This master's thesis is focused on determination and analysis of stress and strain in femur with distraction intramedullary nail for treating leg length discrepancy with the method of distraction osteogenesis. Thesis is mainly focused on states after distraction when the callus consolidates. Problem of determining stress and strain is solved by computational modeling using FEM. Detailed description of modeling is included in this thesis, complicated 3D geometry of bone was acquired from segmentation of CT images. Computational model is solve with 4 different types of callus geometry and also material properties of callus are varied. The influence on stress and strain when the middle distal screw is not applied is also analyzed.

This master thesis deals with the landing gear rebuild from tail gear to nose gear of the M-4 Irbis aircraft. The first chapter presents the aircraft in its current state and includes some technical data, too. The theoretical information about types of landing gears, its characteristics, pros and cons and the typical representatives for each type of landing gear are mentioned in the second chapter. The third chapter is about landing gear loads that occur during landing and about the load calculation according to UL 2 regulation. The following chapter shows the construction of the new landing gear, including some of the suggested, but not realised, designs. In the fifth chapter, there is a landing gear strength calculation of some of the gear components. The calculation is analytical and then uses FEM. The very last chapter then shows the effect of new landing gear on the centre of gravity in its extreme positions. The chapter also compares aircraft masses with both landing gears.

This work is aiming to the area of biomechanics and deals with the experimental finding of appropriate kinematic ratios of crank mechanism on racing bicycle and transtibial prosthesis of racing cyclists with an assessment of kinematic ratios depending on the overall athletic performance. The primary aim of the work is investigation of the impact of inappropriate existing kinematic ratios of leg prosthesis and crank mechanism on the kinematics and dynamics of top athlete. The work presents experiments that proposes find out appropriate kinematic ratio of the length of kinematic members and possibility to improve overall athletic performance. The measurement is supplemented about cycling analysis of racer realized via cameras tracking system and measuring muscle activity by EMG. The work also includes a description of impact of various factors on cycling.

The goal of following master thesis is to design variety of configuration and retraction options of VUT200 TwinCobra landing gear. For each option are a wheel base and a gauge set up by possibility of main landing gear retraction. Next, CS 23 demands and stress analysis are followed. There is a view of twin engine aircraft landing gear disclosed as well.

Bakgrund: Ben- och fotsår förutses öka i världen då människor lever längre. Sårsmärta är vanligt förekommande hos patienter som har svårläkta ben- och fotsår och kan behandlas på olika sätt. Distriktssköterskor inom hemsjukvården har ett komplext ansvar för dessa patienter.  Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva distriktssköterskors erfarenheter av smärtbehandling till patienter med svårläkta ben- och fotsår inom hemsjukvården. Metod: Tre hemsjukvårdsenheter med total 14 deltagare intervjuades. Intervjuarna har genomförts i en kommun i södra Sverige och analyserats enligt Graneheim och Lundmans innehållsanalys med manifest ansats.  Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i tre kategorier: Kompetens påverkar möjlighet till smärtbedömning i hemmet, Vikten av tillämpning av olika strategier för smärtbehandling i hemmet och Organisatoriska behov i hemsjukvården. Det framkom att distriktssköterskors kompetens påverkade bedömning av sårsmärta i hemmet. Distriktssköterskorna använde olika strategier för smärtbehandling vid ben- och fotsår. De påtalade även vikten av att ha rätt organisatoriska förutsättningar för att kunna bedriva en säker vård i patienternas hem. Slutsats: Vid smärtbedömning behövs bland annat användning av smärtskattningsinstrument. Distriktssköterskor behöver ha kunskap och möjlighet att använda olika behandlingsstrategier för smärtlindring. Det behövs även tydliga rutiner och gemensamma riktlinjer i arbetet med smärta vid svårläkta ben- och fotsår inom hemsjukvården. / Background: Leg and foot ulcers are expected to increase in the world as people live longer. Ulcer pain is common in patients who have difficult-to-heal leg and foot ulcers and can be treated in different ways. District nurses in home care service have a complex responsibility for these patients. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe district nurses' experiences of pain management for patients with difficult-to-heal leg and foot ulcers in home care service. Method: Three home care service units with a total of 14 participants were interviewed. The interviews were conducted in a municipality in southern Sweden and analyzed according to Graneheim and Lundman's content analysis with a manifest approach. Results: The results are presented in three categories: Competence affect the possibility of pain assessment at home, The importance of applying different strategies for pain management at home and Organizational needs in home care service. It was found that the competence of district nurses influenced the assessment of wound pain in patients' homes. The district nurses used different strategies for pain management of leg and foot ulcers. They also emphasized the importance of having the right organizational conditions to be able to provide safe care in patients' homes. Conclusion: When assessing pain, the use of pain assessment instruments is required, among other things. District nurses need to have the knowledge and ability to use different treatment strategies for pain relief. There is also a need of clear routines and common guidelines in the work with pain in difficult-to-heal leg and foot ulcers in home care service.

Lower leg injury is an important issue in frontal car crash. Although safety in cars has been improved by developments such as seat belts and airbags, lower leg injuries have not been reduced. These injuries are not life threatening but can result in long term disability and cost a lot to society. This study focused on the passenger occupant in offset frontal crashes and aimed at understanding and finding ways to reduce the injury criteria for the lower leg: tibia index. A finite element model was simplified to introduce parameters which influence on tibia index was investigated with a multivariate analysis. The model simplification consisted in removing irrelevant parts and replacing other parts by simple foam blocks. More than 1300 simulations were run with different parameter values. The results were then analysed by calculating correlations and effects of the parameters on tibia index. It was concluded that the presence of a knee bolster decreased tibia index. The results also showed a decrease of tibia index when the toe pan was angled towards the legs of the passenger. Moreover, a correlation between tibia index and the movement of the feet during the crash was found. It was concluded that restrained lower legs also presented decreased tibia indices compared to unrestrained ones. Most of the results proved to be also valid on the initial, unsimplified finite element model. / Underbensskador är ofta förekommande vid frontalkrock. Även om fordonssäkerheten har förbättrats i och med utveckling av bland annat säkerhetsbälte och krockkudde, har antalet underbensskador inte minskat. Denna typ av skada är inte livshotande men kan resultera i långvariga besvär och kan leda till stora kostnader för samhället. Detta examensarbete fokuserar på passageraren vid frontalkrock (offset) och syftet var att skapa förståelse kring skadekriteriet för underben: tibia index, samt hitta lösningar på hur tibia index kan minskas. En finit elementmodell förenklades och parametrar introducerades. Parametrarnas påverkan på tibia index undersöktes med en multivariat analys. Modellen förenklades genom att eliminera några delar och ersätta andra delar med enkla block. Simuleringar med olika värden på parametrarna skapades och ungefär 1300 kördes. Värdena från simuleringarna analyserades genom att beräkna korrelation och effekt på tibia index. Resultaten visade att implementering av ett slags mjukt knäskydd påverkar tibia index positivt. De visade också att tibia index förbättrades när den främre delen av golvet vinklades mot passagerarens ben. Vidare, fanns en korrelation mellan tibia index och fötternas förflyttning under krockförloppet. Slutsatsen var att kontrollerade underben förbättrar tibia index i jämförelse med okontrollerade ben. De flesta resultaten stämde även för den ursprungliga modellen.

Bakgrund: Svårläkta bensår kan orsakas av en rad olika diagnoser. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll vid behandling av bensår, för optimal behandling behöver hela patientens situation beaktas. Tidigare forskning visar att patienter med svårläkta bensårs livskvalitet är påverkad genom nedsatt rörlighet, smärta, klåda, lukt, sömnrubbningar och social isolering. För att sjuksköterskan ska kunna förbättra hälsorelaterad livskvalité (HRQOL) hos patienter med bensår måste kunskap om vad som påverkar detta skapas. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa skillnader i hälsorelaterad livskvalité med avseende på olika diagnosgrupper vid svårläkta bensår. Metod: En kvantitativ design har använts i studien som genomfördes med hälso-och livsstilsenkäten RAND36. Enkäterna fördes in i programmet SPSS och vid den statistiska analysen användes Kruskal-Wallis test och Chi-Square test för få fram signifikansvärden. Resultat: Mellan diagnosgrupperna fanns en signifikant skillnad inom domänerna fysisk funktion och generell hälsa och en påvisad signifikant skillnad mellan diagnosgrupperna och rörelseförmåga. Diskussion och konklusion: HRQOL var påverkat hos patienter med bensår inom domänerna fysisk funktion och generell hälsa och det behövs utvecklas metoder för att identifiera och förbättra HRQOL i omhändertagande av patienter med bensår. För att följa omvårdnadsresultat som är hälsofrämjande för patienten med bensår bör vårdresultat och hälsoeffekter mätas. / Background: Chronic leg ulcer may be caused by a variety of diagnoses, often interacted by several factors. The nurse has an important role in the treatment of leg ulcers, for optimal treatment you have to take the whole situation into account. Previous research shows that patients with chronic leg ulcers health related quality of life (HRQOL) is affected by reduced mobility, pain, itching, odor, sleep disorders and social isolation. To improve HRQOL for patients with leg ulcers the nurse need more knowledge about what causes it. Aim: To illustrate the differences in HRQOL with regard to different diagnostic groups for chronic leg ulcers. Method: A quantitative design has been used in the study and was performed with the health-related quality of life survey RAND36. The questionnaires were entered in program SPSS and in the statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test and chi-square test where used for obtaining significant values. Results: Between diagnostic groups is a significant difference in the domains of physical functioning and general health and a demonstrated significant differences between diagnostic groups and mobility. Discussion and conclusion: HRQOL was affected in patients with leg ulcers in the domains of physical functioning and general health. It is a need to develop methods for identifying and improving HRQOL in the care of patients with leg ulcers. To follow the care results that are improving health for patients with leg ulcers should care and health outcomes measured.

No description available.

When performing a biomechanical analysis of human movement, knowledge about the ground reaction force (GRF) is necessary to compute forces and moments within joints. This is important when analysing a movement and its effect on the human body. To obtain knowledge about the GRF, the gold standard is to use force plates which directly measure all three components of the GRF (mediolateral, anteroposterior and normal). However, force plates are heavy, clunky and expensive, setting constraints on possible experimental setups, which make it desirable to exclude them and instead use a predictive method to obtain the full GRF. Several predictive methods exist. The node model is a GRF predictive method included in a musculoskeletal modeling software. The tool use motion capture and virtual actuators to predict all three GRF components. However, this model has not yet been validated during weighted leg press and weighted squat. Furthermore, the normal component of the GRF can be measured continuously during the activity with pressure sensitive insoles (PSIs), which might provide better accuracy of the GRF prediction. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate whether force plates can be exluded during weighted leg press and weighted squat and to investigate whether PSIs can improve the GRF prediction. To investigate this, the node model and a developed shear model was validated. The shear model computes the two shear GRF components based on data from PSIs, an external load acting upon the body and data from a motion capture system. Both the node model and the shear model were analysed with two test subjects performing two successive repetitions of both weighted squat and weighted leg press in a flywheel exercise device. During the leg press exercise, the node model had a mean coeffcient of correlation (Pearson's) ranging from 0.70 to 0.98 for all three directions with a mean root mean square error ranging between 8 % to 20 % of the test person's body weight. The developed shear model had a coeffcient of correlation (Pearson's) between 0.64 to 0.99 and a mean root mean square error between 3 % and 21 % of the test person's body weight. This indicates that it is possible to exclude force plates and instead predict the GRF during weighted leg press. During squat, neither the node model nor the shear model provided accurate results regarding the mediolateral and anteroposterior components of the GRF, suggesting that force plates can not yet be excluded to obtain the full GRF during weighted squat. The results of the normal component during leg press was somewhat improved with the shear model compared to the node model, indicating that using PSIs can improve the results to some extent.

No description available.