The problem of this study was to determine whether there is a significant relationship between certain situational factors and high and low scores on the leadership behavior dimensions of industrial supervisors. The behavior dimensions studies were the two dimensions of Consideration and Initiating Structure, as measured by the instrument used in the study.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Performance management is not a new area within IO psychology research, however recently there has been growing interest with how to increase its effectiveness. Scholars are calling for more research to examine the antecedents of actual performance management behaviors that managers enact on a daily basis. The current study addresses this gap by utilizing Implicit Person Theory to understand the effect of supervisor perceptions on their behaviors that contribute towards the goal(s) of performance management. Previous research has suggested that Implicit Person Theory leads to more coaching behaviors, however, has failed to identify an explanatory mechanism. The current study relies on the three-component model of commitment to offer a mediating variable between Implicit Person Theory and differing degrees of performance management behaviors due to its more proximal relationship to the target behaviors compared to the broad antecedent of perception of others. The researchers tested this mediation using survey data from a broad sample of supervisors across the United States. Managers’ Incrementalism was positively and significantly related to discretionary performance management behaviors via affective commitment to performance management, however the relationship between Incrementalism and focal performance management behaviors via continuance commitment was non-significant. This research extends previous performance management research by providing evidence for the influence of key supervisor attitudes and implicit beliefs on varying levels of performance management behaviors. Theoretical contributions, limitations and future research directions are discussed.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the odds of school organization features predicting schools meeting district or state performance goals. The school organization features were organizational complexity, shared decision making, and leadership behavior. The dependent variable was school performance, operationally defined as a principal's yes response or no response to the question, "did your school meet district or state performance goals." The independent variables representing organizational complexity were school size, diversity of role, span of control. The independent variables representing shared decision making were curriculum influence, policy influence, and professional development influence. The leadership behavior feature was a composite variable. The percent of school lunch was the covariate, as determined by the percentage of students receiving free lunch and reduced price lunch. The sample for this study was taken from the 1999-2000 Schools and Staffing Surveys (SASS) Public-Use Data (NCES: 2004-372) collected by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The sample consisted of 5,312 public schools and 5,312 public school principals. Data from the SASS Public School Questionnaire and the SASS Public School Principal Questionnaire were used for the data analysis. The methods of data analysis consisted of the identification of indicator variables from SASS, the development of scales, and the fitting of a parsimonious logistic regression model. A principal components analysis was used to extract patterns of association among the indicator variables, shared decision making and leadership behavior. The logistic regression analysis revealed that the best model for predicting the odds of whether schools would meet district or state performance goals consisted of the variables curriculum influence, policy influence, professional development influence, size, diversity of role, span of control, and the covariate, percent of free lunch. The significant variables were curriculum influence, policy influence, professional development influence, and span of control. The odds of school organization features predicting whether schools would meet performance goals was estimated to be .7243, which was less than one or less than chance. There were several limitations of this study that need to be considered when interpreting the results. / Ed. D.

A number of significant changes have occurred in our public schools in recent years. These changes include shifting federal program priorities, adoption of state curriculum standards, and the implementation of site-based decision-making. These changes come at a time when schools are experiencing significant changes in the ethnic and socioeconomic composition of their student body and when many families are struggling to meet challenges arising from poverty or job requirements. Attention has been given to the impact these changes are having on teachers, parents, and students. Little attention has been given, however, to the impact these changes are having on principals. The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of a principal's worklife in an achieving urban elementary school with a large number of at-risk students. The study examined one principal's methods of dealing with everyday problems associated with leading in a school that serves children of color and 98% of the students meet low-income criteria (i.e., they qualify for free or reduced-price lunch). Over the past five years, second grade students showed increases in reading beyond those achieved by minority students in the school division. Attendance rates over the past five years show improvement. Interviews, observations, and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Bass & Avolio, 1995) were used to collect data. From these data, a case study was written. The report of case study findings describes the worklife of the principal, school characteristics, and school outcomes. Conclusions drawn from the case study indicate that the worklife of the principal has similarities to the worklife of other elementary principals. However, due to school characteristics and external factors elementary principals serving in urban schools with a large number of at-risk students can expect an escalated level of intensity and demand on a daily basis. Findings of this study have relevance for urban elementary school principals desiring to increase achievement. Further, findings suggest that urban elementary schools serving a large number of at-risk students can achieve successful outcomes. / Ed. D.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka lagidrottares uppfattning av tränarens uppgiftsinvolvering och dess effekt på upplevd lagsammanhållning och idrottsprestation utifrån kön och tävlingsnivå. Kopplingar gjordes till Need Achievement Theory, Achievement Goal Theory och Multidimensional Model of Leadership. Deltagare bestod av totalt N=220 manliga och kvinnliga lagidrottare från allsvenskan till U17. Frågeformulären bestod av CSAI-2, PeerMCYSQ och LSS. Resultaten visar att elitpresterande män har mer konkurrens inom lag och uppfattar tränaren som mer demokratisk än elitpresterande kvinnor. Elitpresterande kvinnor har mer förbättring inom lag. Amatörpresterande män har mindre konkurrens och uppfattar tränaren som mindre uppgiftsinvolverad. Slutsatsen är att lagidrottares olika uppfattning av tränares beteende kan bero på idrottares ansträngning, relationer och autonomi. Resultaten diskuteras i relation till tidigare studier och teori. Förslag på implikationer och framtida studie ges. / The purpose of this study was to investigate team sport athletes perception of the coachs’ task involvement and its’ effect on perceived team cohesion and athletic performance by gender and competition level. Connections were made to Need Achievement Theory, Achievement Goal Theory, and Multidimensional Model of Leadership. Participants consisted of a total of N=220 male and female team sport athletes from allsvenskan to U17. The questionnaires consisted of CSAI-2, PeerMCYSQ and LSS. The results shows that elite performing men have more competition within the team and perceive the coach as more democratic than elite performing women. Elite performing women have more improvement within the team. Amateur performing men have less competition and perceive the coach as less task involved. The conclusion is that team sport athletes varied perception of coaches behavior can depend on athletes effort, relations and autonomy. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies and theory. Suggestions on implications and future study is given.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to identify and compare differences in leadership behaviors of senior student affairs officers (SSAOs) based on their generational cohort (Baby Boomer, Generation X, Millennial). The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was used to measure nine leadership behaviors and three leadership outcomes. Surveys were administered electronically to 3,361 individuals identified as a chief student affairs officer or director of student affairs in the Higher Education Online Directory (2014). The 449 respondents included 246 Baby Boomers, 192 Generation Xers, and 11 Millennials. Due to an uneven sample size, the Millennial group was removed from the data analysis. The total respondents consisted of 215 male and 219 female SSAOs with 260 employed at four-year private institutions and 170 employed at four-year public institutions. A MANOVA was utilized to determine whether or not statistical differences existed between the nine dependent variables (leadership behaviors) and independent group variables (generational group). The findings showed that whereas Generation X SSAOs exhibited more transactional leadership behaviors, Baby Boomer SSAOs were more transformational. The results of this study have implications for the field of student affairs in that research and practice support the need for more transformational leaders in senior administrative positions in higher education. If Generation X SSAOs who represent the next generation of administrators are more transactional in their leadership, college presidents and professional associations may need to develop a new, more transformational generation of SSAOs to replace Baby Boomers as they retire.

The demand for highly qualified teachers is well documented, yet numerous stressors influence educators to leave their positions. The guiding question for this study was: Is there a relationship between perceived principal leadership behavior and the stress experienced by the novice secondary teacher? The target population was novice teachers in Louisiana. The purposive sample was delimited to novice secondary teachers having six semesters of teaching experience or less in grades 6 through 12. The ten largest parishes in Louisiana were selected to sample. Four of the ten parishes granted permission to survey novice secondary teachers. The Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire, Form XII (Stogdill, 1963) was used to determine the perception of principal leadership in two dimensions: consideration behavior and initiation of structure behavior. The Teacher Stress Inventory (Fimian, 1988) was used to collect demographic data on the participants and to determine a composite stress score from five sources of stress and five manifestations of stress. The statistical analyses included stepwise multiple regression and one-way ANOVA. Data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Science Version16.0 (SPSS). Time management, along with discipline and motivation, were the top two sources of stress for novice teachers. Fatigue manifestation and emotional manifestation were the most conspicuous manifestations of stress. These results reflect relevant issues facing the contemporary teacher. Professional investment, the diminished autonomy teachers experience when the locus of control is external to the classroom, was the single most reliable source of stress to predict both initiating structure and consideration leadership behavior. Emotional manifestation was the single most reliable manifestation of stress to predict initiating structure xiv and consideration leadership behavior. No significant relationship was found between the demographic and organizational variables and stress in the novice secondary teacher. Principal leadership is a potential predictor of teacher retention. Thus, the findings of this study have implications for three specific areas: programs of support for new teachers, preparation and training of principal leadership, and policies that are critical for the successful principal.

Background: Value-based leadership is needed and demanded in today’s complex and changing business environment. Values facilitate upcoming obstacles and difficult situations that everyone in an organization encounters. Hence, a manager should be able to lead and influence the entire organization towards these values, which make the role of the manager essential. Research argue for the effectiveness of implementing value-based leadership in organizations. Yet, less is known about how today’s companies and managers work with it, and what the factors are related to it. Research QuestionHow are managers working with value-based leadership and how can certain factors be related to it? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe how managers both view and work with value-based leadership in terms of social transformation, organizational culture and leadership behavior. Further, to explain how certain factors are related to value-based leadership in the company. The study also aims to develop and broaden the academical field with a framework of value-based leadership in order to create a deeper understanding of value-based leadership in practice and its possible outcomes. Method: A qualitative approach was used during this study, where ten managers from four Swedish companies from the private sector were interviewed. These companies were chosen due to their awareness of value-based leadership and clarification of values. Theoretical framework: The framework consists of three theoretical blocks: value-based leadership, leadership behavior, and organizational culture. Based on this, an analyze model was created to facilitate the analysis of the empirical data. Findings: All managers and their companies are working in accordance with value-based leadership, but to different extents, which is partly due to social transformation in terms of a shift in generations and social sustainability. The factors trust and values are most emphasized and related to value-based leadership, while the factors organizational culture and self-leadership are less emphasized. Still, the authors claim that these factors are crucial in value-based leadership.

For the adaptation of rapid environment variation and human affairs cost reduction, the tendency toward introducing flexible workaround and the atypical employee for the government departments already becomes quite obviously, but in the enforcement process should try to avoid causing the policy value conflicts, the opposition between workers and capitalists, and social conflicts. Therefore, it needs to have the complete promoting policy and suitable methods to the transformation of the flexible rules of choosing talent on order to strive for society approval. The research object focuses on the official staff and the atypical employee who deal with environment cleaning affairs in New Taipei City, Taichung City, and Kaohsiung City. For the purpose of understanding the thoughts of the official staff and the atypical employee, the discussion for the individual attribute, transformation leadership behavior, affective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior is regarding as the reference of flexible human resource usage of government departments. The following are the discoveries in this research results. 1.The ¡§affective organizational commitment¡¨ for the official staff and atypical employee has obviously influences on ¡§altruism behavior¡¨ and the influences on the atypical employee are greater than the official staff. 2.The ¡§inspirational motivation and intellectual stimulation¡¨ for the official staff and atypical employee have obviously influences on ¡§altruism behavior¡¨ and the influences on the atypical employee are greater than the official staff. 3.The ¡§affective organizational commitment¡¨ has remarkable influence on the ¡§seriousness and responsibility¡¨ of the atypical employee, but not for the official staff. These results show that the employment identity plays an important role exactly in the employment relations. Different employment identity will affect employee not only how they treat the relationship between themselves and employers but also the responses on their behaviors. This research focuses on the discussion on the research results, and also brings up some advices for government departments on physical future researches of flexible human resource usage.