Yes / Although language is gaining increasing attention in the international management literature, much of the existing empirical work takes a mechanistic approach and as such fails to give sufficient attention to the relationship between language policies and power. By synthesizing the language-sensitive literature in international management with that of organization studies, I demonstrate how the choice of language policy can be viewed as a particular application of power and how employees may seek to resist such choices. This is an important contribution to the cross-cultural management literature, as it extends the understanding of the link between language policies and power by moving away from neutral, pragmatic understandings of language use which have dominated previous research. In doing so, it provides future directions for empirical research in order to enable a deeper understanding of the microprocesses by which employees subjectively experience and resist the imposition of such policies.

Master of Arts / Department of Communication Studies, Theatre, and Dance / Timothy R. Steffensmeier / Previous language policy research and lawsuit rulings have shown that employers will implement language policies as a means to unify the workplace in hopes of creating a less hostile and more productive environment, which in turn, they believe will increase profits (Bergman, Watrous-Rodriquez, & Chalkely 2007; Crowe 2005; Pakiela 2002; Scott 2007). This study examined the values of an organization in order to determine how they are implemented and perceived by their employees in relationship to language policies. The reason this study looks to values is because they provide a foundation for culture and, subsequently, identity. A three part qualitative analysis utilizing Glaser and Strauss’s (1967) constant comparative method (CCM) was conducted to identify the values within the culture of one organization. It was uncovered that the current climate of the organization was not the result of the implementation of language policies. Instead, the language barriers and complications within the organization were the result of merging companies and the lack of one cohesive culture.

Recent language policy and planning research reveals how policy-makers endorse the interests of dominant social groups, marginalise minority languages and perpetuate systems of sociolinguistic inequality. In the Castilian-dominated Galician linguistic landscape, this study examines the rise of grassroots level actors or agents (i.e. parents, family members, and other speakers of minority Galician) who play a significant role in interpreting and implementing language policy on the ground. The primary focus of this study is to investigate the impact of top-down language policies inside home domain, it looks at how the individual linguistic practices and ideologies of Galician parents act as visible and/or invisible language planning measures influencing their children’s language learning. However, these individual linguistic ideologies and language management decisions are difficult to detect because they are implicit, subtle, informal, and often hidden from the public eye, and therefore, frequently overlooked by language policy researchers and policy makers. Drawing from multiple ethnographic research methods including observations, in-depth fieldwork interviews, focus group discussions and family language audits with thirty-two Galician parents, this study attempts to ascertain whether these parents can restore intergenerational transmission of Galician and if their grassroots level interrogation of the dominant discourse could lead to bottom-up language policies.

Esta pesquisa estuda a formação e a realização de atividades linguísticas e culturais em Grupos Folclóricos de comunidades rurais de origem ucraniana na Croácia e no Brasil, com vistas a compreender a constituição de políticas linguísticas em/para comunidades minoritárias. A escolha dessas comunidades se deu porque ambas têm em comum um mesmo momento de formação, no século XIX, organização interna e tensão com o poder institucional. A partir disso formulamos a nossa hipótese inicial: a comunidade ucraniana não só segue as políticas oficiais, mas também estabelece, para além dessas políticas, uma política específica e mais autônoma em seu interior, concretizada através de diversas ações educativas, o que nos mostra que a política linguística pode acontecer no nível micro, fora do âmbito estreitamente institucional. Para tal fim, analisa como os membros de uma comunidade minoritária constituem sua política linguística, nos momentos educativos que oscilam entre o (não)formal, bem como o resultado da tensão entre a identidade assumida pela Comunidade, a identidade presumida pelo Estado e a intermediada pela Universidade. O conjunto de dados analisado é formado por documentos, entrevistas e observações, das comunidades ucranianas nos municípios de Irati (grupo Ivan Kupalo), Prudentópolis (grupo Vesselka) e Mallet (grupo Spomen), no Brasil, e Lipovljani (grupo Karpati), umee (grupo Andrij Pelih) e Kania (grupo Taras evenko), na Croácia. Também foram coletados documentos e textos produzidos pelo Estado/Universidade. Para a coleta dos dados, a pesquisa valeu-se de metodologia etnográfica, utilizada para organizar e interpretar os depoimentos, os textos e as observações, junto com a abordagem analítica do discurso presente neles. Já o aparato analítico-interpretativo da pesquisa consiste no entrosamento das áreas da Educação (Ensino formal e não-formal), dos Estudos linguísticos (Análise do Discurso) e folclóricos (políticos, econômicos e estéticos) e das Políticas Linguísticas (nacionais/locais). Alguns dos resultados que obtivemos dizem respeito às práticas educativas realizadas nessas comunidades que são múltiplas e concomitantes e à discussão acerca da ampliação da interligação das quatro áreas mencionadas, abrindo, assim, espaço para novas interpretações da possibilidade de novas estratégias e ações educativas na prática e na teoria. / This research studies the formation and the implementation of linguistic and cultural activities in folklore groups among rural communities of Ukrainian origin in Croatia and Brazil, in order to understand the constitution of linguistic policies in/ for minority communities. These communitieswere selected because both were formed in the nineteenth century, with the same internal organization and tension with institutional power. From this we formulate our initial hypothesis: the Ukrainian community not only follows the official policies, but also establishes, in addition to these policies, a specific and more autonomous policy in its interior, materialized through several educational actions, which shows us that language policy can occur on the micro level, outside the narrow institutional framework. To this end, the thesis analyzes how the members of a minority community constitute their linguistic policy, in the educational moments that oscillate between the (non)formal, as well as the result of the tension between the identity assumed by the Community, the identity presumed by the State and intermediated by the University. The data consists of documents, interviews and observations from the Ukrainian communities in the municipalities of Irati (Ivan Kupalo group), Prudentópolis (Vesselka group) and Mallet (Spomen group) in Brazil, and Lipovljani (Karpati group), umee (Andrij Pelih group) and Kania (Taras evenko group) in Croatia. Documents and texts produced by the State/University were also collected. For the data collection, the research was based on ethnographic methodology, used to organize and interpret the statements, texts and observations, along with the analytical approach to their discourse. On the other hand, the analytical-interpretive apparatus of the research consists of the integration of the areas of Education (formal and non-formal education), Linguistic Studies (Discourse Analysis) and folklore (political, economic and aesthetic). Some of the results we obtained relate to the educational practices that offer information according to topic and the discussion about the extension of the interconnection of the four mentioned areas that open space for new interpretations.

This thesis is a comparative investigation into the use of Italian of an extended Italian family in language contact situation in three countries: the United States, Australia and France. This study is undertaken and described in the context of the different policies on migrant integration and minority languages in the three migration countries. / The investigation uses the ‘Case Study’ methodology in the format of an embedded multiple case-study project. / The third generation was made the focus of the study to investigate Fishman’s “intergroup social dependency” theory. According to this theory, when the immigrant experience is viewed from a perspective of three or more generation time depth, the immigrant group generally loses its language due to its dependency on the host society for its survival. Fishman contends that only an effective and strict ‘compartmentalisation of language functions’ between the minority language and the host language can help the minority group maintain its language. / The findings indicate that for people of Italian background living as a minority group in language contact situation compartmentalisation is not a viable alternative. Nor do they consider the ‘maintenance’ of their community language important. When in the migration country bilingualism is valued, it is the standard variety of the heritage language that is chosen for maintenance and further learning. / The study presents recommendations towards the achievability of bilingualism beyond the limitations of compartmentalisation.

Esta pesquisa estuda a formação e a realização de atividades linguísticas e culturais em Grupos Folclóricos de comunidades rurais de origem ucraniana na Croácia e no Brasil, com vistas a compreender a constituição de políticas linguísticas em/para comunidades minoritárias. A escolha dessas comunidades se deu porque ambas têm em comum um mesmo momento de formação, no século XIX, organização interna e tensão com o poder institucional. A partir disso formulamos a nossa hipótese inicial: a comunidade ucraniana não só segue as políticas oficiais, mas também estabelece, para além dessas políticas, uma política específica e mais autônoma em seu interior, concretizada através de diversas ações educativas, o que nos mostra que a política linguística pode acontecer no nível micro, fora do âmbito estreitamente institucional. Para tal fim, analisa como os membros de uma comunidade minoritária constituem sua política linguística, nos momentos educativos que oscilam entre o (não)formal, bem como o resultado da tensão entre a identidade assumida pela Comunidade, a identidade presumida pelo Estado e a intermediada pela Universidade. O conjunto de dados analisado é formado por documentos, entrevistas e observações, das comunidades ucranianas nos municípios de Irati (grupo Ivan Kupalo), Prudentópolis (grupo Vesselka) e Mallet (grupo Spomen), no Brasil, e Lipovljani (grupo Karpati), umee (grupo Andrij Pelih) e Kania (grupo Taras evenko), na Croácia. Também foram coletados documentos e textos produzidos pelo Estado/Universidade. Para a coleta dos dados, a pesquisa valeu-se de metodologia etnográfica, utilizada para organizar e interpretar os depoimentos, os textos e as observações, junto com a abordagem analítica do discurso presente neles. Já o aparato analítico-interpretativo da pesquisa consiste no entrosamento das áreas da Educação (Ensino formal e não-formal), dos Estudos linguísticos (Análise do Discurso) e folclóricos (políticos, econômicos e estéticos) e das Políticas Linguísticas (nacionais/locais). Alguns dos resultados que obtivemos dizem respeito às práticas educativas realizadas nessas comunidades que são múltiplas e concomitantes e à discussão acerca da ampliação da interligação das quatro áreas mencionadas, abrindo, assim, espaço para novas interpretações da possibilidade de novas estratégias e ações educativas na prática e na teoria. / This research studies the formation and the implementation of linguistic and cultural activities in folklore groups among rural communities of Ukrainian origin in Croatia and Brazil, in order to understand the constitution of linguistic policies in/ for minority communities. These communitieswere selected because both were formed in the nineteenth century, with the same internal organization and tension with institutional power. From this we formulate our initial hypothesis: the Ukrainian community not only follows the official policies, but also establishes, in addition to these policies, a specific and more autonomous policy in its interior, materialized through several educational actions, which shows us that language policy can occur on the micro level, outside the narrow institutional framework. To this end, the thesis analyzes how the members of a minority community constitute their linguistic policy, in the educational moments that oscillate between the (non)formal, as well as the result of the tension between the identity assumed by the Community, the identity presumed by the State and intermediated by the University. The data consists of documents, interviews and observations from the Ukrainian communities in the municipalities of Irati (Ivan Kupalo group), Prudentópolis (Vesselka group) and Mallet (Spomen group) in Brazil, and Lipovljani (Karpati group), umee (Andrij Pelih group) and Kania (Taras evenko group) in Croatia. Documents and texts produced by the State/University were also collected. For the data collection, the research was based on ethnographic methodology, used to organize and interpret the statements, texts and observations, along with the analytical approach to their discourse. On the other hand, the analytical-interpretive apparatus of the research consists of the integration of the areas of Education (formal and non-formal education), Linguistic Studies (Discourse Analysis) and folklore (political, economic and aesthetic). Some of the results we obtained relate to the educational practices that offer information according to topic and the discussion about the extension of the interconnection of the four mentioned areas that open space for new interpretations.

Orientador: Eduardo Roberto Junqueira Guimarães / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T10:37:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bisinoto_LeilaSalomaoJacob_D.pdf: 807360 bytes, checksum: 95723eeb4c114290f6d5a42307489f58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O presente trabalho, inscrito no domínio da História das Idéias Lingüísticas, dedica-se a discutir as políticas lingüístico-pedagógicas do Brasil das últimas quatro décadas, com foco especial na problemática produzida pelo uso das variedades do português em território nacional. Não se pretende, entretanto, fazer desse recorte temporal a base de uma historiografia presa a seqüência e cronologia de fatos; ao contrário, pensa-se uma história em movimento, perpassada pelos processos que a tecem e impregnada das contradições, dos conflitos e dos embates que a determinam. A partir do exame de textos propositivos e regulamentares produzidos pelas instituições estatais, procura-se investigar duas questões fundamentais: a inserção do conhecimento produzido pela Lingüística nos rumos traçados para o ensino da língua no país e a forma como o Estado administra internamente a heterogeneidade lingüística. A normativização da língua e os grandes movimentos migratórios são aqui considerados fatores determinantes da configuração e afirmação da língua nacional brasileira e das relações políticas e lingüísticas no meio social. Tomando os aportes teórico-metodológicos da Semântica da Enunciação, foram realizadas análises de excertos textuais que permitem identificar os meandros do discurso jurídico que encobrem os sentidos preservados da hegemonia da língua formal no Brasil e o imaginário da língua homogênea, enquanto que, paradoxalmente, remetem à escola a responsabilidade por um comportamento moral social,traduzido pelo ¿respeito aos diferentes modos de falar do outro¿. As teorias sociolingüísticas, amplamente evocadas no arcabouço jurídico-pedagógico como suporte das políticas de língua no país, sobretudo com relação ao trato dado às variedades do português, são neste trabalho abordadas com o intuito de tentar demonstrar os limites de sua contribuição à prática escolar e, oportunamente, discorrer sobre algumas questões transversais, porém não menos importantes, que afetam as relações entre a ciência e o jurídico / Abstract: The present work, inscribed in the range of the History of Linguistic Ideas, is dedicated to the discussion of the political linguistic pedagogic policies in Brazil over the last four decades, focusing on the problems caused by the use of varieties of Portuguese in the Brazilian territory. It is not aimed, however, at making this period of time the basis of a historiography limited to a sequence and chronology of facts; on the contrary, we thing of a history in movement, passed by the processes that make it up and impregnated with contradictions, conflicts and reverses that are determinant. From the analysis of a selection proposing and regulatory texts produced by State institutions, we try to investigate two fundamental questions: the insertion of the knowledge constructed by Linguistics in the paths made by the language teaching in the country and the form in which the State internally manages the linguistic heterogeneity. The regulation of the language and the large migratory movements are thus considered as determining factors of the configuration and assertion of the national Brazilian language and of the political and linguistic relations in society. Considering the theoretical and methodological support subsidies formulated by Enunciation Semantics, some analysis of text extracts were made which enable the identification of the entanglements of the juridical language which hide the meaning preserved by the hegemony of the formal language in Brazil and the imaginary of the homogeneous language, while, paradoxically, they claim the school as responsible for a social and moral behavior, called ¿respect for the other way of speaking¿. The sociolinguistic theories, widely known in the juridical and pedagogical framework as the support of language policies in the country, moreover in relation to the attention given to the Portuguese varieties, are studied in this work the aim of trying to demonstrate the limits of their contribution to the school practice and, opportunely, analyze some transversal questions, but not less relevant, which affect the relations between science and the juridical / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

Doctor Legum - LLD / The 1996 South African Constitution contains a number of provisions that deal specifically with the protection of languages and of rights relating to language. The most important of these is section 6 which recognises 11 languages as official languages. This recognition is in line with recent developments in international law where common standards in relation to the protection of minority languages are in the process of being developed. The recognition of multilingualism as well as its implementation is thus becoming an obligation resting on all states, including South Africa. International law shows that persons belonging to linguistic minorities are entitled not only to protection against discrimination based on the language they speak, that is, formal equality, but also to positive state action in order to ensure their substantive equality. International law furthermore prescribes that where protection is given to minority languages, the principle of proportionality must guide states, and that legislation needs to be sufficiently detailed in bringing about such protection. The present thesis has as its main aims the interpretation of the provisions of the 1996 Constitution, in accordance with the above-mentioned international standards and the evaluation of the extent to which South African has complied with its constitutional obligations. The thesis in addition makes proposals in relation to what needs to be done to comply with such obligations. This is done in respect of the three levels of government - national, provincial and local - as well as the three state branches - the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. In addition, the implementation of the constitutional requirements in the educational sector is analysed.The thesis shows that a number of steps have thus far been taken in the process of giving effect to the relevant provisions of the Constitution. This includes the adoption of language policies on the national, provincial and local levels, as well as the enactment of language legislation in some provinces. In many provinces as well as municipalities, little effort has however been made to comply with these constitutional obligations. On the national level, much likewise still remains to be done in this regard. The current South African Languages Bill (2011) only caters for the activities of the national government, and does so in a way which conflicts with international norms. The Bill does not deal with parliament or the courts, and much uncertainty remains about the way in which the Constitution is to be given effect to in relation to these state branches. In relation to education, the issue of single-medium schools has been controversial, but has now been resolved by the Constitutional Court. Commendable policies have furthermore been adopted to provide for mother-tongue education, but it appears that English is slowly becoming the dominant language in education, at the expense of mother-tongue instruction.

Doctor Educationis / This research has sought to investigate the language policy of Namibian schools against the background of international literature on the advantages of mother tongue as medium of instruction during the initial years of school. The historical background of the formulation and implementation of the current policy is dealt with in Chapter 2. The theoretical aspects of language planning as explained in the literature will focus on aspects like the underlying principles for language planning. This chapter will furthermore discuss information regarding the status and the use of the mother tongue as medium of instruction in Namibia during the first three years of school. In Chapter 4 a literature review of Cummins's linguistic interdependence principle, as well as the different options or models for a bilingual language approach in education, is discussed in detail and compared to the Namibian situation to find the best possible model which could be adapted for Namibia. Chapter 5 investigates the results of a survey that has been conducted in Namibia to determine the level of English language proficiency of teachers. These findings are compared to find a relation between repetition rates of learners, Grade 10 examination results per region, as well as the teacher qualifications per region. Chapter 6 proposes a gradual bilingual language model for Namibia. First the rationale will be dealt with, followed by a detailed description of the model and how it is to be implemented. Chapters 7 and 8 deal with the research methodology that was undertaken in the form of a questionnaire and interviews with educationists regarding the use of the real medium of instruction, the perceptions of educationists on the language policy, and their proposals to change the language policy. Their perceptions of the proposed language model are discussed in order to identify ideas on how to streamline it. In Chapter 9 questions concerning the implications of implementing a bilingual language policy with regard to what is possible, practicable, and affordable will be dealt with. The last chapter, Chapter 10, will compare the current language policy, a policy proposed by NIED, and the model proposed here, before a number of recommendations are made.

L'Allemagne et la France se trouvent en matière d’immigration face à des défis semblables. Les deux pays sont des États-nations dans lesquels la société majoritaire est convaincue que le peuple doit être unifié à travers une langue commune. Cette conception d'État est pourtant fortement contestée par des personnes plurilingues (of Color). L’objectif de la thèse est d’analyser comment la discrimination des enfants plurilingues est construite et légitimée au quotidien dans le domaine de l'éducation de la petite enfance.À cette fin, des entretiens collectifs avec des enseignant-e-s et des parents ont été menés et ont été analysés suivant une approche constructiviste de la « grounded theory ». Les résultats montrent, entre autres, que les enseignant-e-s ne savent pas comment se comporter avec des enfants qui ne parlent pas la langue cible ou se sentent incertain-e-s face à ces enfants. La plupart d’entre elles / eux réagissent face à cette situation en exigeant des enfants de s’adapter et d'apprendre la langue cible par leurs propres moyens à travers une submersion dans cette langue. Les langues «Autres» des enfants et de leurs parents sont relégués au contexte privé et leurs locutrices / locuteurs sont réduit-e-s au silence dans le cadre de l’école maternelle. De cette façon le capital symbolique des enfants parlant une langue « Autre » est exclu de l’institution préscolaire, ce qui contribue à une restriction de leur participation égalitaire aux processus de l'éducation. D'autres enseignant-e-s critiquent ces politiques linguistiques de facto et décrivent en revanche comment ils contribuent à aider les enfants à s’exprimer dans leur(s) langue(s) préférée(s). / Germany and France face similar challenges concerning questions of immigration. Both countries are nation states, in which the majoritarian society is convinced that the people should be unified through speaking a common language. This conception of the nation-state is nevertheless strongly opposed by plurilingual people (of Color). The aim of the thesis is to analyze how a discrimination of plurilingual children is constructed and legitimized in daily life in the domain of early childhood education.To this end, focus group discussions with practitioners and parents have been conducted and analyzed following a constructionist “grounded theory” approach. Findings show, among others, that practitioners do not know or are insecure of how to deal with children who do not speak the target language. Some of them react by expecting children to adapt and to learn the language on their own through "language submersion". The “Other” languages of the children and their parents are relegated to the private context and their speakers are silenced in the ECEC setting. Other practitioners criticize these de facto language policies and describe how they contribute to support children in expressing themselves in their favorite language(s).