanique doit être considéré avec attention. Dans les modèles couplés, les biais de l’El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) et de l’Atlantic Niño conduisent en effet à des interactions océan–mousson différentes de celles observées. À terme, une meilleure compréhension et simulation de la variabilité océanique et de ses influences pourrait permettre d’améliorer les scores de prévision saisonnière sur l’Afrique de l’ouest / The oceans explain an important part of the variability of monsoon rainfall overWest Africa. What are the physical processes of those ocean–atmosphere interactions? How are they simulated by climate models? Both issues are addressed, by considering the interannual and decadal time-scales separately, and comparing the simulations performed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to the 20th Century observation record. At the interannual time-scale, sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific, the Gulf of Guinea, and the Mediterranean, are statistically linked to the West African monsoon rainfall. The stationnarity of those links is assessed over the 20th Century. The physical processes are then studied in the atmospheric reanalyses and in the IPCC coupled simulations. To understand the behaviour of the Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM) model, various sensitivity experiments are carried out, with a reanalyzed wind-stress prescribed to the ocean model, over the tropical Pacific or over the global ocean. An atmospheric simulation with prescribed sea surface temperatures is also used, to discuss the role of the ocean–atmosphere coupling. Given the seasonality of the West African monsoon, attention has to be paid to the phaselocking of the oceanic variability. In the coupled models, the biases of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and of the Atlantic Niño lead indeed to ocean–monsoon interactions that are different from those observed. A better understanding and simulation of the oceanic variability and its influences could in fine enhance the seasonal forecasting skills over West Africa

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as influências dos fenômenos El Niño/La Niña (EN/LN) no rendimento regional de trigo cultivado no Paraná entre 1976 e 2002. Os dados de produtividade foram obtidos junto à SEAB e os meteorológicos junto ao IAPAR, e agrupados em 6 regiões produtoras (norte, noroeste, oeste, sudoeste, sul e centro-oeste). A tendência tecnológica da série de cada região foi eliminada para facilitar a associação entre a ocorrência dos eventos EN/LN e os desvios na produtividade regional. O balanço hídrico climatológico seqüencial de Thornthwaite-Mather (CAD = 100 mm) na escala decendial permitiu detectar a situação da umidade do solo regional durante o período de cultivo em cada ano com desvio significativo de produtividade. Verificou-se queda do rendimento em anos de El Niño nas regiões centro-oeste e oeste, e tendência a acréscimo ao rendimento em anos de La Niña na região sul. Para as regiões norte, noroeste e sudoeste não foi encontrado efeito significativo desses fenômenos sobre o rendimento regional. / The aim of this study was to verify the influences of El Niño/La Niña (EN/LN) in the regional yield of wheat in Paraná from 1976 to 2002. The yield and meteorological data were grouped in 6 regions, i.e., north, northwest, west, south, southwest, and central west. The technological trend of the yield series was eliminated to allow associations between the occurrence of the events EN/LN and the deviation of regional yield. Sequential climatological Thornthwaite-Mather water balance (SWC = 100 mm) on a 10-days time scale was used to detect the regional soil moisture conditions during the growth period in each year with large yield deviation. There was yield decrease in years of EN in the center-west and west regions, and tendency of yield increase in LN years in the south region. In the north, northwest, and southwest regions there was no significant effect of the EN/LN on the regional wheat yield.

Le projet INDESO (Développement de l'océanographie spatiale en Indonésie) en collaboration entre le gouvernement indonésien (Ministère des affaires maritimes et des pêches - MMAF) et la société française CLS (Collecte Localisation Satellite) promeut l'utilisation des technologies spatiales pour la surveillance des côtes et des mers indonésiennes. Cette thèse fait partie du volet sur la surveillance des récifs coralliens, mené par l'IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement). L'objectif principal était de déterminer si les habitats des récifs coralliens dans l'île de Bunaken dans le nord de Sulawesi sont résilients, en utilisant i) des cartes d'habitat nouvellement conçues, ii) des données in situ et une série chronologique de 15 ans unique d'images satellites de différents capteurs très haute résolution (THR), iii) des données auxiliaires qui pourraient expliquer les changements détectés. Les résultats comprennent des cartes très détaillées de l'habitat des récifs de Bunaken (194 polygones cartographiés et un recensement de 175 habitats). L'influence de la chute du niveau de la mer sur la mortalité des coraux pendant l'événement El Niño de 2015-2016 est présentée en détail, et l'importance de ce processus est également discutée à partir de l'interprétation d'une série chronologique unique de 15 ans d'images THR. La série temporelle met en évidence des trajectoires très différentes des habitats coralliens. Nous avons conclu que le récif de Bunaken démontre une capacité de résilience et sans déphasage, mais qu'un diagnostic définitif de sa résilience reste difficile à déterminer par imagerie. Des trajectoires de l'habitat ne peuvent pas être totalement interprétées sans changer certains paradigmes de surveillance, et sans utiliser une combinaison d'observations de télédétection et de données in situ. / The INDESO (Infrastructure Development of Space Oceanography) project, in collaboration with the Indonesian Government (Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries - MMAF) and the French company CLS (Collecte Localisation Satellites), promotes the use of space technologies for monitoring coastlines and Indonesian seas. This thesis is part of coral reef monitoring component, led by the IRD (Institute de Recherche pour le Développement). The main objective was to determine wether coral reef habitats on Bunaken Island in Northern Sulawesi are resilient, using (i) newly desgined habitat maps, (ii) in situ data, and a unique 15-year time series of satellite images of different very high resolution (VHR) sensors, and (iii) ancillary data that could explain the changes detected. The results include highly detailed maps of the Bunaken reefs habitat (194 polygons mapped and a census of 175 habitats). The influence of sea level fall on coral mortality during the El-Nino event of 2015 - 2016 is presented in detail, and the importance of this process is also discussed from the interpretation of a unique time series of 15 years of VHR images. The temporal series reveals very different trajectories of the coral habitats. We conclude that Bunaken reefs demonstrate an ability to resileince and without phase shift, but that a definitive diagnosis of their resilience remains difficult to determine by imagery. Habitat trajectories can not be fully interpreted without changing some monitoring paradigms and without using a combination of remote sensing and in situ data.

The objective of this study is to describe the effects of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the weather patterns in Queensland during the Australian summer monsoon. The focus is on the period from October-January when the summer monsoon is governing the weather pattern of Northern Australia. The theory part introduces the reader to the physics of the different phases of ENSO and the Australian summer monsoon. Weather station data of rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature data are investigated statistically. The presented results are an earlier onset of the monsoon season in Queensland during La Niña-events and a stronger monsoon in the sense of more or stronger active periods. Regarding El Niño's effects on the summer monsoon in Queensland no significant results were found. The results show the importance of not looking at the warm and cold phase of ENSO as opposites and agree with what Sarachik (2010) and Sturman &amp; Tapper (1996) states. / Målet med studien är att beskriva El Niño-Southern Oscillations (ENSO) effekter på vädret i Queensland under den australiensiska sommarmonsunen. Fokus ligger på perioden oktober-januari då sommarmonsunen styr vädret över norra Australien. Teoridelen syftar till att introducera läsaren till fysiken bakom de olika faserna av ENSO och den australiensiska sommarmonsunen. Data från väderstationer i Queensland av parametrarna nederbörd, minimum och maximum temperatur undersöks statistiskt. Resultaten som presenteras indikerar en tidigare början av monsunsäsongen i Queensland under La Niña-perioder och att monsunen förstärks genom fler eller starkare aktiva perioder. I resultaten sågs ingen eller mycket svag påverkan från El Niño-perioder på monsunen i Queensland. Dessa resultat påvisar vikten av att inte se på den varma och kalla fasen av ENSO som motsatser till varandra och stämmer överens med litteratur av Sarachik (2010) och Sturman &amp; Tapper (1996).

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / El presente trabajo está orientado al estudio del procedimiento especial de adopción de las medidas de protección de los derechos de los niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA). Sus falencias y virtudes, como se ha ido adoptando a través del tiempo, y como se moldea a los nuevos estándares nacionales e internacionales. Los derechos de los NNA, han sido adoptados como Derechos Humanos, por lo que todo país que los haya adoptado como propios debe adecuar sus políticas, economía y legislación en pos de asegurarlos. Para ello resulta necesario una conceptualización de las medidas de protección de los NNA, y un estudio de la estructura del procedimientos, de sus intervinientes, los principios que lo informan y cómo conviven entre ellos, la norma vigente, y las reformas que buscan satisfacer los estándares internacionales. Palabras claves: Medidas cautelares especiales, medidas de protección, niños, niñas y adolescentes. Interés superior del niño. Convención de los derechos del niño. Ley que crea los tribunales de familia.

These comments have the objective of opening discussion regarding intervention of the State in the economy, regulating prices in times of natural disasters due to the sudden increase of the demand by consumers and consequent economic exploitation by some providers. Taking the chilean case as example, the authors raise certain legislative amendments to avoid that certain providers take improper advantage of consumers in such dramatic times. / Los presentes comentarios pretenden abrir la discusión sobre si el Estado peruano debería intervenir, en tiempos de desastres naturales, en la regulación de los precios de los productos, en tanto estos suelen encarecerse ante el aumento repentino de la demanda por parte de los consumidores y el consiguiente aprovechamiento económico de algunos proveedores. Tomando como ejemplo el caso chileno, planteamos algunas modificatorias legislativas para evitar así que ciertos proveedores se aprovechen de la desesperación de los consumidores en circunstancias tan dramáticas.