Title: The phenomenon of managers in the context of the Czech labor market Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to identify differences in the scope of work of managers and workers in positions referred to as managerial. The analysis of the issue with managers in practice should provide a basis for what constitutes managerial work. Subsequent analysis of the demand for managerial work will document what is required of candidates for managerial positions. These findings should lead to the resolution of the situation regarding the phenomenon of managers in the Czech Republic. Methods: In this thesis a method of qualitative and quantitative data analysis is used. The qualitative analysis uses the technique of in-depth interview which focuses on ten selected managers from different management levels. Thereafter the issue is analysed from an academic expert point of view which helps to see the issue from a wider perspective. The quantitative data analysis is applied to research the jobs ads when entering the term "manager" to the jobs.cz server. Results: The analyzes show that the ideal qualification for a managerial position is to have a university degree, to be linguistically equipped and to have experience in leading and managing people, including some experience in the field in which the manager...

The MA thesis called "Transformation of the labour markets in the United Kingdom, Germany and France in 2007-2010" tests the theory underlying models of capitalism in the context of the EU's Europeanization policies. The theoretical concept is analysed through labour market reforms in the UK, Germany and France between 2007 and 2010. For the purposes of this work, the United Kingdom represents a liberal market economy, Germany a coordinated market economy and France is considered a state-influenced market economy. The time span of the present study is linked to the concept of flexicurity, i.e. the EU's policy aiming to modernize and harmonize the Member States' labour markets, implemented in 2007-2010 within the Lisbon Strategy. The primary objective of the present work is to verify whether the labour market reforms introduced by the British, German and French governments corresponded to their national models of capitalism in the period from 2007 to 2010. The present thesis also explores the degree to which the national governments and socials partners of the UK, Germany and France identified with the concept of flexicurity in 2007-2010. Using the method of a comparative synchronous case study, the research shows that not all labour market reforms were in full compliance with the national models....

Abstract The purpose of this study is to enlighten the knowledge and expand the understanding of the rapidly growing staffing agencies, which contributes to a great workflow and flexibility to the expense of secure employments. Through our own experience working in the staffing industry, we have asked the question “How does a group of low qualified staffing industry workers experience the working conditions in the staffing industry?” At the same time, we also chose to include the experiences of two recruiters to strengthen the experiences of ambulatory employees. (halftime workers) This study is based on a hermeneutic science method, we also used semi structured qualitative interviews to gather essential information and empirical data. To interpret the empirical material, we use tree theories as a tool to explain the phenomenon we intended to investigate. The theories are following Sasika Sassen – Expolsions, Guy Standing – The precarious and Norbert Elias & John L Scotson`s theory of the established and outsiders.     Our interpretation of the empirical material indicates that factors such as safety, solidarity and work conditions are affected in a negative way when you have a part-time employment. Where some people belonging to an abnormal social category often gets excluded and marginalized and excluded by others in the workplace. Part- time employment is characterized by flexibility, insecurity, exclusion, subordination, and lack of community.

Studien syftar till att undersöka hur utrikes födda kvinnor etablerar sig på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Inledningsvis presenteras statistik och undersökningar som belyser en ökning av utrikes födda i Sverige. En markant ökning skedde under åren 2014–2018 på grund av flyktingströmmar från krigsdrabbade länder, majoriteten var arabisktalande. Därtill stannar utrikes födda kvinnor längre i etableringsprocessen mot svensk arbetsmarknad, än inrikes födda och utrikes födda män. Därför finns ett behov av att undersöka och synliggöra bakomliggande faktorer som genererar effektivitet och långsiktighet i utrikes födda kvinnors etableringsprocess av arbetsmarknadsintegrering. I ljuset av detta formuleras undersökningens frågeställningar enligt följande. ”Hur etablerar sig arabisktalande utrikes födda kvinnor på arbetsmarknaden?” och “Vilka faktorer påverkar arabisktalande utrikes födda kvinnors etableringsfas?”. För att få svar på forskningsfrågorna användes en enkät till arabisktalande utrikes födda kvinnor. Resultaten från enkäten har analyserats utifrån Skeggs och Bourdieus teorier för att försöka förstå och förklara dessa kvinnors uppfattning om deras etableringsfas samt de faktorer som upplevs som betydelsefulla för processen. Resultatet av undersökningen pekar på att nätverk, typ av utbildning, erfarenhet, traditioner samt språk är betydelsefulla faktorer för utrikes födda kvinnors etablering på svensk arbetsmarknad. Kvinnorna använder olika former av kapital för att etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden. Vilken typ av kapital de besitter bestäms av deras samhällsposition, som i sin tur främst avgörs utifrån deras typ av utbildning och de sociala nätverk de har.

Flera studier pekar på att många vuxna utrikes födda har ett lägre socialt kapital och saknar värdefulla kontakter, vilket påverkar deras möjligheter att träda in på arbetsmarknaden och etablera sig i samhället. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur utrikes födda som har kommit till Sverige i vuxen ålder fått sina första arbeten i Sverige, och på vilka sätt deras sociala kapital haft betydelse för att träda in på arbetsmarknaden. Studiens frågeställningar är: 1) Hur har informanterna gått tillväga för att få sina första arbeten i den svenska arbetsmarknaden? 2) Vilken betydelse har socialt kapital haft för informanternas väg in på den svenska arbetsmarknaden? För att undersöka detta användes en kvalitativ metod där åtta informanter intervjuades. Studien utgick efter en social nätverksanalys som analysmetod, vilket är en metod för att studera sociala relationer. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är Pierre Bourdieus socialt kapital och Robert Putnams anknytande samt överbryggande socialt kapital.Resultatet visar att informanterna hade olika möjligheter samt begränsningar till att komma in i arbetslivet och skaffa sitt första jobb. En del informanter hade bättre förutsättningar än andra tack vare sina kontaktnät som de kunde dra nytta av vilket resulterade till att de fick ett arbete. Andra informanter hade sämre förutsättningar och hamnade utanför arbetsmarknaden flera år i följd. Några andra informanter fick sina första arbeten i Sverige genom Arbetsförmedlingen eller på egen hand, vilket tyder på att deras socialt kapital var mindre betydelsefullt i förhållande till deras första arbete i Sverige. / Several studies indicate that many foreign-born adults had low social capital and lacked valuable contacts, which affected their opportunities to enter the labor market and establish themselves in society. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the foreign-born interviewees got their first jobs in Sweden, and in what ways their social capital was vital for their entry into the Swedish labor market. The study's questions are: 1) How did the informants go about getting their first jobs in the Swedish labor market 2) What significance did social capital have for the informants' way into the Swedish labor market? To investigate this, a qualitative method was used where eight informants were interviewed. The study was based on a social network analysis as the analysis method, which is a method for studying social relations. The theoretical starting point of the study is Pierre Bourdieu's social capital and Robert Putnam's bonding and bridging social capital.The results of this study show that the informants had different opportunities and limitations to enter working life and get their first job. Some informants had better opportunities than others thanks to their contact networks that they took advantage of, which resulted in their employment. Other informants had worse conditions and ended up outside the labor market for several years. Other informants got their first jobs in Sweden through the Swedish Public Employment Service or on their own, which indicates that their social capital was less important.

Uppsatsens syfte var att undersöka socialarbetares erfarenheter av att stödja deltagare i arbetsmarknadsinsatser. För att undersöka detta genomförde vi fem kvalitativa intervjuer med socialarbetare som är verksamma inom arbetsmarknadsenheter i två olika kommuner. Efter intervjuerna genomfördes en innehållsanalys. Resultatet av denna visar att socialarbetarna upplever att klienten påverkas positivt av rutiner och känsla av sammanhang, samt får en viktig referens att tillföra i CV:et. Respondenterna beskrev även ökad självkänsla och ett kontaktnät som främjande för individen. Enligt resultatet finns det faktorer som hindrar socialarbetarna i arbetet med individen. Dessa faktorer är otydlighet i rollfördelningen mellan arbetsförmedlingen och kommunen, otydligheter i lagen samt att det ibland infinner sig en känsla av tvång hos individen avseende deltagande i en arbetsmarknadsinsats. Slutsatsen är att arbetsmarknadsinsatser ger individen möjlighet att utvecklas på individuell nivå för att på sikt nå ett arbete. Direkta resultat av en arbetsmarknadsinsats är ovanligt, då det tar lång tid att se resultat. / The purpose of this essay was to investigate social workers experiences of supporting participants in labor market initiatives. By interviewing social workers in labor market units, in two different municipalities, and by analyzing their narration of what factors increase a client's chance of employment. After the interviews we performed a content analysis. The result of the analysis shows that the social workers feel that the client is positively affected by routines, the sense of context and receive an important reference to add on the resume. The respondents also described increased self-esteem and a network of contacts as promotion for the individual. According to the result, there are factors that prevent social workers from working with the individual. These factors are ambiguity in the division of roles between the employment service and the municipality, ambiguities in the law and that there is sometimes a feeling of coercion in the individual regarding participation in a labor market initiative. The conclusion is that labor market initiatives give the individual the opportunity to develop on an individual level in order to eventually reach a job. Direct results from a labor market effort are unusual, as it takes a long time to see results.

7 ABSTRACT Topic: Mothers manager - can cope with motherhood and career? is topical and is an area where there are still certain provisions regarding gender equality, which indicates the fact that women are represented only less than a third, although almost half the working population. It is clear that career managers are affected by many factors that are slowing down, which probably has the most significant effect of motherhood. In their qualitative research, I took aim at women who work as managers and have small children. Analyze in detail the four key areas: the experience of women returning after maternity / parental leave for managerial position, the impact of motherhood on their careers, strategies and experiences in balancing work and family and any experience with any form of discrimination in the labor market. The basic research question was: "What are the challenges facing the mother-manager gender inequality in our society?"

The life of labour migrants from third countries in the Czech Republic brings many social problems which foreigners have to solve. Their position in the Czech Republic is mainly determined by setting the legislation of residence permit. Foreigners have a specific social rights by type of residence. The author accounts with the laws of the Czech Republic and with the role of public and private institutions active in the field of migration and integration of foreigners. Also in the context of the regulations and recommendations of the European Union. The author had included the most important social aspects of life in society, such as social security, health, housing and education with special focus on the field of labour. The subject of this thesis is analysis of the status of foreigners in the social conditions of life in the Czech republic.

The thesis deals with an institutional reform of public employment services implemented in the Czech Republic in 2011. By merging social benefits administration with employment services into the newly established Labour Office of the Czech Republic, the right-wing government attempted to reduce the staffing and administrative costs of these services and to improve the governance of local labour offices. Another aim of the reform was to unify the management of employment services. Using the theoretical concept of "policy cycle" and "policy fiasco" the thesis analyses these organisational changes in the functioning of public employment services in the Czech Republic. Data consist of interviews with experts on labour market policy in the Czech Republic and two focus groups with employees of labour offices. The thesis concludes that there appeared several mistakes during implementation of the institutional reform of public employment services in the Czech Republic in 2011 in terms of the policy cycle and it can be referred to as a policy. The reform harmed the reputation and efficiency of employment services.

This dissertation studies the determinants of the spatial distribution of economic activity and how such activity is affected by public policy. The dissertation contains three chapters. In the first chapter, we ask: what role does labor market competitiveness play in determining the location decisions of firms and workers, and the resulting spatial wage distribution? To answer this question, we develop a model of monopsony power in spatial equilibrium. Workers and firms are free to locate in any labor market, and the degree of market power a firm enjoys depends on the number of competing firms in its location. We show the model can rationalize concentrations of economic activity and the city-size wage premium through an endogenous labor market competitiveness channel: in larger labor markets, endogenous firm entry increases labor market competition, decreasing wage markdowns and increasing equilibrium wages. To estimate the magnitude of labor market competitiveness differences across space, we utilize matched employer-employee data from Germany. Using a canonical empirical methodology from the labor economics literature on monopsony, we estimate that labor markets are significantly more competitive in larger cities. Calibrating the model to match this reduced-form evidence, we find endogenous labor market competitiveness can explain 37% of the city-size wage premium and 14% of all agglomeration. In the second chapter, we use the new framework developed in Chapter 1 to study the spatial and welfare implications of the 2015 German national minimum wage law. We first show a traditional spatial model that ignores variation in monopsony power across space predicts large unemployment effects in smaller, lower-wage labor markets, contradicting the reduced-form evidence on the effects of the law. Turning to our monopsony framework, we note that in the calibrated model, monopsony power is strongest in smaller, lower-wage labor markets: exactly those that the perfectly competitive model predicted would have the largest unemployment effects. Imposing the minimum wage in the calibrated monopsony framework, we find results in line with the reduced-form evidence — minimal unemployment effects, even in the lowest-wage labor markets, and therefore significant convergence in regional nominal wage inequality. Accounting for spatially-varying monopsony power, we find the enacted national law outperforms an alternative policy with a lower level of the minimum wage in East Germany, while a law that takes into account variation in productivity and competitiveness significantly outperforms both. In the third chapter (joint with Pablo Ernesto Warnes and Timur Abbiasov), we examine the effects of pedestrianization on business visits. There are significant debates in urban planning on the use of road space in cities. Should (some) streets be pedestrianized? Critics suggest closing streets to vehicles can harm local businesses by reducing access. The effect of pedestrianization on business visits has been difficult to assess due to the lack of an appropriate experiment and lack of systematic data on foot traffic. We examine a unique recent experiment, New York City's Open Streets program, which closed hundreds of street segments to cars, and utilize new anonymized cellphone geodata to measure visits to businesses. Using a matched difference-in-differences design, we find small effects of the program on visits overall, with sufficient precision to rule out significant negative effects, contradicting critics' predictions. We find significant positive effects on visits for Open Streets further from the Central Business District, especially for restaurants and bars. For such businesses, we find a 14% increase in visits as a result of the program.