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No description available.

No description available.

Dans cette thèse différents outils issus de l'automatique non linéaire ont été mis en œuvre et ont permis d'apporter une première solution au problème de stabilité large signal des dispositifs électriques. A l'aide de modèles flous de type Takagi-Sugeno, on a montré qu'il était possible de résoudre le problème de stabilité dans le cas de deux applications électrotechniques à savoir un hacheur contrôlé en tension et l'alimentation par l'intermédiaire un filtre d'entrée d'un dispositif électrique fonctionnant à puissance constante. Dans le cas du hacheur, la taille estimée des bassins d'attraction reste modeste. Les raisons essentielles à l'échec obtenu dans la recherche de bassin de grande taille peut résulter dans le fait que d'une part , la mise sous forme TS du système n'est pas unique et que d'autre part les matrices du sous modèle TS du système ne sont de Hurwitz que dans une gamme très restreinte de variations du rapport cyclique. Dans le cas de l'alimentation par l'intermédiaire d'un filtre d'entrée d'un dispositif fonctionnant à puissance constante, on a montré que l'utilisation d'un modèle flou de type Takagi-Sugeno permettait d'exhiber un domaine d'attraction de taille significative. On a fourni des outils permettant de borner la plage de variations des pôles du système dans un domaine donné de l'espace d'état, domaine dans lequel la stabilité du modèle TS est prouvée. L'utilisation de la D-stabilité permet de connaitre les dynamiques maximales du système. La notion de stabilité exponentielle permet de connaître les dynamiques minimales du système. L'approche utilisée pour prouver la stabilité du système en présence de variations paramétriques, pour les deux systèmes étudiés, n'autorise que des variations extrêmement faibles de la valeur du paramètre autour de sa valeur nominale / In this thesis, various tools resulting from the nonlinear automatic were implemented and made it possible to bring a first solution to the problem of large signal stability of the electric systems. Using Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy models, one showed that it was possible to in the case of solve the problem of stability two electrotechnical applications to knowing a Boost converter controlled in tension and an electric system constituted by an input filter connected to an actuator functioning at constant power. In the case of the Boost converter, the estimated size of attraction domain remains modest. The reasons essential with the failure obtained in the search for domain of big size can result in the fact that on the one hand, the setting TS fuzzy models of the system is not single and that on the other hand the matrices of local model of TS model of the system are of Hurwitz only in one very restricted range of variations of the cyclic ratio. In the case of the electric system via a filter of entry of a functioning device at constant power, one showed that the use of a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model allowed exhibit a attraction domain of significant size. One provided tools allowing to limit the variations of the poles of the system in a given field of the state space, domain in which the stability of model TS is proven. The use of D-stability makes it possible to know dynamic maximum system. The concept of exponential stability makes it possible to know dynamic minimal system. The approach used to prove the stability of the system in the presence of parametric variations, for the two studied systems, authorizes only extremely weak variations of the value of the parameter around its maximal value

La micropile à combustible à respiration est développée conjointement à STMicroelectronics Tours et au CEA Liten de Grenoble. De très faible puissance (stack de 1W), elle sera à moyen terme utilisée dans un système de recharge portable pour petites batteries Li-Ion (téléphones portables). Le fonctionnement et la structure de ces micropiles sont tels qu'elles sont très sensibles, entre autres, aux conditions atmosphériques caractérisant leur environnement. Cette sensibilité résulte en un comportement électrique très marqué et complexe. Or, l'aspect nomade de l'application fait que celle-ci devra pouvoir faire face à des atmosphères diverses et variées. Il est donc nécessaire de comprendre les interactions liant le comportement électrique de la micropile et l'environnement. Leur modélisation pourra par la suite apporter des éléments concrets en termes de pilotage d'auxiliaires (micro ventilateurs…) et de design de packaging, visant à contrôler l'environnement immédiat de la micropile de la meilleure façon possible. A cet effet, de nombreuses mesures, réalisées sous atmosphère maîtrisée, et sous plusieurs régimes de fonctionnement électrique, ont été croisées entre elles. Elles nous ont permis de poser les hypothèses d'un modèle quasistatique macroscopique de la micropile, reliant les conditions atmosphériques et opératoires à la réponse électrique de la micropile. Ce modèle a été développé à partir de la théorie de la diffusion en milieu poreux. Ce modèle quasistatique, faisant intervenir une description de la diffusion protonique cathodique, permet de représenter le comportement de la micropile sur une large gamme de conditions atmosphériques, et illustre physiquement autant les situations d'assèchement que de noyage. L’approche a ensuite été élargie au développement d'un modèle petit signal, paramétré grâce à une approche multi spectrale et multi conditions opératoires. Celui-ci permet entre autres de quantifier la dynamique associée au phénomène de diffusion protonique, tout en consolidant sa description quasistatique, ceci faisant intervenir des paramètres cohérents avec ceux du modèle quasistatique. Enfin, à la croisée des approches quasistatique et petit signal, les bases d'un modèle dynamique fort signal sont proposées. Elles font intervenir le modèle fort signal propre au LAPLACE, en y injectant la réponse dynamique à l'environnement et à la sollicitation électrique du bilan hydrique. Ce modèle, paramétré avec les paramètres issus du quasistatique et du petit signal, permet de représenter le comportement non linéaire de la micropile sur une large gamme de fréquences de sollicitations galvanostatiques fort signal. / The micro breathing fuel cell is developed by STMicroelectronics Tours and the CEA Liten of Grenoble. It is very low power (1W stack) and will eventually be used in a portable charging system for small Li-Ion batteries (cell phones). The structure of these micro fuel cells is such that they are very sensitive, among other things, to weather conditions characterizing their environment. This sensitivity results in a very complex electrical behavior. But the portable aspect of the application implies that it will have to cope with various atmospheres. It is therefore necessary to understand the interactions linking the electrical behavior of the micro fuel cell and the atmosphere. A model may then provide some concrete leads in terms of auxiliary control (micro fans ...) and packaging design, to control the immediate environment of the microcell in the best possible way. To this end, a lot of measure were carried out under controlled atmosphere, and in several electrical operating modes, and were crossed with each other. They let us build the assumptions for a macroscopic steady state model of micro fuel cell, linking atmospheric and operating conditions to the electrical response of the micro fuel cell. This model was inspired by the theory of diffusion in porous media. This steady state model, involving a description of a cathodic protonic diffusion, is used to represent the behavior of the micro fuel cell on a wide range of atmospheric conditions, and physically illustrates both drying out situations than drowning. The approach was then extended to develop a small signal model, configured with a multi spectral and multi-operating conditions approach. It allows among other things to quantify the dynamics associated with the phenomenon of proton diffusion, while consolidating its steady state description, this involving parameters consistent with those of the steady state model. Finally, at the intersection of the steady state and small signal approaches, the bases for a large signal dynamic model are proposed. They involve the large signal model which is specific to the LAPLACE, by injecting in it the dynamic response to environmental stress and to water balance. This model, with parameters set from the steady state and small signal models, turns out to be able to represent the nonlinear behavior of the micro fuel cell over a wide range of frequencies of the galvanostatic strong signal solicitation

Accurate transistor models are important in wireless and microwave circuit design. Large-signal field-effect transistor (FET) models are generally extracted from current-voltage (IV) characteristics, small-signal S-parameters, and large-signal measurements. This dissertation describes improved characterization and measurement validation techniques for FET models that correctly account for thermal and trapping effects. Demonstration of a customized pulsed-bias, pulsed-RF S-parameter system constructed by the author using a traditional vector network analyzer is presented, along with the design of special bias tees to allow pulsing of the bias voltages. Pulsed IV and pulsed-bias S-parameter measurements can provide results that are electrodynamically accurate; that is, thermal and trapping effects in the measurements are similar to those of radio-frequency or microwave operation at a desired quiescent bias point. The custom pulsed S-parameter system is benchmarked using passive devices and advantages and tradeoffs of pulsed S-parameter measurements are explored. Pulsed- and continuous-bias measurement results for a high-power transistor are used to validate thermal S-parameter correction procedures. A new implementation of the steepest-ascent search algorithm for load-pull is presented. This algorithm provides for high-resolution determination of the maximum power and associated load impedance using a small number of measured or simulated reflection-coefficient states. To perform a more thorough nonlinear model validation, it is often desired to find the impedance providing maximum output power or efficiency over variations of a parameter such as drain voltage, input power, or process variation. The new algorithm enables this type of validation that is otherwise extremely tedious or impractical with traditional load-pull. A modified nonlinear FET model is presented in this work that allows characterization of both thermal and trapping effects. New parameters and equation terms providing a trapping-related quiescent-bias dependence have been added to a popular nonlinear ("Angelov") model. A systematic method for fitting the quiescent-dependence parameters, temperature coefficients, and thermal resistance is presented, using a GaN high electron-mobility transistor as an example. The thermal resistance providing a good fit in the modeling procedure is shown to correspond well with infrared measurement results.

Basic resonator structures for frequency-selective capacitive vibration sensors which exploit their mechanical resonance peak for spectral selectivity are developed and analyzed. As an important capability, the stuctures offer voltage-controlled frequency tuning realized by electrostatic principles. Direct electrostatic tuning based on displacement-dependent electrostatic forces as well as tuning by stress-stiffening based on constant electrostatic forces are discussed. The sensor structures are designed for fabrication using common silicon surface microtechnologies. Experimental tests of both mentioned tuning principles are carried out at structures fabricated using a surface technology known as SCREAM. A considerable part of the work focusses on nonlinear oscillations of the mechanical resonator at large amplitudes arising in resonance. Dimensioning rules for minimum nonlinear disturbance are derived from a detailed analysis of the Duffing oscillator. Various capacitive principles for signal detection and electrostatic frequency tuning are evaluated in terms of nonlinearity. A novel type of specially shaped electrode systems offering linear properties within an amplitude range of 10 micrometers, so-called curved comb capacitors, is developed for fabrication in SCREAM technology. / In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Grundstrukturen frequenzselektiver kapazitiver Vibrationssensoren entwickelt und analysiert, deren spektrale Selektionswirkung durch Ausnutzung ihrer mechanischen Resonanzüberhöhung entsteht. Wesentliches Merkmal der Strukturen ist ihre spannungsgesteuerte Abstimmbarkeit, die auf elektrostatischen Prinzipien beruht. Es werden die direkte elektrostatische Frequenzabstimmung, basierend auf positionsabhängigen Feldkräften, sowie das Prinzip des Stress-Stiffening, basierend auf einer konstanten elektrostatischen Kraft, diskutiert. Die Entwicklung konzentriert sich auf Sensorstrukturen, die in klassischen Oberflächentechnologien gefertigt werden können. Experimentelle Tests der beiden genannten Abstimmprinzipien werden anhand von Strukturen in oberflächennaher Silizium-bulk-Mikromechanik (SCREAM) durchgeführt. Schwerpunkt der Arbeit sind nichtlineare Schwingungen der mechanischen Resonatorkomponente bei großen Amplituden, die durch die Resonanzüberhöhung entstehen. Für den Sonderfall des Duffing-Schwingers werden Dimensionierungsregeln zur Minimierung der Nichtlinearitäten entwickelt. Kapazitive Prinzipien zur Detektion bzw. elektrostatischen Abstimmung werden hinsichtlich ihrer Linearität geprüft. Es werden neuartige Elektrodensysteme für die SCREAM-Technologie, sogenannte Kurvenkammsysteme entwickelt, die bei Schwingamplituden bis zu 10 Mikrometer linear arbeiten.

Basic resonator structures for frequency-selective capacitive vibration sensors which exploit their mechanical resonance peak for spectral selectivity are developed and analyzed. As an important capability, the stuctures offer voltage-controlled frequency tuning realized by electrostatic principles. Direct electrostatic tuning based on displacement-dependent electrostatic forces as well as tuning by stress-stiffening based on constant electrostatic forces are discussed. The sensor structures are designed for fabrication using common silicon surface microtechnologies. Experimental tests of both mentioned tuning principles are carried out at structures fabricated using a surface technology known as SCREAM. A considerable part of the work focusses on nonlinear oscillations of the mechanical resonator at large amplitudes arising in resonance. Dimensioning rules for minimum nonlinear disturbance are derived from a detailed analysis of the Duffing oscillator. Various capacitive principles for signal detection and electrostatic frequency tuning are evaluated in terms of nonlinearity. A novel type of specially shaped electrode systems offering linear properties within an amplitude range of 10 micrometers, so-called curved comb capacitors, is developed for fabrication in SCREAM technology. / In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Grundstrukturen frequenzselektiver kapazitiver Vibrationssensoren entwickelt und analysiert, deren spektrale Selektionswirkung durch Ausnutzung ihrer mechanischen Resonanzüberhöhung entsteht. Wesentliches Merkmal der Strukturen ist ihre spannungsgesteuerte Abstimmbarkeit, die auf elektrostatischen Prinzipien beruht. Es werden die direkte elektrostatische Frequenzabstimmung, basierend auf positionsabhängigen Feldkräften, sowie das Prinzip des Stress-Stiffening, basierend auf einer konstanten elektrostatischen Kraft, diskutiert. Die Entwicklung konzentriert sich auf Sensorstrukturen, die in klassischen Oberflächentechnologien gefertigt werden können. Experimentelle Tests der beiden genannten Abstimmprinzipien werden anhand von Strukturen in oberflächennaher Silizium-bulk-Mikromechanik (SCREAM) durchgeführt. Schwerpunkt der Arbeit sind nichtlineare Schwingungen der mechanischen Resonatorkomponente bei großen Amplituden, die durch die Resonanzüberhöhung entstehen. Für den Sonderfall des Duffing-Schwingers werden Dimensionierungsregeln zur Minimierung der Nichtlinearitäten entwickelt. Kapazitive Prinzipien zur Detektion bzw. elektrostatischen Abstimmung werden hinsichtlich ihrer Linearität geprüft. Es werden neuartige Elektrodensysteme für die SCREAM-Technologie, sogenannte Kurvenkammsysteme entwickelt, die bei Schwingamplituden bis zu 10 Mikrometer linear arbeiten.

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State-of-the-art SiGe BiCMOS technologies leverage the maturity of deep-submicron silicon CMOS processing with bandgap-engineered SiGe HBTs in a single platform that is suitable for a wide variety of high performance and highly-integrated applications (e.g., system-on-chip (SOC), system-in-package (SiP)). Due to their bandgap-engineered base, SiGe HBTs are also naturally suited for cryogenic electronics and have the potential to replace the costly de facto technologies of choice (e.g., Gallium-Arsenide (GaAs) and Indium-Phosphide (InP)) in many cryogenic applications such as radio astronomy. This work investigates the response of mixed-signal circuits (both RF and analog circuits) when operating in extreme environments, in particular, at cryogenic temperatures and in radiation-rich environments. The ultimate goal of this work is to attempt to fill the existing gap in knowledge on the cryogenic and radiation response (both single event transients (SETs) and total ionization dose (TID)) of specific RF and analog circuit blocks (i.e., RF switches and voltage references). The design approach for different RF switch topologies and voltage references circuits are presented. Standalone Field Effect Transistors (FET) and SiGe HBTs test structures were also characterized and the results are provided to aid in the analysis and understanding of the underlying mechanisms that impact the circuits' response. Radiation mitigation strategies to counterbalance the damaging effects are investigated. A comprehensive study on the impact of cryogenic temperatures on the RF linearity of SiGe HBTs fabricated in a new 4th-generation, 90 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology is also presented.