Bibliography: leaves 651-699. "Through case studies of three emerging economies - Ecuador, Nigeria and Russia - this thesis analyses the factors present to a greater or lesser degree in emerging economies, such as severe foreign indebtedness and the absence of the rule of law, that undermine the effectiveness of the legal system in protecting indigenous peoples from oil exploitation. Having identified these factors, I propose that a dual approach to the protection of indigenous peoples' traditional lands and their environment be adopted, whereby international laws that set out the rights of indigenous peoples and place duties on states in this regard, are reinforced and translated into practice through the self-regulation of the international oil industry through a voluntary code of conduct for oil companies seeking to operate on indigenous peoples' traditional lands."

Bibliography: leaves 651-699. / 2 v. (x, 699 leaves) : col. map ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / "Through case studies of three emerging economies - Ecuador, Nigeria and Russia - this thesis analyses the factors present to a greater or lesser degree in emerging economies, such as severe foreign indebtedness and the absence of the rule of law, that undermine the effectiveness of the legal system in protecting indigenous peoples from oil exploitation. Having identified these factors, I propose that a dual approach to the protection of indigenous peoples' traditional lands and their environment be adopted, whereby international laws that set out the rights of indigenous peoples and place duties on states in this regard, are reinforced and translated into practice through the self-regulation of the international oil industry through a voluntary code of conduct for oil companies seeking to operate on indigenous peoples' traditional lands." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Law, 2001

The background for this essay is the problems associated with the previous leasing standard IAS 17, and the implementation of the new, IFRS 16. During the appliance of IAS 17 leasing was either classified as operating- or finance leasing. Here the focus is whether there are similarities in the lease contract to a repayment purchase or not. For finance leases there are similarities to a purchase of the asset, where the lessee shall report both the asset and liability in the balance sheet. Simultaneously neither the asset or liability is reported in the balance sheet when establishing operating leases.The previous standard IAS 17 has received great criticism for allowing the operating leases to be outside the company's accounting, because they have meant that the transparency and reliability of the reported information has been inadequate. Companies that establish operating leases results in misleading key ratios, and may consequently therefore underestimate their financial risks associated with the leased asset. A lower debt ratio may be related to a higher debt financing of the balance sheet.The study is conducted to examine the potential effects the implementation of IFRS 16 has on different industries in Sweden, and how it will affect the key ratios EBITDA, debt, leverage and solidity. Relevant previous literature concerning potential effects in industries will be presented in the theoretical section. The result of the study will there after be presented and analyzed with previous scientific research. / Bakgrunden till denna uppsats är problemen i samband med den tidigare leasingstandarden IAS 17 och införandet av det nya IFRS 16. Under tillämpningen av IAS 17 klassificerades leasingavtal som antingen operationell eller finansiella. Klassificeringen handlar om det finns likheter i hyreskontraktet till ett återbetalningsköp eller ej. För finansiella leasingavtal finns det likheter till ett köp av tillgången, där leasetagaren ska redovisa både tillgång och skuld i balansräkningen. Samtidigt redovisas varken tillgång eller skuld i balansräkningen vid upprättandet av operationella leasingavtal. Den tidigare standarden IAS 17 har fått stor kritik för att de operationella leasingavtalen tillåts vara utanför bolagets bokföring, det har inneburit att insynen och tillförlitligheten hos den rapporterade informationen har varit otillräcklig. Operationella leasingavtal leder till vilseledande nyckeltal och att företagen därmed kan underskatta deras finansiella risker i samband med den hyrda tillgången. En lägre skuldkvot kan vara relaterad till en högre skuldfinansiering från balansräkningen. Studien genomförs för att undersöka de potentiella effekter som IFRS 16 har på olika branscher i Sverige, och hur införandet påverkar nyckeltalen EBITDA, skuldsättning, skuldsättningsgrad och soliditet. Relevant tidigare litteratur om de potentiella effekterna inom branscherna kommer att presenteras i det teoretiska avsnittet. Resultatet av studien kommer därefter att presenteras och analyseras med tidigare vetenskaplig forskning.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

This dissertation investigates the hypotheses that high transaction costs contribute to relatively low participation rates in livestock leasing in South Africa; and that specific contractual characteristics contribute to minimising total transaction costs of livestock leasing contracts in South African commercial agriculture. Many emerging livestock farming businesses may value the option of leasing-in livestock. Likewise, many established livestock farming businesses are currently undergoing expansion (especially dairy farms) and may also value the option of leasing-in livestock. A reduction in transaction costs and an improvement in efficiency of the livestock lease market could prove beneficial for emerging/expanding livestock farms. Likewise, investors, who anticipate competitive rates of return from investments in livestock, may value the option of owning and leasing-out livestock to suitable farm businesses. Transaction costs in livestock rental contracts include costs of information about contracts, costs of monitoring and enforcing contracts, costs of finding party members to contract with, the costs of risk of an agreement being terminated due to exogenous factors such as land claims, the risk of incomplete contracts and the costs of risk bought about by adverse selection and moral hazard. The magnitude of transaction costs incurred by participants of a livestock leasing contract are a function of how costs and risks are shared between the lessee and lessor, the inclusion of specific contractual clauses, the type of leasing contract, the relationship between party members and additional contractual characteristics. A census postal survey of two populations of livestock farmers, namely members of the Jersey Breeders' Societies of South Africa, was conducted during April and May 2007 to collect data on farmers' perceptions of and their participation in livestock rental contracting agreements. Elicited data was analysed using a multinomial discriminant analysis to identify factors that discriminate between non-participants of the livestock leasing market, lessees of livestock and lessors of livestock. Ordinary least squares regression was used to identify preferred characteristics of livestock lease contracts. Results of the first analysis suggest that a livestock leasing market does exist in South Africa; however, the market is characterised by high transaction costs. Non-participation in livestock leasing markets amongst survey respondents is partially attributable to the high perceived costs of obtaining market information and establishing and enforcing livestock lease agreements. Findings of the second analysis show that survey respondents, on average, showed a preference for formal agreements, leasing commercial animals for shorter periods and keeping detailed inventories. It is concluded that providing livestock farmers with information about important characteristics of successful livestock lease agreements may reduce transaction costs, and thus reduce market inefficiency in the market. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

Chapter 11 of the Property Agents and Motor Dealers Act 2000 (Qld) and the Retail Shop Leases Act 1994 (Qld) both introduce procedural requirements to the process for creation of land contracts and were both introduced to address a perceived lack of conscience in each of the industries affected. These represent a recent broadening of the ambit of consumer protection legislation in Queensland which deviates from more traditional methods of statutory intervention into land contracts. This paper focuses on the extent to which the Acts effectively introducing a conscience element into certain land contracts, and the extent to which this alters classical contract law. The effectiveness of the approach is then tested against the critiques of two alternative theories of law - law and economics and feminist contract theory - to see whether the legislative approach answers the deficiencies in contract identified within the terms of each theory.

Les centres commerciaux sont devenus une composante majeure de notre environnement. Mais si le paysage commercial a évolué au cours des cinquante dernières années, les cadres juridiques habituels tels que la copropriété, la concession immobilière, et l’attribution en jouissance se sont révélés inadaptés. Le présent travail propose de démontrer dans un premier temps que le bail commercial demeure l'outil contractuel le plus adapté pour organiser les relations au sein d'un centre commercial. Le succès du bail commercial pourrait toutefois interpeller. Comment une technique juridique construite autour de l’idée de protection et d’indépendance du commerçant traditionnel, peut-elle constituer la technique privilégiée d’organisation des centres commerciaux ? Si la matière demeure gouvernée en partie par l’ordre public, l’analyse de l’évolution de la jurisprudence et des clauses rédigées dans ces types de contrat révèle que le champ d’expression de la liberté contractuelle n’est pas négligeable et que le statut des baux commerciaux s’est adapté aux spécificités des centres commerciaux. En témoigne notamment la jurisprudence sur les clauses-recettes. L’importance quantitative du phénomène, combinée aux problématiques multiples qu’il n’a cessé de soulever et aux évolutions jurisprudentielles et législatives qu’il a engendrées ne doit-il pas conduire à considérer qu’il existerait une catégorie de baux commerciaux dérogatoire pour les centres commerciaux ? C’est ce que notre étude propose de démontrer dans un second temps. / Commercial picture has changed over the past fifty years. Shopping centers now occupy a key position in real estate. However, usual legal frameworks such as coownership (copropriété), concession (concession immobilière) and attribution into possession (attribution en jouissance) have proven to be inappropriate. The present study provides to first demonstrate that the commercial lease remains the most appropriate contractual tool to organise relationships within a shopping center. One could however be surprised by such a success. Indeed, how could one explain that this legal technique, which was first created to protect traditionnal shopkeepers and their business from any eviction, soon became the favorite technique to organise shopping centers ? It can certainly not be ignored that commercial leases are partially governed by imperative rules. However, either the evolution of case-laws and the terms and conditions negotiated in such contracts intend to prove that the the so-called statut des baux commerciaux has adapted to specific characteristics of shopping centers. The present study intends to demonstrate that there is a class of commercial leases which is specifically adapted to shopping centers and derogates from the common status.

Redovisningen har för avsikt att ge underlag och information till samhället. Därför är det viktigt att redovisningen återger verkligheten. Den nuvarande leasingstandarden IAS 17 för europeisk internationell nivå har varit föremål för kritik eftersom den har sin ansats i en klassificering mellan finansiell eller operationell leasing. Företag i Sverige som tillämpar K3 kapitel 20 behandlar leasingavtal på samma sätt genom en klassificering. Detta har skapat möjligheter för företag att uppföra en redovisning där stora värden i form av tillgångar och skulder hamnar utanför balansräkningen genom operationella leasingavtal. Därav har det pågått en internationell diskussion mellan IASB och FASB under en längre tid om leasingavtal som klassificeras som operationella verkligen återger en rättvisande bild av företag som tillämpar IFRS standarder. Denna debatt handlar om en ökning av transparens inom redovisning och företagens finansiella rapportering är konstant närvarande i dessa debatter. Därför att denna finansiella information oftast är det enda intressenter har till sitt förfogande som beslutsunderlag. På grund av dessa problem och för att utveckla en rapportering som är mer konsekvent har IASB därav valt att skapa en ny standard för leasingavtal - IFRS 16 Leasing. IFRS 16 har ett annat tillvägagångssätt för leasing då den har sin ansats i en nyttjanderätt. Detta medför betydande förändringar för leasingtagare då de, baserat på nyttjanderätten, behöver rapportera leasingavtal som tillgångar och skulder i sina balansräkningar. IASB har redan implementerat IFRS 16 men däremot är det inte krav på att följa standarden fram tills 1 januari 2019 då IFRS 16 träder i kraft. Studiens syfte är att beskriva samt analysera vilka skillnader det finns mellan företag som tillämpar K3 kapitel 20 och den kommande standarden IFRS 16 gällande leasingavtal. Vidare är syftet med studien att med hjälp av typfall undersöka och åskådliggöra skillnader i finansiella rapporter samt relevanta nyckeltal och hur dessa effekter kan påverka företagets intressenter. Genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod har det konstruerats fiktiva typfall för att kunna dra slutsatser som besvarar denna uppsats syfte och forskningsfråga. Studien behandlar vad för skillnader det finns vid behandling av klassificering, värdering och definition av leasingavtal. Därmed kan det konstateras och påvisa att vid tillämpning av den kommande leasingstandarden IFRS 16, medför det att en ökning sker av tillgångar och skulder i företagens balansräkning. Detta innebär betydande förändringar eftersom de måste redovisa ett leasingavtals nyttjanderätt och förpliktelser. Dessa förändringar får en väsentlig påverkan på olika finansiella mått. Vidare kan det konstateras att intressenter berörs och påverkas på ett väsentligt sätt eftersom förändringar i finansiella rapporter påverkar deras analyser och i slutändan beslutsunderlag. / Accounting intends to provide support and information to society. Therefore, it is important that the accounting reflects reality. The current lease standard IAS 17 for European international level has been criticized because it has its purpose in a classification between financial or operational leases. Companies in Sweden applying K3 chapter 20 treat leases in the same way through a classification. This has created opportunities for companies to invent an account where major values in terms of assets and liabilities are off-balance-sheet through operational lease agreements. Hence, there has been an international discussion between the IASB and the FASB for a long time if leases classified as operational really reflect a fair view of companies applying IFRS standards. This debate is about an increase in transparency in accounting and corporate financial reporting is constantly present in these debates. Because this financial information is often the only information which stakeholder has at its disposal as a basis for decision making. Due to these problems and to develop a more consistent reporting, the IASB has chosen to create a new lease agreement - IFRS 16 Leases. IFRS 16 has another approach to lease agreements as it is based on a right of use. This entails significant changes for lessees, as they, based on the right of use, need to report leases as assets and liabilities in their balance sheets. The IASB has already implemented IFRS 16, but it is not required to comply with the standard until 1 January 2019 when IFRS 16 enters into force. The purpose of the study is to describe and analyze the differences between companies applying K3 chapter 20 and the forthcoming standard IFRS 16 regarding lease agreements. Furthermore, the purpose of the study is to investigate and illustrate, by typical cases, differences in financial reports and relevant key ratios and how these effects may affect the company's stakeholders. Through a qualitative research method, fictional typical cases have been designed to draw conclusions that answer the purpose and research question of this paper. The study addresses what differences exist in the treatment of classification, valuation and definition of lease agreements. Thus, it can be established and demonstrate that, in application of the forthcoming leasing standard IFRS 16, an increase in assets and liabilities in the companies balance sheet is made. This implies significant changes as they must account for a lease agreements right of use and obligations. These changes have a significant impact on key ratios such as returnability, equity, debt ratio and leverage formula. Furthermore, the conclusion can show that stakeholders are affected in a significant way as changes in financial reports affect their analyzes and ultimately decision-making.