Nowadays it is not a sufficient tool for reaching strategic goals to control a company on basis of financial indicators only. Thus it is necessary to use nonfinancial indicators which fundamentally influence reaching financial goals of companies. A method called Balanced Scorecard emphasizes a relationship between financial and nonfinancial indicators. It even enables controlling an implementation of the overall strategy on basis of four perspectives (financial, customer, procedural, learning and growth) and also guarantees a feedback. The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyse the use of the Balanced Scorecard conception in controlling of the company ČSOB Leasing, a.s. A theoretical part summarizes theoretical knowledge concerning the strategy of the company and the Balanced Scorecard conception and it is written on basis of specialized publications and internet sources. This is followed by a practical part; its aim is to evaluate using this conception in practice. An internal documentation, interviews with employees of the company and materials from the participation on projects of different teams have been used for creating the practical part.

This diploma thesis tries to generally characterize selected forms of financing while purchasing tangible fixed assets by an entity. These forms are a bank credit, financial and operational leasing. This paper mainly focuses on accounting and taxation factors which are linked with the individual forms. Theoretical resources of given topic are applied to a model case which compares financial flows of bank credit and financial leasing. The thesis also includes current research of relevant segment of subjects which is focused on practical application of selected forms of financing within the individual sections of the Czech economy.

Denna studie undersöker effekten på svenska företags balans- och resultaträkning, och i förlängningen finansiella nyckeltal, om förslaget till ny redovisningsstandard för leasing skulle implementeras i dess nuvarande form. Tidigare forskning har visat en tydlig effekt på de nyckeltal vilka mäter förändringar i företags kostnadsstruktur samt struktur på balansräkningen medan nyckeltal vilka mäter lönsamhet och värdering påverkas i liten utsträckning. Undersökningen genomförs genom en kapitalisering av den operationella leasing företag idag anger i noterna i den finansiella rapporteringen och kapitaliseringen sker genom användning av den konstruktiva kapitaliseringsmetod som utvecklats av Imhoff et al (1991) och senare vidareutvecklats av Fülbier et al (2008). Urvalet baseras på svenska företag på OMX Stockholm Large Cap, då ingen tidigare akademisk forskning undersökt effekten på den svenska marknaden. Studiens resultat visar en signifikant förändring på företags skuldsättningsgrad och räntabilitet på totalt kapital medan vinst per aktie och P/E talet påverkas i mycket liten utsträckning, vilket är i linje med tidigare forskning. Resultaten visar att användandet av operationell leasing som finansieringsform varierar mellan branscher och även inom branscher. Detaljhandeln är den bransch som påverkas i störst utsträckning med en ökning av skuldsättningsgraden med cirka 65 % i genomsnitt och en minskning i räntabilitet på totalt kapital med cirka -10 % i genomsnitt.

Subject of this diploma thesis Comparison and application of Lease by Czech accounting legislation and IFRS is a comparison and analysis of purchase and lease of tangible assets through financial and operational leasing in selected company by Czech accounting legislation and IFRS and to assess which reporting of assets is economically and organizationally effective for the accounting entity. Theoretical background of this diploma thesis is fistly dealing with reporting of financial and operational leasing by Czech accounting legislation and then by IFRS. In Chapter Czech accounting legislation leasing is regarded by the law of accounting, income taxes and the law of VAT. In chapter IFRS are firstly mentioned legislation related to leasing, after its depreciation, accounting, appraisement and at the end of theoretical part is leasing assessed by IFRIC 4. In practical part of this thesis the gained knowledge from theoretical background are used and analyzed. In this chapter the model project is elaborated for company Cramo s.r.o. which acquires and leases Bobcat loader through financial and operational leasing by Czech accounting legislation and IFRS. The decision which reporting method of assets is more effective for the company is made in this chapter. Financial Statements by Czech accounting legislation and IFRS are made for comparison in which is embedded purchased and provided asset and depreciation on the leased item. At the end of this chapter costs and revenues of leasing are summarized by Czech accounting legislation and IFRS and the result of this thesis are discussed.

This diploma project focuses on evaluation and recommendation of the most efficient form of financing in the case of an acquisition of a long-term corporeal property if the company does not have enough financial means as well as on the Czech leasing trade trends ascertainment, description of development in the period 2003 to 2007 and proposition of the future progress prediction. The project firstly deals with the principles and meanings of the leasing, its division and processes from the leasing company selection to final contract signature. A space is also devoted to the Czech law adaptation, leasing insurance and bank loans division and processes. In the practical part a comparison of the acquisition of a long-term corporeal property by a leasing and a bank loan is shown while the analysis is made with the help of the current money value. The project contains detailed information of the events of the Czech leasing market, its concentration, operational and financial leasing development, movable and fixed property leasing development and its trends.

Bakgrund och problematisering: Enligt IAS 17 skall leasingavtal redovisas som ett finansiellt leasingavtal eller ett operationellt leasingavtal, men med IFRS 16 kommer alla leasingavtal att redovisas som ett finansiellt leasingavtal. Problemet med IAS 17 är att operationella leasingavtal gör att risker i den finansiella rapporten ej synliggörs, då det inte redovisas som en skuld vilket är ett undantag från IASB:s definition av skuld. Detta innebär att det inte redovisas på balansräkningen och leder till förbättrade nyckeltal. I de statliga bolagen eftersträvas det att den finansiella informationen uppvisar en lika god transparens som börsnoterade bolag, men att transparensen skulle förbättras med IFRS 16. Syfte: Syftet med denna undersökning är att visa en mer rättvis bild av de statliga bolagens finansiella ställning och resultat genom att kapitalisera operationella leasingavtal. Då operationella leasingavtal undanhåller tillgångar och skulder från balansräkningen vill vi undersöka vilka effekter som uppstår för statliga bolags finansiella ställning och resultat i och med införandet av IFRS 16.  Frågeställning: Vad blir effekterna i den finansiella ställningen och resultatet vid en kapitalisering av operationella leasingavtal i statligt ägda bolag? Metod: För denna undersökning har en kapitaliseringsmodell utvecklad av Imhoff, Lipe, och Wright (1991, 1997) och Fülbier, Silva och Pferdehirt (2008) tillämpats. Med kapitaliseringsmodellen undersöktes påverkan i resultaträkningen, balansräkningen och nyckeltalen vid en kapitalisering av operationella leasingavtal i statligt ägda bolag.  Därefter jämfördes förändringarna med tidigare forskning. Empiri och analys: Efter en kapitalisering av operationella leasingavtal ökade tillgångarna och skulderna i alla bolag. Rörelseresultatet fick en positiv effekt, medan årets resultat blev både negativt och positivt påverkad. För de nyckeltal som undersöktes uppstod både mindre märkbara förändringar och väldigt stora förändringar. I analysen fann vi att resultaten i vår undersökning i vissa fall både överensstämde och avvek jämfört med tidigare forskning. Avvikelserna berodde på vårt urval och andra faktorer som påverkar förändringarna vid en kapitalisering av operationella leasingavtal. Slutsats: Med denna undersökning har vi dragit slutsatsen att en tillämpning av IFRS 16 är anpassat efter IASB:s definition av skuld och att det därmed inte kan förekomma dolda skulder avseende leasing i den finansiella rapporten. Därmed visar IFRS 16 en mer rättvis bild då det synliggör de risker som inte tas med i den finansiella rapporten när IAS 17 tillämpas. Vi har konstaterat att de svenska statligt ägda bolagen står inför liknande effekter vid en kapitalisering av operationella leasingavtal som har framhållits i tidigare forskning.

This master's thesis delivers a comprehensive view at leasing business processes running in small and medium-sized leasing companies including the feasibility of their support through an imple-mentation of leasing application software. The first objective of this thesis is the design of an application software system, which will cover general leasing process in small and medium-sized leasing companies for the purpose of development packaged application software system suitable for implementation into small and medium-sized leasing companies. The second objective is a design of a specific implementation of a software system defined in previous objective of thesis. The design of an implementation is based on Microsoft Dynamics Sure Step project management methodology, which was adapted for the purpose of implementation of designed leasing application software into medium-sized leasing company. The first part of the thesis introduces basic concepts occurring throughout whole thesis for a clear understanding of the purpose of the practical work and its processing. The second part describes the Microsoft Dynamics platform as a variety of business software tools suitable for departmental development of leasing solution. This platform includes project management methodology suitable for the business software tools. The third part contains a design of an application software covering general leasing process. The fourth part describes the design of a specific implementation of a leasing application software system defined in previous part of thesis into medium-sized leasing company.

The aim of the thesis "The development of tax aspects of financial leasing" is an analysis of financial leasing in terms of income tax and value added tax in each year since 2004 and to compare the impact of legislative changes to the tax base. Place for a comprehensive overview of all tax implications of financial leasing.

The thesis is focused on operating leases. The theme develops from the fields of accounting, law and taxation. It deals with a current offer in this area with the aim of assessing the proposal of a specific leasing company, comparing to its competitors, and assessing any recommendations for improvement.

This master thesis includes 65 pages, 5 pictures, 4 tables, 41 literary sources, in the Lithuanian language. The object of this final work is leasing. The purpose of this study is to discuss theory and practice of leasing, describe problems, which hinder Lithuanian leasing market development and prognoses leasing market perspectives. In order to reach the purpose of this work it is important to solve the following problems: • to specify the essence and necessity of a leasing; • to overdraw the advantages and disadvantages of leasing; • to research the main leasing stages in Lithuania; • to research main leasing evolution stages in world and in Lithuania; • to structure leasing payments; • to make an analysis of Lithuanian leasing market. Specifing the essence and necessity of a leasing, overdrawing the advantages and disadvantages of leasing, researching the main leasing stages in Lithuania and analysising the leasing market of Lithuanian it was used books of national and foreign authors, various literature source of teaching means and scientific articles. Also it was used the methods of comparison, calculation of real present value, structural analysis and quantitative (qualitative) changes analysis.