Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Tiezzi.pdf: 3493296 bytes, checksum: e96f9d3bcff7cd16cbafd3d1134a5682 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work is an analysis of the film Antichrist, by Lars von Trier, from the archetypal criticism proposed by Northrop Frye. The hypothesis is that the film uses narrative patterns whose matrix is biblical to organize his narrative. The first chapter deals with the film and the work of the director. In the second chap-ter, the first step is to define what archetype means in literature, with authors who have worked with the concept. Then our main theory is presented in the work of the Canadian critic Northrop Frye. The third chapter, finally, is an analysis of the film from three different approaches: gender, in which we discuss the tragedy in Anti-christ; mode, in which the narrative of the film is perceived in the tension between the realistic and mythic narratives; and images, in which patterns of imagery stand out from the film in relation to vertical poetic, to the woman and the erotic relation-ship and to the nature and the garden / Este trabalho é uma análise do filme Anticristo, de Lars von Trier, a partir da crítica arquetípica proposta por Northrop Frye. A hipótese é a de que o filme recorre a pa-drões narrativos cuja matriz é bíblica para organizar sua narrativa. O primeiro capítulo aborda o filme e a obra do diretor. No segundo capítulo, a primei-ra etapa consiste em definir o que arquétipo significa em literatura, apresentando os autores que trabalharam com o conceito. Em seguida, é apresentada nossa teoria principal na obra do crítico canadense Northrop Frye. O terceiro capítulo, por fim, é uma leitura do filme a partir de três eixos: gênero, no qual se discute a tragédia no Anticristo; modo, no qual a narrativa do filme é percebida em sua tensão entre as nar-rativas realista e mítica; e imagens, no qual se destacam padrões imagéticos do filme em relação à poética vertical, à mulher e a relação erótica e à natureza e o jardim

Le domaine de la psychologie procède actuellement à l’abandon partiel de la conception du BDSM en tant que psychopathologie. Pourtant, depuis le début des années 2000, on observe une augmentation considérable de la présence au cinéma de personnages neurodivergents et malheureux qui pratiquent le BDSM. Des coproductions transeuropéennes comme Nymp()manic (Lars von Trier, 2013) aux longs métrages indépendants australiens comme My Mistress (Stephen Lance, 2014), passant par les films américains grands publics comme Fifty Shades of Grey (Sam Taylor-Johnson, 2015) le BDSM au cinéma apparaît comme n’étant pratiqué que par des personnes à l’existence trouble et à la santé mentale fragile. L’objectif de cette thèse sera de définir les nombreux biais qui motivent cette mythologie du mal-être. Afin d’examiner de plus près le fossé entre la représentation du BDSM au cinéma et la recherche récente en sciences sociales qui se penche la population sadomasochiste, nous avons développé une étude de cas sur Nymph()maniac de Lars von Trier. Nous avons également récolté les réactions au film de personnes pour lesquelles la dominance ou la soumission ritualisée fait partie de leur expérience de la sexualité. Nous proposons donc un dialogue interprétatif entre la psychologie, la critique littéraire et les études culturelles féministes pour analyser le film de von Trier. / The formerly widespread view of BDSM as a psychological disorder is currently being abandoned by large portions of the scientific community; it has been almost completely removed from the most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and a growing number of studies point toward the psychological and social normalcy of BDSM practitioners. Yet, since the early 2000’s, from trans-european productions like Nymph()maniac (Lars von Trier, 2013) to independent Australian features like My Mistress (Stephen Lance, 2014), or mainstream american films like Fifty Shades of Grey (Sam Taylor-Johnson, 2015), the onscreen portrayal of BDSM practitioners increasingly consists of characters with troubled lives and fragile mental healths. The aim of this thesis will be to investigate the many biases that motivate this mythology of unease surrounding BDSM in film. In order to take a closer look at the gap between current research in psychology and cultural representation of BDSM we developed a case study of Nymph()maniac, which features, among a wide array of sexual proclivities, a temporary D/s relationship. With the intention of gaining access to the perspective of women-identified people from the BDSM community on the way they are represented in movies, we generated a focus group and gathered their reactions. We therefore propose an interpretative dialogue between the BDSM community, literary criticism, sociology, psychology and feminist cultural studies.

Jarmila Jelínková - Self-devotion women motive showed on the "Breaking the waves" scenerply Abstract The article analyzes the character of Bess in the script of Lars von Trier and Vivian Nielsen's drama Breaking the Waves. The portrayal of Bess' behavior, life, and relationships to her husband, the church and God are interpreted from the perspective of feminist theology as introduced by Isabel Carter Heyward. The main message of the play is the parallel to Jesus' sacrifice of pure altruism leading towards physical self-destruction; other possible interpretations offered in the article are the images of self-sacrifice as a type of mystical obsession or as a type of internalized manipulation conveyed by means of discursive power. Keywords: faith in God, self-sacrifice, power, freedom, feminist theology, Lars vor Trier, Vivian Nielsen.

Le développement simultané du cinéma et de la psychanalyse a donné lieu à de nombreuses études confrontant et associant ces deux sphères. Cette thèse interroge plus particulièrement le transfert comme phénomène se manifestant dans la rencontre entre le spectateur et le film, et s’appuie sur les théories de psychanalyse jungienne. À partir de la prise en compte d’un cinéma analytique, associant réflexivité et thématique psychologique, l’hypothèse émise est celle de la présence de « psychés-films », facilitant l’étude du phénomène de transfert dans l’expérience spectatorielle. À travers leur construction spatiale et temporelle et par leur constitution figurale, ces « psychés-films » s’apparentent à des psychés projetées à l’écran et visuellement accessibles. Dans son acception jungienne, le transfert est un phénomène transpersonnel aux conséquences psychiques et physiques et qui engage deux individus dont les inconscients communiquent entre eux. En mettant en évidence les spécificités d’un tel phénomène au cinéma, cette thèse interroge la possibilité d’envisager un inconscient propre au film, notamment à l’aide de théories d’esthétique du cinéma, et les conséquences éventuelles, dans le corps et dans la psyché, d’une rencontre transférentielle entre le spectateur et le film. Afin d’étudier la possibilité d’un transfert dans l’expérience spectatorielle, cinq films interprétables en tant que « psychés-films » sont analysés sous un angle jungien : Persona et L’Heure du loup, réalisés par Ingmar Bergman et Antichrist, Melancholia et Nymphomaniac, réalisés par Lars von Trier. Pour ce faire, cette recherche s’effectue suivant des perspectives psychanalytique (Jung, Ferenczi, Freud, Abraham et Török), esthétique (Brenez, Lefebvre, Vancheri) et philosophique (Damasio, Derrida), et par la prise en compte d’un spectateur idéal. / The simultaneous development of cinema and psychoanalysis led to many studies confronting and associating these two fields. This thesis examines more specifically transference as a phenomenon arising in the encounter between spectator and film, and is based on Jungian psychoanalytic theories. Considering an analytic cinema, which associates reflexivity and psychological themes, I hypothesised the existence of “psyche-films”, enabling the study of the psychoanalytic transference within spectator’s experience. Through their spatial and temporal constructions and their figural composition, these “psyche-films” are akin to psyches projected on screen and visually accessible. According to Jung, transference is a transpersonal phenomenon with psychological and physical consequences, involving two individuals whose unconscious communicate together. Bringing out the characteristics of such a phenomenon, this thesis explores the possibility of considering the film’s own unconscious, in particular with the help of film aesthetics theories, and questions the consequences, inside body and psyche, that might be caused by the transferential encounter between spectator and film. In order to study the possibility of such a transference in the spectator’s experience, five films regarded as “psyche-films” are analysed using a Jungian perspective: Persona and Hour of the Wolf, directed by Ingmar Bergman and Antichrist, Melancholia and Nymphomaniac, directed by Lars von Trier. To this end, this research is performed using psychoanalytic (Jung, Ferenczi, Freud, Abraham and Török), aesthetic (Brenez, Lefebvre, Vancheri) and philosophical (Damasio, Derrida) perspectives, and considering an ideal spectator.

Esse estudo analisa o filme Dogville a partir do conceito de obra modelo cunhado por Bertolt Brecht. O objetivo é verificar de que modo o filme de Lars von Trier se organiza como projeto consciente em que as dimensões da forma, do conteúdo e do atrito com o aparelho produtivo não se excluem. Como pressupostos teóricos da concepção de forma, estão os conceitos brechtianos de imagem dialética, estranhamento e gestus, que servem de base à pesquisa do campo temático de Dogville, em torno das relações de trabalho. O estudo ainda discute os efeitos da estrutura teatral com tendências épicas dentro da forma do drama cinematográfico, o sentido autocrítico do filme, e as razões de seu impacto como crítica do aparelho produtivo contemporâneo. / This study analyses the film Dogville from the concept of work model created by Bertolt Brecht. The objective is to verify by which means the film of Lars von Trier organizes itself like a conscious project in which the dimension of form, content and the friction with the productive apparatus don\'t exclude each other. As teorical assumptions of form conception are the brechtian notion of dialetic image, strangeness and gestus, which will serve as base of research to the thematic field of Dogville, rounding the work relations. The study also discusses the effects of the theater structure with epic tendencies inside the cinematic dramatic form, the self-criticism sense, and the reasons of its impact as critic of the contemporary productive apparatus.

Esse estudo analisa o filme Dogville a partir do conceito de obra modelo cunhado por Bertolt Brecht. O objetivo é verificar de que modo o filme de Lars von Trier se organiza como projeto consciente em que as dimensões da forma, do conteúdo e do atrito com o aparelho produtivo não se excluem. Como pressupostos teóricos da concepção de forma, estão os conceitos brechtianos de imagem dialética, estranhamento e gestus, que servem de base à pesquisa do campo temático de Dogville, em torno das relações de trabalho. O estudo ainda discute os efeitos da estrutura teatral com tendências épicas dentro da forma do drama cinematográfico, o sentido autocrítico do filme, e as razões de seu impacto como crítica do aparelho produtivo contemporâneo. / This study analyses the film Dogville from the concept of work model created by Bertolt Brecht. The objective is to verify by which means the film of Lars von Trier organizes itself like a conscious project in which the dimension of form, content and the friction with the productive apparatus don\'t exclude each other. As teorical assumptions of form conception are the brechtian notion of dialetic image, strangeness and gestus, which will serve as base of research to the thematic field of Dogville, rounding the work relations. The study also discusses the effects of the theater structure with epic tendencies inside the cinematic dramatic form, the self-criticism sense, and the reasons of its impact as critic of the contemporary productive apparatus.

De tout temps, ils se sont immolés par foi et amour. Dans toutes les civilisations, leur besoin de rendre hommage à Dieu s’est exprimé par la voix de la violence et du sang, et leur besoin de s’épurer du péché et de se protéger contre les forces surnaturelles s’est manifesté par le sacrifice. Cette thématique du sacrifice qui s’est propagée dès la création du monde jusqu'à nos jours, incarne et actualise de nombreux conflits et oppositions entre la vie et la mort, l’enfer et le paradis. Les écritures sacrées nous éclairent rarement sur le rôle des femmes dans les civilisations anciennes. Les plus grands sacrifices sont généralement associés aux hommes libres. Dans les religions chrétiennes, les sacrifiés empruntent les pas du Christ et obéissent à la demande de Dieu, alors que les femmes, déchues et esclaves sont toujours associées au péché originel. Ce mémoire de maîtrise prend pour objet d’étude l’espace sacrificiel féminin et la figure féminine dans le cinéma de Lars von Trier (en particulier dans les films Melancholia (2011), Antichrist (2009), Dogville (2003), Dancer in the Dark (2000) et Breaking the Waves (1996)). Cet espace sacrificiel est analysé au fil de ce mémoire à travers une lecture herméneutique des livres sacrés, en particulier la Bible dans son Ancien et Nouveau Testament. Nous abordons des questions importantes d’aspects religieux, mythologiques et cinématographiques pour comprendre la dimension provocatrice, mythologique, iconologique, spirituelle et religieuse de ces femmes qui se sacrifient dans l’espace de ces œuvres. Nous proposons dans ce mémoire d’observer l’évolution de cette figure féminine du statut d’esclave à celui du maître, de l’image Christique à celle du diable opposant ainsi le sacrifice à la justice. Nous tentons de démontrer au fil de ce mémoire que Lars von Trier a édifié avec son cinéma et par cette représentation du corps féminin mortifié, torturé et hystérique, un véritable espace sacrificiel, mental, idéel qui sature le cadre filmique. Le corps de ces femmes se décompose, se sacrifie, meurt et se réincarne dans un autre corps, une idée, une figure biblique et dans un espace sacrificiel qui le pose comme exemple à la manière de l’image Christique. Cette analyse de la figure sacrificielle féminine von Trierienne se réalise également par le biais d’un travail de création expérimental et hybride. Des images provenant de l’histoire de l’art et du monde de Lars von Trier y sont revisitées et rejouées dans un souci d’intertextualité filmique. Le film She is Lars est une exploration personnelle de la thématique du sacrifice et un hommage au cinéma de Lars von Trier. / In all eras, they have been immolated in faith and love. In all civilizations, the need to honor God was expressed by the voice of violence and blood, the need to be purified from the sin and to be protected against the supernatural forces, was manifested through the sacrifice. This theme of sacrifice has spread from the creation of the world until today, it embodies and performs conflicts and oppositions between life and death, God and the devil. The sacred writings rarely tell us about the role of women in ancient civilizations. The greatest sacrifices were generally associated to free men. In Christian religions, these sacrificed men borrow the footsteps of Christ and obey God's request, while women, the fallen slaves, are always associated to the original sin. This research studies the female sacrificial space and the female figure in the cinema of Lars von Trier (especially in Melancholia (2011) Antichrist (2009), Dogville (2003), Dancer in the Dark (2000) and Breaking the Waves (1996)). This sacrificial space is analyzed through a hermeneutic reading of sacred books, especially the Bible in its Old and New Testament. Important issues related to religious, mythological and cinematographic aspects are investigated to understand the spiritual, provocative, mythological, iconological and religious dimension of these women who sacrifice themselves in these films. We propose in this research to observe the evolution of the female figure from the slave to the master status, from the image of the Christ to the devil, while opposing sacrifice to justice. We intend to demonstrate that Lars von Trier has built with his cinema and the representation of the female body, as dead, tortured and hysterical, a true sacrificial mental and virtual space that saturates the film frame. The body of this woman breaks down, sacrifices itself, dies and reborns in another body, an idea, and a biblical figure in a sacrificial space that poses her as an example, as the Christ image. This theoretical analysis of the female sacrificial figure is also undertaken through the creation of an experimental and hybrid film. Images from art history, other from the world of von Trier are revisited with an intertextual approach. She is Lars is a personal exploration of the theme of the sacrifice as well as an homage to the cinema of Lars von Trier.

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