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Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka kvinnan och modersgestalten i dramatik från 1800-talets moderna genombrott utifrån ett genusperspektiv. Materialet som ligger till grund för undersökningen består av tryckta manus till fyra olika dramer: Et dukkehjem av Ibsen, Räddad av Agrell, Sanna kvinnor av Leffler och Fadren av Strindberg – alla ursprungliga skrivna under perioden 1879–1887. Tidigare forskning kring moderskap visar hur normer och värderingar av och i samhället ställer olika krav på hur en moder ska vara. För att uppfylla syfte tillämpas en kvalitativ litteraturanalys med närläsning av materialet och i slutdiskussionen diskuteras och jämförs de olika dramerna. Undersökningens resultat visar att kvinnorna i dramerna påverkas av samtidens samhällsnormer samtidigt som kvinnorna även lyckas utmana sin modersroll på olika sätt, vilket även går hand i hand med det moderna genombrottet inom litteraturen. Dramernas skildring av kvinnan och modergestalten speglar den tid då kvinnors frihet tar sin början men fortfarande i hög grad begränsas av normer och samhällets krav.

Complex processes whose evolution in time rests on the occurrence of a large and random number of intermittent events are the systems under study. The mean time distance between two consecutive events is infinite, thereby violating the ergodic condition and activating at the same time a stochastic central limit theorem that explains why the Mittag-Leffler function is a universal property of nature. The time evolution of these complex systems is properly generated by means of fractional differential equations, thus leading to the interpretation of fractional trajectories as the average over many random trajectories, each of which fits the stochastic central limit theorem and the condition for the Mittag-Leffler universality. Additionally, the effect of noise on the generation of the Mittag-Leffler function is discussed. Fluctuations of relatively weak intensity can conceal the asymptotic inverse power law behavior of the Mittag-Leffler function, providing a reason why stretched exponentials are frequently found in nature. These results afford a more unified picture of complexity resting on the Mittag-Leffler function and encompassing the standard inverse power law definition.

<p>My essay is about the latter period of Anne Charlotte Leffler’s authorship. In Part I of my essay, I describe her path from the 1880s, where she described femininity as a shortcoming, as writes Ingeborg Nordin-Hennel, towards the 1890s and towards describing femininity as a possibility. This development took place on two levels – on an outer level, where all the woman writers in the late 1880s were influenced and where they were pushed out by the male writers, and on an inner level with Leffler herself.</p><p>Her late literary works depict new and more independent types of women, and eroticism is given a more prominent position. In Part II, I study Tre komedier (Three Comedies) which was published in 1891 and which includes the plays Den kärleken (Love is Strange), Familjelycka (Family Happiness), and Moster Malvina (Aunt Malvina). In my opinion, they are early expressions of the New Woman fiction. For my analysis, I use the criteria of genre for the New Woman fiction that is defined by Ebba Witt-Brattström. New Woman fiction is a lost link between the literature of social protest of the 1880s and female modernism. That characterizes, among other things, a new type of woman, who is intellectually and sexually aware. The plot is often contradictory and open-ended which allows scope for interpretation. The protagonist usually has a girlfriend or another woman, whom she can use as a mirror, and there is a new women’s “sistership” emerging, and the urban setting is yet another characteristic. The protagonist often stays at a boarding house or is out on a journey. The new male character is a weakling as opposed to the bourgeois masculinity. These features are distinct in Tre komedier. However, I have discovered a few more criteria.</p><p>I also discuss how Leffler, in the comedic form, delivers a pronounced criticism of society. In Tre komedier, the bourgeois matrimony, the bourgeois family, and the treatment of unmarried women are focused upon and criticized. The three plays differ very much from one another in the dramatic forms. Lynn R Wilkinson considers that they are among the first modernistic comedies, and they point forward to authors such as Wilde, Shaw, and Chekhov.</p>

<p>In this essay I study two novellas by Anne Charlotte Leffler, “En bal i societeten” and “I krig med samhället”. In order to do this, I use some of the differences between male and female writing that Ingeborg Nordin Hennel discusses in her study “Ämnar kanske fröken publicera något?”: Kvinnligt och manligt i 1880-talets novellistik. For the analysis of “I krig med samhället” I also use the text “Stabat mater” by Julia Kristeva. Anne Charlotte Leffler describes femininity both as a shortcoming and as a possibility in her authorship. In this essay I focus on femininity as a shortcoming. In my opinion “shortcoming” is not the proper description. I have therefore introduced the term “novella of disillusionment” to describe the novellas. My idea is that the female protagonist through disillusionment comes to the understanding of the double standards and limiting conventions of women. This is the insight that underlies femininity as a possibility.</p><p>I want to show how the two novellas lead to disillusionment for Arla. In “En bal i societeten”, the young Arla’s disillusionment is about romantic love. The novella criticizes bourgeois matrimony. It also discusses authorship and theatrical art. The novella is impressionistic. I examine the portrayed women because they give a voice to and criticize double standards. Another distinct theme is the relationship between mothers and daughters as part of the oppressive patriarchal system. The men appearing in the novella are more of stereotypes. Their primary interest is in their relationship to Arla. The narrator uses often a double gaze where the second look is female and antipatriarcal.</p><p>In the analysis of “I krig med samhället” I focus on Arla’s development. The main male character is a young radical writer, typical of male writers in the 1880s. My interest is solely in his relationship to Arla. His radical ideas do not include the emancipation of women and the companionate marriage proves to be disillusionment for Arla. His view of women is influenced by the ideals of the discourse of the Madonna. This both restricts Arla, and gives her a possible way of life, based on a feminine experience. I also discuss the perspective of the narrator that confronts the views of Lefflers male colleagues. I also discuss the complex relationship between Arla and her teenage daughter.</p><p>In the final part of the essay I clarify the disillusionment by comparing Arla’s fate with some works by Leffler that can better be categorized as describing femininity as a possibility, in particular, the novel “En sommarsaga”. In my opinion “I krig med samhället” is the precursor of the novel.</p>

This work aims at enhancing the understanding and to provideimproved models of the dynamic behavior of rubber vibrationisolators which are widely used in mechanical systems.Initially, a time domainmodel relating compressions tocomponent forces accounting for preload effects, frequency anddynamic amplitude dependence is presented. The problem ofsimultaneously modelling the elastic, viscoelastic and frictionforces are removed by additively splitting them, where theelastic force response is modelled either by a fully linear ora nonlinear shape factor based approach, displaying resultsthat agree with those of a neo-Hookean hyperelastic isolatorunder a long term precompression. The viscoelastic force ismodelled by a fractional derivative element, while the frictionforce governs from a generalized friction element displaying asmoothed Coulomb force. This is a versatile one-dimensionalcomponent model effectively using a small number of parameterswhile exhibiting a good resemblance to measured isolatorcharacteristics. Additionally, the nonlinear excitationeffects on dynamic stiffness and damping of a filled rubberisolator are investigated through measurements. It is shownthat the well-known Payne effect - where stiffness is high forsmall excitation amplitudes and low for large amplitudes whiledamping displays a maximum at intermediate amplitudes -evaluated at a certain frequency, is to a large extentinfluenced by the existence of additional frequency componentsin the signal. Finally, a frequency, temperature and preloaddependent dynamic stiffness model is presented covering theranges from 20 to 20 000 Hz, -50 to +50 °C at 0 to 20 %precompression. A nearly incompressible, thermo-rheologicallysimple material model is adopted displaying viscoelasticitythrough a time - strain separable relaxation tensor with asingle Mittag-Leffler function embodying its time dependence.This fractional derivative based function successfully fitsmaterial properties throughout the whole audible frequencyrange. An extended neo-Hookean strain energy function, beingdirectly proportional to the temperature and density, isapplied for the finite deformation response with componentproperties solved by a nonlinear finite element procedure. Thepresented work is thus believed to enlighten workingconditions’impact on the dynamic properties of rubbervibration isolators, while additionally taking some of thesemost important features into account in the presentedmodels.

My essay is about the latter period of Anne Charlotte Leffler’s authorship. In Part I of my essay, I describe her path from the 1880s, where she described femininity as a shortcoming, as writes Ingeborg Nordin-Hennel, towards the 1890s and towards describing femininity as a possibility. This development took place on two levels – on an outer level, where all the woman writers in the late 1880s were influenced and where they were pushed out by the male writers, and on an inner level with Leffler herself. Her late literary works depict new and more independent types of women, and eroticism is given a more prominent position. In Part II, I study Tre komedier (Three Comedies) which was published in 1891 and which includes the plays Den kärleken (Love is Strange), Familjelycka (Family Happiness), and Moster Malvina (Aunt Malvina). In my opinion, they are early expressions of the New Woman fiction. For my analysis, I use the criteria of genre for the New Woman fiction that is defined by Ebba Witt-Brattström. New Woman fiction is a lost link between the literature of social protest of the 1880s and female modernism. That characterizes, among other things, a new type of woman, who is intellectually and sexually aware. The plot is often contradictory and open-ended which allows scope for interpretation. The protagonist usually has a girlfriend or another woman, whom she can use as a mirror, and there is a new women’s “sistership” emerging, and the urban setting is yet another characteristic. The protagonist often stays at a boarding house or is out on a journey. The new male character is a weakling as opposed to the bourgeois masculinity. These features are distinct in Tre komedier. However, I have discovered a few more criteria. I also discuss how Leffler, in the comedic form, delivers a pronounced criticism of society. In Tre komedier, the bourgeois matrimony, the bourgeois family, and the treatment of unmarried women are focused upon and criticized. The three plays differ very much from one another in the dramatic forms. Lynn R Wilkinson considers that they are among the first modernistic comedies, and they point forward to authors such as Wilde, Shaw, and Chekhov.

In this essay I study two novellas by Anne Charlotte Leffler, “En bal i societeten” and “I krig med samhället”. In order to do this, I use some of the differences between male and female writing that Ingeborg Nordin Hennel discusses in her study “Ämnar kanske fröken publicera något?”: Kvinnligt och manligt i 1880-talets novellistik. For the analysis of “I krig med samhället” I also use the text “Stabat mater” by Julia Kristeva. Anne Charlotte Leffler describes femininity both as a shortcoming and as a possibility in her authorship. In this essay I focus on femininity as a shortcoming. In my opinion “shortcoming” is not the proper description. I have therefore introduced the term “novella of disillusionment” to describe the novellas. My idea is that the female protagonist through disillusionment comes to the understanding of the double standards and limiting conventions of women. This is the insight that underlies femininity as a possibility. I want to show how the two novellas lead to disillusionment for Arla. In “En bal i societeten”, the young Arla’s disillusionment is about romantic love. The novella criticizes bourgeois matrimony. It also discusses authorship and theatrical art. The novella is impressionistic. I examine the portrayed women because they give a voice to and criticize double standards. Another distinct theme is the relationship between mothers and daughters as part of the oppressive patriarchal system. The men appearing in the novella are more of stereotypes. Their primary interest is in their relationship to Arla. The narrator uses often a double gaze where the second look is female and antipatriarcal. In the analysis of “I krig med samhället” I focus on Arla’s development. The main male character is a young radical writer, typical of male writers in the 1880s. My interest is solely in his relationship to Arla. His radical ideas do not include the emancipation of women and the companionate marriage proves to be disillusionment for Arla. His view of women is influenced by the ideals of the discourse of the Madonna. This both restricts Arla, and gives her a possible way of life, based on a feminine experience. I also discuss the perspective of the narrator that confronts the views of Lefflers male colleagues. I also discuss the complex relationship between Arla and her teenage daughter. In the final part of the essay I clarify the disillusionment by comparing Arla’s fate with some works by Leffler that can better be categorized as describing femininity as a possibility, in particular, the novel “En sommarsaga”. In my opinion “I krig med samhället” is the precursor of the novel.

<p>This work aims at enhancing the understanding and to provideimproved models of the dynamic behavior of rubber vibrationisolators which are widely used in mechanical systems.Initially, a time domainmodel relating compressions tocomponent forces accounting for preload effects, frequency anddynamic amplitude dependence is presented. The problem ofsimultaneously modelling the elastic, viscoelastic and frictionforces are removed by additively splitting them, where theelastic force response is modelled either by a fully linear ora nonlinear shape factor based approach, displaying resultsthat agree with those of a neo-Hookean hyperelastic isolatorunder a long term precompression. The viscoelastic force ismodelled by a fractional derivative element, while the frictionforce governs from a generalized friction element displaying asmoothed Coulomb force. This is a versatile one-dimensionalcomponent model effectively using a small number of parameterswhile exhibiting a good resemblance to measured isolatorcharacteristics. Additionally, the nonlinear excitationeffects on dynamic stiffness and damping of a filled rubberisolator are investigated through measurements. It is shownthat the well-known Payne effect - where stiffness is high forsmall excitation amplitudes and low for large amplitudes whiledamping displays a maximum at intermediate amplitudes -evaluated at a certain frequency, is to a large extentinfluenced by the existence of additional frequency componentsin the signal. Finally, a frequency, temperature and preloaddependent dynamic stiffness model is presented covering theranges from 20 to 20 000 Hz, -50 to +50 °C at 0 to 20 %precompression. A nearly incompressible, thermo-rheologicallysimple material model is adopted displaying viscoelasticitythrough a time - strain separable relaxation tensor with asingle Mittag-Leffler function embodying its time dependence.This fractional derivative based function successfully fitsmaterial properties throughout the whole audible frequencyrange. An extended neo-Hookean strain energy function, beingdirectly proportional to the temperature and density, isapplied for the finite deformation response with componentproperties solved by a nonlinear finite element procedure. Thepresented work is thus believed to enlighten workingconditions’impact on the dynamic properties of rubbervibration isolators, while additionally taking some of thesemost important features into account in the presentedmodels.</p>

This thesis aims to investigate the controllability and observability of the discrete fractional linear time-invariant state-space model. First, we will establish key concepts and properties which are the tools necessary for our task. In the third chapter, we will discuss the discrete state-space model and set up the criteria for these two properties. Then, in the fourth chapter, we will attempt to apply these criteria to the discrete fractional model. The general flow of our objectives is as follows: we start with the first-order linear difference equation, move on to the discrete system, then the fractional difference equation, and finally the discrete fractional system. Throughout this process, we will develop the solutions to the (fractional) difference equations, which are the basis of our criteria.