This paper presents conora, a robust trajectory optimization software utilizing orthogonal collocation methods for ascending rocket stages, targeting applications in early phases of mission design. The proposed methodology leverages orthogonal collocation techniques, preferred over the multitude of available options for their robustness to inaccuracies in the initial guess. This, together with low amount of available data about the ascent profile, often makes preliminary optimization considerably complex, extremely case-specific and, consequently, very time consuming. The software here implemented addresses the problem of maximizing the payload mass of a rocket by providing the required flexibility to adapt to any mission scenario disregarding of the celestial body, launch site, vehicle design and target orbit. Proper functionality is demonstrated by replicating existing missions, simplifying and reducing to the bare minimum the number of inputs. Ariane V ascending to GTO, Electron launch to SSO, ALTO mission to LEO, Apollo XI Lunar Module ascent and Starship take-off to LMO are the multifaceted mission scenarios selected to demonstrate the capabilities of conora, resulting in accurate injection into orbit and relatively close estimation of optimized payload masses. The obtained outcomes grow more valuable when considering the small amount of inputs provided, the simplicity of the utilized physical model and the strong assumptions considered. The whole software development process followed a V-model, from requirement definition, passing by the actual implementation, to thorough code testing of each conora’s module. 64 are the number of identified top level requirements, for a verification process elaborated via more than 270 tests, from unit to system level. The entire work was performed in the context of an internship at DLR, at the Institute of Space Systems in Bremen, Germany. / Denna uppsats presenterar conora, en robust mjukvara för optimeringen av flygbanor, via användningen av ortogonala kollokationsmetoder för stigande raketsteg, med fokus på applikationer inom de tidiga faserna av uppdragets utformning. Den förslagna metodiken använder ortogonala kollokationsmetoder, som föredras över konkurrerande metoder för dess robusthet mot fel och osäkerheter i initial gissningen. Detta, tillsammans med lite tillgängliga data kring stigningsprofilen gör att preliminära optimeringar blir komplexa, extremt fallspecifika och därmed också väldigt tidskrävande. Mjukvaran har implementerats för att hantera maximering av nyttolastsmassan på en raket genom att bidra med den krävda flexibiliteten att anpassas till olika uppdragsscenarier, oavsett himlakropp, uppskjutningsplats, farkostsdesign eller given omloppsbana. Korrekt funktionalitet demonstreras genom att replikera nutida uppdrag, genom att förenkla och reducera till den lägsta mängd inmatningsvariabler. Ariane Vs uppstigning till GTO, Elektrons uppskjutning till SSO, ALTO uppdrag till LEO, Apollo XI Lunar Modules uppskjutning och Starships uppskjutning till LMO är de mångfasetterade uppdragsscenarion valda för att demonstrera conoras kapacitet. Resultatet visar på träffsäkra injektioner till omloppsbana och relativt bra uppskattning av optimerad nyttolastsmassa. Resultatet blir mer värdefullt när man tar hänsyn den lilla mängden inmatningsvariabler, enkelheten av de använda fysiska modellerna och de starka antaganden som gjorts. Hela mjukvarans utvecklingsprocess följde en V-modell, från kravskrivning, genom implementationen, till genomgående kodtestning av varje modul i conora. 64 krav på högsta nivå identifierades, för en verifikationsprocess utvecklad via mer än 270 tester, från enhets- till systemnivå. Hela arbetet utfördes inom ett praktikantarbete vid DLR, vid avdelningen för rymdsystem i Bremen, Tyskland.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 27-30, 1997 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper will investigate the areas which must be addressed to implement a truly integrated Range instrumentation system on a GPS-based Range, using a patented L-Band commanding scheme. Hardware issues will be highlighted as well the issues to be addressed in changing from an audio tone-frequency modulated command system to a digital system incorporating encryption and spread spectrum. Some thoughts addressing costs and schedule to incorporate this approach into the architecture of the U. S. Air Force Range Standardization and Automation (RSA) architecture, as a candidate GPS-based Range are also presented, as well as a discussion of the benefits to be accrued over the existing system, if this approach were adopted.

The diploma thesis maps the operation of the Bel Mondo lifestylu magazine, which was being published on the Czech market from October 2012 to December 2013. The authors' intentions were to bring a new type of magazine to the Czech market, inspired by foreign print publications such as Intelligent Life, which would combine entertainment with intelligence and present its readers with both original texts and licensed translations from foreign magazines. The thesis introduces the Bel Mondo magazine, puts it into the context of Czech magazine market, describes its operation and searches for reasons that led to its early termination. The theoretical bases for the thesis are gained from expert texts focused on print publishing and magazines. The research part of the thesis focuses on the analysis of thematic and advertising coverage, public response and comments by the editorial staff. The researched data helps to understand the incentive for creation of a new magazine and critically evaluate, whether Bel Mondo really was a unique concept capable of surviving in the Czech media market and whether it had a viable economic model. As the magazine operated under the auspices on the weekly magazine Respekt, the thesis also looks at the degree of interconnection between the two magazines.

Rapportens syfte var att undersöka hur ett medelstort tekniskt företag kan utveckla sittinformationsflöde internt vid framtagning av en ny produkt. Valet av studiens syfte grundarsig i att organisationer i företag oftast inte prioriteras utan att det är produktionen somgenomför effektiviseringar och förbättringar medan organisationen lätt glöms bort. Attundersöka detta informationsflöde mellan teknisk avdelning och resterande avdelningar ikedjan av informationsflödet gav studien både en prägel av ingenjörs- ochpersonalvetarperspektiv. Litteraturstudien låg till grund för rapporten och de kommunikativafaktorerna som påverkar organisationen vid framtagningen av en ny produkt varorganisationsteorier, standardiserat arbetssätt för att undvika slöseri av information, olikatyper av kommunikation och förbättringsarbete. Genom att intervjua berörda avdelningar påSilvent AB kunde en grundläggande bild av nuläget och organisationen skapas, vilket senareblev grunden för analysen. Slutsats kunde dras genom att jämföra teori, intervjuer ochnulägesbeskrivning. Denna grundades även utifrån frågeställningen och syftet i hur ettmedelstort tekniskt företag skulle kunna utveckla sitt informationsflöde internt vidframtagning av en ny produkt i framtiden. Slutsatser som framkom i studien för att kunnauppfylla detta var att skapa en teknisk bro som förtydligar och förmedlar kommunikationen inom organisationen på ett effektivt sätt. / The purpose of the report was to investigate how a medium-sized technical company candevelop its information flow internally when developing a new product. The choice of thepurpose of the study is that organizations in companies are usually not prioritized without itbeing production that performs efficiency improvements and improvements while theorganization easily forget. Examining this flow of information between the technicaldepartment and the other parties gave the study both an element of engineering and personnelscience. The literature study formed the basis for the report and the communicative factorsthat affect the organization in the production of a new product were organizational theories,standardized methods of preventing the dissemination of information, different types ofcommunication and improvement work. By interviewing the relevant departments at SilventAB, a basic picture of the present and the organization could be created, which later becamethe basis for the analysis. Conclusion could be drawn by comparing theory, interviews andcurrent position description. The conclusion was also based on the question and purpose ofhow a medium-sized technical company could develop its information flow internally whendeveloping a new product in the future. Conclusions found in the study to meet this were tocreate a technical bridge that clarifies and communicates communication within theorganization effectively.

Syfte och forskningsfrågor Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur kvinnliga musikartister går tillväga för att lansera sitt artisteri oberoende av de större skivbolagen. Eftersom musikindustrin till större delen är dominerad av män samt beroende av de större skivbolagen riktar sig denna forskning in på det kvinnliga entreprenörskapet inom musikindustrin. De framtagna forskningsfrågorna handlar om hur kvinnliga musikartister tar sig fram när det kommer till lansering av sitt artisteri oberoende av de större skivbolagen. Alltifrån hur lanseringen ser ut, vilka redskap som kan användas samt vilka möjligheter och begränsningar som existerar för kvinnliga artister i musikbranschen. Metod Denna studie innehar en kvalitativ metodundersökning med en induktiv ansats. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in via fem stycken intervjuer genomförda med kvinnliga självständiga artister som alla är aktiva i dagens musikbransch. Därefter har en framtagen analys tydliggjort svaren av forskningsfrågorna. Slutsatser Det som gör att en kvinnlig artist i musikbranschen kan klara sig oberoende av de större bolagen handlar om att ta hjälp av det kvinnliga musiknätverket. Med en noggrann utveckling av det personliga varumärket och en utförlig lansering kan man genom det kvinnliga musiknätverket som redskap ta sig fram i musikbranschen oberoende av de större bolagen. / Purpose and research questions The purpose of this essay is to examine the way that female musicians work to launch their artistry independent of larger record labels. Since the music industry is prominently dominated by men and dependent on the larger record companies this research will focus on the entrepreneurship of women in said industry. The research questions will therefore focus on how female music artists make their way when it comes to launching their artistry independent of larger records companies. How does the launch work, what tools are used and what possibilities and limitations do the women of the music industry face? Method This study features a qualitative method research with an inductive approach. By gathering the empiric material through five interviews with female independent artists that are currently active in the music business. Thereafter an analysis produced has made the answers to the research questions clear. Conclusion The conclusion of what makes a female artist successful in the music business, independent of the larger record labels, is the social network between female musicians. With a thorough development of the personal brand and a detailed launch you can use the social network between female musicians to make their way in the music business.

Bakgrund: Vi utsätts för reklam dagligen och det är svårt för produkter att differentiera sig. Då vi även lever i ett förväntningssamhälle tror vi alltid att nästa produkt kommer vara bättre än den förra. Inom teknikområdet är det väldigt tydligt då vi ofta väntar på nästa lansering. Vilket gör att företagen marknadsför produkten långt innan den kommer ut. Det finns inte mycket forskning om produkter som inte lanserats men vi ser att det blir allt vanligare att man marknadsför sin produkt innan lansering. Syfte: Vi vill undersöka om teorierna gällande köpbeteende och kundvärde även är tillämpliga för produkter som ännu inte finns att köpa men marknadsförs innan lanseringen. Metod: Vi har studerat de teorier som idag finns etablerade avseende köpbeteende och kundvärde på marknaden. Vi har sedan använt oss av semistrukturerade intervjuer för att samla in det empiriska materialet. Urvalet har gjorts med hjälp av det så kallade snöbollsurvalet och alla respondenter har anknytning till Högskolan i Jönköping. Vi analyserar vårt material utifrån hermeneutiken där vi använder vår egen förförståelse och kunskap i analysen. Teori: Vi utgår från teorier om köpbeteende och kundvärde i vår analys. Resultat: Det finns många olika bakomliggande faktorer till vad som påverkar konsumenten att köpa en produkt. Våra respondenter anger samma huvudsakliga faktorer som skäl till sitt köpbehov för den produkt som ännu inte fanns att köpa på marknaden, när studien påbörjades, som teorierna om köpbeteende och kundvärde anger för de produkter som redan har lanserats. Varumärket har lyckats kommunicera de värderingar som konsumenten uppskattar samt lyckats skapa lojalitet hos de flesta respondenterna. Vår slutledning är därför att teorierna gällande köpbeteende och kundvärde på marknaden även är tillämpliga för produkter som ännu inte finns att köpa men marknadsförs innan lanseringen. / Background: We are exposed to advertising on a daily basis and it is difficult for products to differentiate themselves. Since we also live in a expectation society, we believe that the next product will be better than the last. Within the technologic area, this is very clear: we often wait for the next launch. This leads to firms marketing their product long before it comes out on the market. There is not much former research on products that are not launched, but we see that it is increasingly common for people to advertise their product before launch. Objective: We want to examine if the theories regarding buying behavior and customer value are also applicable for products not yet available for purchase but are marketed before launch. Method: We have studied the theories that today are located on buying behavior and customer value in the market. We have then used the semi structured interviews to collect the empirical material. The selection was made using the so-called snowball sample, all respondents are related to Högskolan i Jönköping. We analyze our material on the basis of hermeneutics in which we use our own understanding and knowledge in the analysis. Theory: We start with the theories of buying behavior and customer value in our analysis. Results: There are many underlying factors that influence a consumer  to buy a product. Our respondents use the same main factors as reasons to their buying need for the product that was not yet available in the market, when the study began, that the theories of buying behavior and customer value indicates for the products that have already been launched. The brand has managed to communicate the values that consumers appreciate and managed to create loyalty among most respondents. Our conclusion is therefore that the theories concerning buying behavior and customer value in the market also apply to products that are not yet available for purchase but are marketed before the launch.

This dissertation seeks to merge the ideas from robust control theory such as H-Infinity control design and the Small Gain Theorem, L stability theory and Lyapunov stability from nonlinear control, and recent theoretical achievements in adaptive control. The fusion of frequency domain and linear time domain ideas allows the derivation of an H-Infinity Norm Minimization Approach (H-Infinity-NMA) for adaptive control architecture that permits a control designer to simplify the adaptive tuning process and tune the uncertainty compensation characteristics via linear control design techniques, band limit the adaptive control signal, efficiently handle redundant actuators, and handle unmatched uncertainty and matched uncertainty in a single design framework. The two stage design framework is similar to that used in robust control, but without sacrificing performance. The first stage of the design considers an ideal system with the system uncertainty completely known. For this system, a control law is designed using linear H-Infinity theory. Then in the second stage, an adaptive process is implemented that emulates the behavior of the ideal system. If the linear H-Infinity design is applied to control the emulated system, it then guarantees closed loop system stability of the actual system. All of this is accomplished while providing notions of transient performance bounds between the ideal system and the true system. Extensions to the theory include architectures for a class of output feedback systems, limiting the authority of an adaptive control system, and a method for improving the performance of an adaptive system with slow dynamics without any modification terms. Applications focus on using aerodynamic flow control for aircraft flight control and the Crew Launch Vehicle.

Satellites have become absolute necessity in the growing modern space technology. At present, launch pads are the only means for launching of satellites or any other space vehicles. Due to the large magnitude of current and the associated rate of rise, a lightning strike to launch pads can be quite disastrous. Satellite launch complex forms typically the tallest object in that region. This makes them the more vulnerable to cloud-to-ground lightning. In addition, most of the launch pads are situated near the coastal area, where the isokeraunic levels are quite high. In view of these, almost all the satellite launch pads are provided with suitable Lightning Protection Systems (LPS). The LPS is basically intended for protecting against a direct lightning hit. The present work is related with the LPS to Indian satellite launch pads, Pad-I and Pad-II. The protection system for Pad-I consists of three 120 m tall towers placed approximately at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of 180 m. The same for Pad-II consist of 120 m tall towers placed at vertices of rectangle of size 90 m x 105 m. Towers are interconnected by 6 shield wires at the top. A mast of 10m length forms the top of the tower. Significant work on the analysis of interception efficacy of these protection systems has been reported in the literature. The lightning surge response of these systems have also been analysed and reported. The interception efficacy of these LPS in field can be ascertained by pertinent measurements. Measuring the lightning current on LPS seems to be one of the most suitable choices for this purpose. It would also greatly facilitate collection of local lightning current statistics, data on which is almost absent. Several considerations suggest that the tower bases form ideal place for such measurement. However, such lightning current records would involve mainly the current resulting from stroke interception, as well as, induced current due to strokes nearby. Literature on categorisation of measured currents to the type of stroke and correlation of measured currents to the incident stroke currents is rather limited. This is especially true for interconnected protection system of the type dealt in the present work. Considering these the present work is taken up and its scope is defined as: (i) Evolve a suitable model for study of current distribution in LPS due to Lightning and using the same deduce the current due to stroke interception and that due to stroke nearby. (ii) For the purpose of categorization identify the salient characteristics of current due to the intercepted strokes and that due to bypass/nearby strokes (iii) For the intercepted strokes, develop a processor for estimating the injected stroke current from the measured tower base currents. Lightning event, apart from other associated physical phenomena, is strongly governed by electromagnetic fields. Any method employed for the analysis, either theoretical or experimental, should satisfy the governing electromagnetic equations. As experimentation on actual system, as well as, their laboratory simulation is nearly impossible, theoretical modelling approach is selected. Modelling involves modelling of the channel along with its excitation, modelling of the LPS and modelling of the ground. Channel, following the literature, is represented as a loaded conductor with a lumped current source at the junction point. Such models have quite successfully predicted the electromagnetic fields and current in other places on the down conductor. For the LPS, some simplifications on the geometry are very essential. Tower lattice elements of dimensions much smaller than the wavelength of highest dominant frequency component of lightning current spectrum are neglected. Suitable modification is made for the tower top involving a plate and interconnection of several short members. For the close range within 200 – 400 m, even for the induced currents, the influence of ground in the literature has been reported to be small. Also, there is an extensive grounding network in these systems. In view of the same, a perfectly conducting ground along with suitable ground termination impedance is considered. Only the numerical solution of the problem is feasible and for the same, following the literature, NEC-2 is employed. All the guidelines of NEC are respected in the discretisation. Geometric mean radius is employed for modelling the complex tower elements. Fourier Transform Techniques are employed for time domain conversion of the computed frequency domain quantities. Occasionally, numerical inversion error of magnitude less than 5% is encountered. For the validation of the numerical modelling for both direct stroke and that nearby, time domain experimentation on electromagnetically reduced scale models (35:1) is employed. As the channel electrical and geometrical parameters are stochastic in nature, it is necessary to ensure that the deduction made using the model is practically relevant. For this, some parametric studies are conducted. The influence of channel length and inclination, stroke current velocity etc. has been shown to be insignificant for the case of intercepted strokes. Simulations are carried out for the stroke intercepted (i.e. direct strikes) by the LPS. The characteristics of the tower base currents are investigated. The base currents indicate a dispersive propagation along the towers and further a frequency dependent current division at the tower-shield wire junctions. Base currents contain superimposed oscillations, which basically originate from various junctions of the system. The magnitude of the oscillations is obviously dependent on the rise time of the incident currents. The tower base currents settle within about 10 -15 µs, which is shorter than that for isolated tower. Further, the full-frequency model could be limited to this time period. The corresponding current transfer functions are deduced. For the stroke interception by shield wires, based on the earlier work, only stroke to midspan is found to be relevant and hence it is considered. The nature of tower base currents for a stroke to midspan of the shield wires seem to be similar. However there are some distinct features, which are helpful in identifying the stroke location on the LPS. From the time correlated tower base currents, a suitable methodology for identifying the stroke interception location on LPS is developed. Next, simulations for induced current due to a bypass stroke, as well as, stroke to ground outside the LPS, however, within 1 km radius are taken up. In fact, it is estimated that latter is nearly 5 – 13 times higher than the strokes collected by LPS, indicating it as the most probable event. The objective here is characterization, rather than correlation. In this study, the influence of charge induced on the LPS by the descending leader is neglected and the upward leader activity is approximately considered. To the best of author’s knowledge, studies on such induced currents in down conductors are very scarce. Considering this and noting that the number of parameters is quite large, first the basic study is taken up on simple cylindrical down conductors. Many important and interesting deductions are made. The nature of the induced current is highly dependent on the rate of rise as well as the velocity of propagation of the stroke current. The magnitude and to some extent, the wave shape of the induced current is found to depend on the average as well as maximum di/dt of the stroke current. For a given wave shape, the magnitude of the induced current increases with rate of rise of the wave front; however, saturating trend will onset after some point. The height of the down conductor mainly governs the frequency of the oscillatory component of the induced current. The dependency of the induced current on the radius of the down conductor seems to be logarithmic (which is in accordance with the antenna theory). Based on these results, the parameters for the corresponding study on LPS under consideration, is chosen. The results of the investigation on the induced currents in LPS show that they have quite distinct waveform. They are basically bipolar and oscillatory in nature, with relatively short duration. These unique features facilitate clear distinction of the induced currents from that due to stroke interception. Basic characteristics are reasonably insensitive to the separation distance of the protection system and the channel, current propagation velocity along the channel, channel inclination and shape of the current front. The salient features of the induced current due to a bypass stroke are also enumerated. • The noise, if any, in the measured current can be addressed only after acquiring sufficient data. Based on the above, the following procedure is suggested for the stroke classification and estimation. • By employing the distinct features of the resulting tower base currents, analyze the measured tower base currents and classify the strokes into the intercepted stroke or stroke to ground. • For the latter case, using the salient features of the bypass strokes, further classify the strokes to bypass strokes and stroke to ground outside the protected volume. • For the intercepted strokes, using the relative strengths and wave shapes, identify the interception point to either tower top or the midspan of the shield wires. • Then by using the corresponding transfer functions and Fourier Transform techniques, compute the injected stroke current. • Using the above, other tower base currents are computed and compared with the measured currents. This gives quantification for the accuracy of the method. In summary the present work has made some original contribution to the classification and estimation of stroke currents measured on the interconnected LPS.

Solutions to trajectory optimization problems are carried out by the direct and indirect methods. Under broad heading of these methods, numerous algorithms such as collocation, direct, indirect and multiple shooting methods have been developed and reported in the literature. Each of these algorithms has certain advantages and limitations. For example, direct shooting technique is not suitable when the number of nonlinear programming variables is large. Indirect shooting method requires analytical derivatives of the control and co-states function and a poorly guessed initial condition can result in numerical unstable values of the adjoint variable. Multiple shooting techniques can alleviate some of these difficulties by breaking down the trajectory into several segments that help in reducing the non-linearity effects of early control on later parts of the trajectory. However, multiple shooting methods then have to handle more number of variables and constraints to satisfy the defects at the segment joints. The sie of the nonlinear programming problem in the collocation method is also large and proper locations of grid points are necessary to satisfy all the path constraints. Stochastic methods such as Genetic algorithms, on the other hand, also require large number of function evaluations before convergence. To overcome some of the limitations of the conventional methods, improved solution techniques are developed. Three improved methods are proposed for the solution of trajectory optimization problems. They are • a genetic algorithm employing dominance and diploidy concept. • a collocation method using chebyshev polynomials , and • a hybrid method that combines collocation and direct shooting technique A conventional binary-coded genetic algorithm uses a haploid chromosome, where a single string contains all the variable information in the coded from. A diploid, as the name suggests, uses pair of chromosomes to store the same characteristic feature. The diploid genetic algorithm uses a dominant map for decoding genotype into a stable, consistent phenotype. In dominance, one allele takes precedence over another. Diploidy and dominance helps in retaining the previous best solution discovered and shields them from harmful selection in a changing environment. Hence, diploid and dominance affect a king of long-term memory in the genetic algorithm. They allow alternate solutions to co-exist. One solution is expressed and the other is held in abeyance. In the improved diploid genetic algorithm, dominant and recessive genes are defined based on the fitness evaluation of each string. The genotype of fittest string is declared as the dominant map. The dominant map is dynamic in nature as it is replaced with a better individual in future generations. The concept of diploidy and dominance in the improved method mimics closer to the principles used in human genetics as compared to any such algorithms reported in the literature. It is observed that the improved diploid genetic algorithm is able to locate the optima for a given trajectory optimization problem with 10% lower computational time as compared to the haploid genetic algorithm. A parameter optimization problem arising from an optimal control problem where states and control are approximated by piecewise Chebyshev polynomials is well known. These polynomials are more accurate than the interpolating segments involving equal spaced data. In the collocation method involving Chebyshev polynomials, derivatives of two neighboring polynomials are matched with the dynamics at the nodal points. This leads to a large number of equality constraints in the optimization problem. In the improved method, derivative of the polynomial is also matched with the dynamics at the center of segments. Though is appears the problem size is merely increased, the additional computations improve the accuracy of the polynomial for a larger segment. The implicit integration step size is enhanced and overall size of the problem is brought down to one-fourth of the problem size defined with a conventional collocation method using Chebyshev polynomials. Hybrid method uses both collocation and direct shooting techniques. Advantages of both the methods are combined to give more synergy. Collocation method is used in the starting phase of the hybrid method. The disadvantage of standalone collocation method is that tuning of grid points is required to satisfy the path constraints. Nevertheless, collocation method does give a good guess required for the terminal phase of the hybrid method, which uses a direct shooting approach. Results show nearly 30% reduction in computation time for the hybrid approach as compared to a method in which direct shooting alone is used, for the same initial guess of control. The solutions obtained from the three improved methods are compared with an indirect method. The indirect method requires derivations of the control and adjoint equations, which are difficult and problem specific. Due to sensitivity of the costate variables, it is often difficult to find a solution through the indirect method. Nevertheless, these methods do provide an accurate result, which defines a benchmark for comparing the solutions obtained through the improved methods. Trajectory design and optimization of a RLV(Reusable Launch Vehicle) Demonstrator mission is considered as a test problem for evaluating the performance of the improved methods. The optimization problem is difficult than a conventional launch vehicle trajectory optimization problem because of the following two reasons. • aerodynamic lift forces in the RLV add one more dimension to the already complex launch vehicle optimization problem. • as RLV performs a sub orbital flight, the ascent phase trajectory influences the re-entry trajectory. Both the ascent and re-entry optimization problem of the RLV mission is addressed. It is observed that the hybrid method gives accurate results with least computational effort, as compared with other improved techniques for the trajectory optimization problem of RLV during its ascent flight. Hybrid method is then successfully used during the re-entry phase and in designing the feasible optimal trajectories under the dispersion conditions. Analytical solutions obtained from literature are used to compare the optimized trajectory during the re-entry phase. Trajectory optimization studies are also carried out for the off-nominal performances. Being a thrusting phase, the ascent trajectory is subjected to significant deviations, mainly arising out of solid booster performance dispersions. The performance index during rhe ascent phase is modified in a novel way for handling dispersions. It minimizes the state errors in a least square sense, defined at the burnout conditions ensure possibilities of safe re-entry trajectories. The optimal trajectories under dispersion conditions serve as a benchmark for validating the closed-loop guidance algorithm that is developed for the ascent phase flight. Finally, an on-line trajectory command-reshaping algorithm is developed which meets the flight objectives under the dispersion conditions. The guidance algorithm uses a pre-computed trajectory database along with some real-time measured parameters in generating the optimal steering profiles. The flight objectives are met under the dispersion conditions and the guidance generated steering profiles matches closely with the optimal trajectories.

Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone / The purpose of this paper is to provide basic empirical evidence to support the implementation of an innovation campus in downtown Tucson. This would be a satellite of the Arizona Center for Innovation (AZCI) currently located in the University of Arizona Science and Technology Park – an innovation, research and business center on the outskirts of Tucson. A multi-case study analysis will be performed where the results will be compared with that of the AZCI results, using the same criteria.