La leishmaniose est une maladie tropicale négligée à transmission vectorielle qui est endémique dans 98 pays dont les plus pauvres. Vingt espèces de Leishmania sont capables d’établir une infection intracellulaire au sein des macrophages humains, provoquant différentes manifestations cliniques. Le développement d'un vaccin contre les leishmanioses est étayé par des preuves d'immunité naturelle contre l'infection, induite par une réponse à médiation cellulaire de type Th1 dominante associée à la production d'IFN-γ, d'IL-2 et de TNF-α par des cellules T polyfonctionnelles TCD4+ et TCD8+, conduisant à l'activation classique des macrophages entrainant la destruction des parasites. Induire une protection robuste et durable et déterminer les épitopes immunodominants responsables de la protection naturelle représente un véritable défi.Les protéines sécrétées sont des facteurs de virulence jouant un rôle important dans le cycle de vie des leishmanies et sont capables d’induire une protection durable chez le chien, un bon modèle pour l’infection humaine. Notre objectif est de développer, à partir du sécrétome de Leishmania, un vaccin de seconde génération reproductible et facile à produire à bas prix dans les zones d’endémie, avec des rendements de production rendant possible son utilisation à grande échelle.Les sécrétomes des six espèces les plus pathogènes de leishmanie (plus L. tarentolae) ont été analysés et comparées par spectrométrie de masse. Les antigènes candidats ont été recherchés dans l'ensemble des données disponibles (analyses protéomiques, littérature…). 52 antigènes candidats vaccin ont ainsi été sélectionnés, dont 28 avaient déjà été décrits et 24 sont nouveaux et découverts grâce à une approche de vaccinologie réverse.Une analyse de la prédiction de liaison des épitopes in silico HLA-I et –II a été réalisée sur tous les antigènes candidats vaccin, prenant ainsi en compte le polymorphisme HLA de la population mondiale. Pour sélectionner les meilleurs épitopes parmi des milliers d’épitopes potentiels, un script R automatisé a été développé en interne, selon des critères rationnels stricts. Ainsi, 50 épitopes de classe I et 24 épitopes de classe II ont été sélectionnés et synthétisés sous forme de peptides individuels. Des essais de toxicité in vitro ont montré l’absence de toxicité cellulaire de ces peptides.Les individus guéris par chimiothérapie généralement développent des réponses immunitaires protectrices à Leishmania. Des tests de stimulation des PBMC ont donc été réalisés avec des échantillons biologiques provenant de donneurs guéris de Tunisie et la production d'IFN-γ a été évaluée par ELISpot. De plus, il était important d'inclure dans l'étape de validation expérimentale des peptides des échantillons provenant d’individus naïfs, population cible à vacciner avec un vaccin prophylactique. Les résultats montrent que des peptides spécifiques de Leishmania induisent avec succès la production d'IFN-γ par les PBMC totaux provenant de donneurs guéris et par les lymphocytes T spécifiques amplifiés à partir du répertoire naïf.Globalement, la validation expérimentale des peptides réalisée exclusivement sur des échantillons humains nous fournira une base préclinique très solide pour développer un vaccin efficace capable de protéger les populations touchées par ces maladies. Elle constituera un moyen sûr et rentable de mieux sélectionner les candidats retenus pour le vaccin et d'éliminer ceux qui présentent un risque d'échec élevé au tout début du processus de développement du vaccin.Grâce à la combinaison de l'analyse protéomique et d'outils in silico, des candidats peptidiques prometteurs ont été rapidement identifiés pour le développement d'un vaccin. Le « pipeline » de développement préclinique du vaccin proposé fournit une sélection rapide de peptides immunogènes, offrant une approche puissante pour accélérer le déploiement d'un vaccin pan-spécifique efficace contre les leishmanioses. / Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease endemic to 98 countries worldwide. Twenty Leishmania species are capable of establishing intracellular infection within human macrophages, causing different clinical presentations. Vaccine development against leishmaniases is supported by evidence of natural immunity against infection, mediated by a dominant cellular Th1 response and production of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α by polyfunctional TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells, ultimately leading to macrophage activation and parasite killing.Excreted-secreted proteins are important virulence factors present throughout Leishmania life stages and are able to induce durable protection in dogs, a good model for human infection. We aim to develop a second generation vaccine from the Leishmania secretome, with the potential for large scale dissemination in a cost-effective, reproducible approach.The secretome of six main pathogenic species (plus L. tarentolae) was analysed by Mass-Spectrometry and conserved candidate antigens were searched in the complete dataset. A total of 52 vaccine antigen candidates were selected, including 28 previously described vaccine candidates, and an additional 24 new candidates discovered through a reverse vaccinology approach.In silico HLA-I and –II epitope binding prediction analysis was performed on all selected vaccine antigens, with world coverage regarding HLA restriction. To select the best epitopes, an automated R script was developed in-house, according to strict rational criteria. From thousands of potential epitopes, the automated script, in combination with optimal IC50, homology to host and solubility properties, allowed us to select 50 class I and 24 class II epitopes, synthesized as individual peptides. In vitro toxicity assays showed these selected peptides are non-toxic to cells.The peptides’ immunogenicity was evaluated using immunoscreening assays with immune cells from human donors, allowing for the validation of in silico epitope predictions and selection, and the assessment of the peptide’s immunogenicity and prophylactic potential. Healed individuals, which had active infection and received treatment, possess Leishmania-specific memory responses and are resistant to reinfection, being considered the gold standard of protective immunity. On the other hand, the naive population is extremely important to include in the experimental validation step since it is the target population to vaccinate with a prophylactic vaccine. Importantly, a minimum specific T-cell precursor frequency is needed to induce long-lasting memory protective responses. Furthermore, there is also a positive correlation between immunodominant epitopes and a high frequency of specific T-cell precursors. Peptides able to induce Th1 and/or cytotoxic immune responses in both background are promising candidates for a vaccine formulation. Altogether,experimental validation exclusively in human samples will provide us a very strong base for a vaccine formulation and allow to accelerate translation to the field.Results show Leishmania-specific peptides successfully induce IFN-γ production by total PBMC from healed donors, and by specific T cells amplified from the naïve repertoire. Preliminary evidence exists for peptides which are immunogenic in both immune backgrounds (eight HLA-class I 9-mer peptides and five class II 15-mer peptides) which are, for now, the most promising candidates to advance for the multi-epitope peptide design.Through the combination of proteomic analysis and in silico tools, promising peptide candidates were swiftly identified and the secretome was further established as an optimal starting point for vaccine development. The proposed vaccine preclinical development pipeline delivered a rapid selection of immunogenic peptides, providing a powerful approach to fast-track the deployment of an effective pan-specific vaccine against Leishmaniases.

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Los actinomicetos son reconocidos como productores de compuestos de importancia farmacológica e industrial. En las últimas décadas el descubrimiento de nuevos metabolitos provenientes de actinobacterias aisladas del medio terrestre ha disminuido y la investigación se ha orientado a buscar en hábitats poco explorados como el medio marino. Dado que la gran mayoría de compuestos producidos por actinobacterias son antimicrobianos y pocos son los reportes de actividad antiparasitaria, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar el potencial antiparasitario de los metabolitos extracelulares de actinomicetos aislados de esponjas marinas frente a Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana y Leishmania (V.) braziliensis. Para ello se evaluó prelimirnarmente la actividad antiparasitaria in vitro de las cepas 13 A1, EIIIA, EIIB y EIIIC frente a promastigotes de las dos especies de Leishmania, siendo la cepa EIIB la que presentó mayor actividad inhibitoria. Mediante pruebas moleculares la cepa EIIB fue identificada como miembro del género Streptomyces. La mínima concentración del extracto butanólico del actinomiceto EIIB que presentó la actividad anti-Leishmania fue de 15 000 μg/mL para Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana y Leishmania (V.) braziliensis. La caracterización química preliminar del extracto confirmó la presencia de cumarinas. En conclusión, los resultados demuestran la producción de metabolitos con actividad antiparasitaria procedentes de actinomicetos asociados a esponjas, los cuales tienen potencial en el campo biomédico y farmacológico.

In pursuit of effective control strategies against Leishmania chagasi and American Visceral Leishmaniasis, we investigated the ecology of Lutzomyia longipalpis in a series of laboratory and field experiments in Amazonian Brazil. In Chapter II, we show that bloodfeeding success in peridomestic animal pens was dependent on the density of females feeding at the host. As the density of biting flies increased, hosts became more agitated, and bloodfeeding was interrupted. However, flies did not appear to distribute themselves between the available peridomestic hosts to minimise these costs. In Chapter III, we infer from the results of mark-recapture experiments that pheromone-mediated attraction and arrest was the principal determinant of fly abundance in sheds. Males are also found to aggregate preferentially to the site of the previous night's activity. We use these results to explain the sub-optimal distribution of Chapter II. In Chapter IV, we find that residual insecticide spraying caused a dramatic decrease in fly abundance in animal pens only when neighbouring aggregation sites remained untreated. Bringing together evidence from changes in Lu.longipalpis sex ratio, abundance of the different female Lu.longipalpis gonostates and abundance of other phlebotomine species, we argue that by disrupting pheromone production, the principal effect of spraying in this study was to stimulate the formation of aggregations at untreated and previously under-exploited sites, such as dining-huts, rather than the required masskilling. Finally, in Chapter V we report on laboratory feeding experiments that provide some evidence that digestion-mediated killing of parasites in the sandfly gut may be common to many types of animal blood. In conclusion, we suggest that unless blanket spraying achieves close to 100% coverage, in the absence of a synthetic pheromone bait the best approach to disease control would be the selective treatment of susceptible host sites.

A espécie Leishmania (Viannia) shawi foi caracterizada recentemente pelo grupo de Lainson. Estudos recentes indicam o importante papel médico epidemiológico deste parasito no Brasil. Portanto, os objetivos do presente estudo foram caracterizar o modelo experimental murino desta infecção, purificar antígenos protéicos e avaliar seus graus de proteção após desafio. Para caracterizar o modelo murino de infecção, camundongos das linhagens BALB/c e C57BL/6 foram infectados na pata com formas promastigotas e os achados histopatológicos e imunológicos foram avaliados durante a evolução da infecção. Para os estudos de imunização foram utilizados 10 diferentes antígenos: três secretados/excretados pelas formas promastigotas de L. (V.) shawi, dois intracelulares solúveis das formas amastigotas (AgAma) e promastigotas (AgPro), e cinco frações protéicas purificadas a partir do antígeno intracelular solúvel das formas promastigotas. Estes antígenos foram utilizados para imunizar camundongos da linhagem BALB/c duas vezes, subcutaneamente no dorso. Após uma semana da última imunização, os animias foram desafiados com formas promastigotas. O desenvolvimento das lesões nos animais foram acompanhadas por seis ou oito semanas pós desafio (PD), quando os animais foram sacrificados para análise da carga parasitária e dos aspectos relacionados às respostas imune celular e humoral. Camundongos da linhagem BALB/c foram altamente susceptíveis à infecção, uma vez que as mudanças histopatológicas e da imunidade humoral foram mais pronunciadas nos camundongos BALB/c que em C57BL/6. Os antígenos secretados/excretados de baixa massa molecular induziram alta taxa de proteção em comparação aos animais não imunizados, já os antígenos secretados/excretados de média massa molecular protegeram intermediariamente os animais, possivelmente pela alta expressão de IFN-g e IL-4 nos linfócitos T CD8+. AgAma e AgPro tiveram uma resposta antagônica nos animais, pois o AgAma suprimiu a produção de IFN-g e IL-12, contudo houve maior produção de TGF-b, facilitando o aumento do parasitismo na pele e em linfonodos. A despeito da detecção de TGF-b nos animais imunizados com AgPro, houve um balanço entre a produção de citocinas, com a participação de IL-12 e IFN-g, que levou a um controle do parasitismo em pele. Através da purificação do AgPro foi visto que os antígenos F1 e F5 protegeram os animais da infecção na pele após desafio, e ainda F1 também protegeu os linfonodos destes animais. Os antígenos F3 e F4 levaram a exacerbação das lesões de pele. A identificação, por espectrometria de massa, do antígeno F1 revelou a presença de 67 componentes, sendo que a maioria deles não possui identificação. Ainda, o antígeno F1 protegeu duradouramente os animais associado à estimulação de linfócitos T CD8+ de memória, contudo a presença de baixos números de parasitos pode ser o reflexo da alta produção de IL-10. Estes dados indicam que o antígeno F1 pode representar um importante candidato vacinal contra a Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana / Leishmania (Viannia) shawi specie was recently characterized by Lainson group. Currently, studies indicate important medical and epidemiological role of this parasite in Brazil. Therefore, the aims of this study were to characterize the experimental murine model of this infection, purify proteic antigens and evaluate their protection degrees after challenge. To characterize the murine model of infection, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were infected in the footpad with promastigote forms, and the histopathological and immunological findings were evaluated during the evolution of infection. For the immunization studies, 10 different antigens were used, as follow: three released/excreted by promastigote forms of L. (V.) shawi; two intracellular soluble antigens from amastigote (AgAma) and promastigote forms (AgPro), and 5 proteic fractions purified from soluble intracellular antigens from promastigote forms. These antigens have been used to immunize BALB/c mice twice, subcutaneously in the rump. After 1 week of last immunization, the animals were challenged. The lesion developments in animals were followed during either six or eight weeks post-challenge (PC), when the animals were sacrificed to evaluate the parasite load and aspects of cellular and humoral immune responses. BALB/c mice were the most susceptible to L. (V.) shawi infection, since the histopathological and humoral changes were higher in BALB/c than C57BL/6 mice. Secreted/excreted antigens of low molecular mass induced high protection rate compared to non-immunized mice, already mice immunized with secreted/released antigens of medium molecular mass showed mild protection, possibly caused by high expression of IFN-g and IL-4 by CD8+ T lymphocytes. AgAma and AgPro showed antagonic response in animals, since AgAma suppressed the IFN-g and IL-12 production, however high level of TGF-b has been detected, allowing the increasing of parasitism in the skin and lymph nodes. In spite of the detection of TGF-b in AgPro-immunized mice, there was a balance in the cytokines production, with the participation of IFN-g and IL-12, leading to parasite control in skin. Through the purification of AgPro, it was observed a protective effect of F1 and F5 antigens in the skin after challenge; in addition, F1 also protected the lymph nodes of BALB/c mice. Both F3 and F4 antigens exacerbated the skin infection. The identification, by mass spectrometry, revealed that F1 was composed by 67 components, and the majority has not been identified till now. Moreover, F1 induced long-lasting immunity in BALB/c mice, associated to generation of memory CD8+ T lymphocytes, however low parasitism could be the reflect of high production of IL-10. These data indicate which F1 antigen could be an important vaccine candidate against American Tegumentar Leishmaniasis

A leishmaniose é causada por tripanossomatídeos do gênero Leishmania que infectam preferencialmente macrófagos. Vários factores influenciam a forma e a severidade da doença: a espécies de Leishmania e a resposta imune do hospedeiro. Considerando a importância da ativação dos macrófagos na infecção, o potencial papel de CD100 na modulação da ativação dos macrófagos e os nossos dados anteriores de que CD100 solúvel (sCD100) aumenta a infectividade pelo parasita, pretendemos caracterizar os efeitos do CD100 na infecção por Leishmania (L.) amazonensis. Descobrimos que ambos, promastigotas e amastigotas, são mais infecciosos na presença de sCD100 e que o receptor CD72 é o responsável pelo aumento da infecção. Experimentos in vitro indicaram índice de infecção similares entre macrófagos nocautes para CD100 e selvagens, mas curiosamente, os animais nocautes infectados desenvolveram lesões significativamente menores do que os selvagens, sugerindo que sCD100 presente em outras células pode influenciar a formação da lesão. / Leishmaniasis is caused by trypanosomes of the genus Leishmania that preferentially infect macrophages. Several factors influence the form and severity of the disease: the species of Leishmania and the host immune response. Considering the importance of the activation of macrophages in infection, potential role of CD100 in the modulation of macrophage activation and our previous data that CD100 soluble (sCD100) increase the infectivity of the parasite, we intend to characterize the effect of CD100 in infection with Leishmania (L.) amazonensis. We found that both promastigotes and amastigotes, are most infectious in the presence of sCD100 and the CD72 receptor is responsible for the increased infection. In vitro experiments indicated similar infection rate of macrophages to CD100 knockouts and wild type, but interestingly, the infected knockout animals developed significantly smaller lesions than wild type suggesting that sCD100 present in other cells may influence lesion formation.

Orientador: Maria Isabel Nogueira Cano / Banca: Maria Carolina Sabbaga / Banca: Alexandrina Sartori / Resumo: Na maioria dos eucariotos, proteínas que ligam aos telomeros, tais como POT1 e TRF2 apresentam papéis cruciais na biologia dos telômeros, interagindo com vários outros reguladores dos telômeros para garantir a manutenção adequada dos mesmos e ainda formam complexos de ordem maior, conhecido como telosome ou shelterin. Os telômeros de Leishmania spp. são compostos por repetições conservadas TTAGGG e são mantidos pela telomerase. A base do complexo de proteínas teloméricas de Leishmania é formado pelas proteínas LaRPA-1 e LaRbp38, que ligam vitro e in vivo, com alta afinidade a DNA telomérico simples fita rico em G, e por proteínas que interagem com a região de DNA telemérico dupla fita, como a proteína recentemente descrita, homólogo de TRF. O genoma de Leishmania spp., como outros tripanossomatídeos, não tem muitas das proteínas conservadas que ligam a simplesfita teloméricos encontrada em eucariontes, tais como os homólogos da proteína CDC13 e POT1. Portanto, nós especulamos que o homólogo de RPA-1 de Leishmania pode desempenhar as mesmas funções como POT1/CDC13 nos telômeros do parasita, embora possa se ligar ao DNA telomérico simples fita com alta afinidade e de forma independente de seqüência. LaRPA-1, juntamente com a proteína multifuncional LaRbp38, que também interage com uma ampla gama de seqüências rico em GT, incluindo os telômeros, parece fazer parte de um complexo telomérico parasita que se assemelha ao complexo CST recentemente descrito. O complexo CST está sendo considerado um segundo modo de proteger os telômeros presentes em umavariedade de espécies, com exceção de leveduras de brotamento, e é constituído principalmente por proteínas RPA-like. Neste estudo, nós usamos diferentes abordagens para demonstrar que LaRPA-1 interage com o LaRbp38 e com a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In most eukaryotes, telomere binding proteins such as POT1 and TRF2 play crucial roles in telomere biology by interacting with several other telomere regulators to ensure proper telomere maintenance and to form high order complexes known as telosome or shelterin. Leishmania spp. telomeres are composed by the conserved TTAGGG repeats which are maintained by telomerase. The basic Leishmania telomeric protein complex is formed by the proteins LaRPA-1 and LaRbp38, which bind in vitro and in vivo, with high affinity, to the G-rich single-stranded DNA, and by proteins that interact with the double-stranded region of telomeres such as the recently described TRF homologue. The Leishmania spp. genome, like other trypanosomatid, lacks many of the conserved single-stranded telomeric proteins found in other eukaryotes, such as the CDC13 and POT1 protein homologues. Thus, we speculate that the Leishmania RPA-1 homologue may play the same roles as POT1/CDC13 at parasite telomeres, although it can also bind to other single-stranded DNA with high affinity and in a sequence-independent manner. LaRPA-1 together with the multifunctional LaRbp38 protein, which also interacts with a wide range of GT-rich sequences, including telomeres, seems to form part of a parasite telomeric complex that resembles the recently described CST complex. The CST complex is being considered a second telomere capping mode occurring in a broad variety of species, except budding yeast, and is mainly formed by RPA-like proteins. In this report we used different approaches to show that LaRPA-1 interacts with both LaRbp38 and with telomerase, and that these protein:protein interactions seem to occur in a cell-cycle independent manner. In addition, LaRPA-1 partially co-localizes with both proteins, probably... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Leishmaniasis is the second largest parasitic killer in the world (after malaria) responsible for an estimated 500,000 cases each year worldwide. Visceral leishmaniasis infections (i.e. internal organs) are more complicated to diagnose due to the lack of visible symptoms. Current tests of the disease look for antibodies against the parasite, but these antibodies are expressed long after the infection. It has been found the Leishmania parasite excretes a unique phosphoglycan repeat unit: By testing for this repeat unit, the diagnostic test will be looking for an active infection in the patient. It has been found that there are 4 monoclonal antibodies to detect this uniquely excreted phosphoglycan. This provides a basis for a test kit, the biomarker (i.e. the phosphoglycan repeats), and the way to detect the biomarker. For the construction of a dipstick style test or an ELISA format assay, a synthetic repeat unit phosphoglycan is needed to act as a positive control in a dipstick test or as a known comparison in a ELISA. The synthetic structure must also be anchored to a solid surface for testing. Biotin will be used as the anchor, it has shown many different uses in biotechnology and its very high affinity to the avidin proteins make it very useful. A 6-aminohexanol spacer arm will also be included. After many attempts to introduce the biotin spacer moiety to the repeat unit at the D-mannose 1-phosphate, it was decided to change the strategy and integrate the biotin-spacer moiety as a phosphate at the D-galactose unit. This meant performing chain elongation from the reducing end, with the first disaccharide unit being capped at the D-mannose anomeric position with a methyl group. Below are examples of the targeted biotinylated phosphoglycan structures to be prepared in this project.

Os protozoários do gênero Leishmania são os agentes etiológicos da leishmaniose cutânea e visceral. A infecção é transmitida por insetos hematófagos, nos quais os parasitos se desenvolvem sob a forma promastigota. Nos hospedeiros mamíferos, incluindo a espécie humana, as formas encontradas são as amastigotas que proliferam nos macrófagos; estas células podem controlar a infecção produzindo radicais derivados do oxigênio e do nitrogênio. O óxido nítrico (NO) é um dos mais potentes radicais com atividade leishmanicida. Existem várias moléculas já descritas que liberam NO em meio aquoso ou quando adicionadas a suspensões celulares. São chamadas de doadoras de NO. Algumas destas vêm sendo estudadas pelo seu potencial terapêutico no tratamento das leishmanioses cutâneas. A molécula S-nitrosoglutationa (GSNO) pertence a um grupo de moléculas conhecido com S-nitroso-tióis e é um doador de NO relativamente estável. A GSNO havia sido previamente testada em culturas de formas promastigotas de L. amazonensis e causou a morte do parasito. O possível uso da GSNO na terapia das leishmanioses cutâneas demanda o conhecimento de suas ações sobre as formas amastigotas encontradas nos hospedeiros mamíferos. Terapias complementares aos antimoniais usados no tratamento da leishmaniose cutânea são necessárias porque estes são apenas injetáveis, têm efeitos colaterais e ocorrem altos índices de desistência do tratamento. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar o efeito da molécula GSNO nas culturas de células THP-1 (linhagem de monócitos humanos leucêmicos) infectadas com L.major e o efeito da sua administração tópica diretamente na lesão ulcerada leishmaniótica de camundongos infectados. Os experimentos com células THP-1 infectadas com L. major e tratadas com GSNO, mostram marcada redução do parasitismo intracelular, dose dependente, em comparação às culturas sem tratamento. O tratamento com GSNO foi testado em camundongos Balb/c 8 infectados com L. major e em camundongos C57BL/6 desprovidos do gene de IFN<font face=\"symbol\">g- (Knockout de IFN ou IFN-<font face=\"symbol\">g KO) infectados com L. braziliensis. Grupos de animais foram infectados no dorso e após 60 dias iniciou-se o tratamento tópico com GSNO diluída em PBS, em GEL F127 ou com os respectivos veículos, como controles; ainda, outros grupos foram tratados sistemicamente (via endovenosa) com o antibiótico com ação leishmanicida, anfotericina B, ou com anfotericina B associada à aplicação tópica de GSNO. Foram feitas duas medições semanais das lesões. Decorridos aproximadamente 60 dias após o início do tratamento, os animais foram sacrificados e retirados o linfonodo drenante (inguinal superficial) e a lesão para fazer a quantificação parasitária. O tratamento tópico da infecção por L.major com a molécula GSNO reduziu o tamanho da lesão cutânea, chegando a se observar fechamento da úlcera em alguns animais; a carga parasitária no linfonodo drenante e/ou na lesão também sofreu redução. Nos camundongos IFN-<font face=\"symbol\">g KO infectados por L. braziliensis, também ocorreu inibição da progressão da lesão pelo tratamento local com GSNO em comparação ao grupo não tratado. Como conclusão, conseguimos demonstrar que GSNO apresenta efeito leishmanicida sobre formas amastigotas de L. major em cultura celular e reduz a lesão cutânea causada por L.major ou por L. braziliensis em comparação aos grupos controle. / Protozoa of the genus Leishmania are the etiological agents of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. The infection is transmitted by hematophagous insects in which the parasite multiplies and differentiates as promastigotes. In the mammalian hosts, including man, the parasite proliferates as amastigotes inside macrophages; production of reactive oxygen or nitrogen intermediates (ROI and RNI) by these cells can control the infection. Nitric oxide (NO) is a very toxic RNI active against leishmania. The are many molecules that liberate NO in solution or when added to cellular suspensions. They are collectively called NO donors. A few of them have been studied because of their potential therapeutic use in cutaneous leishmaniasis. The molecule S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) belongs to the S-nitroso-thiols and is a relatively stable NO donor. GSNO has been previously tested and caused the death of L. amazonensis promastigotes in liquid culture. A putative application of GSNO in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis requires the understanding of its activities on amastigote forms which are the parasite forms found in the mammalian host. Because the classical leishmaniasis treatment relies on injectable antimonial drugs which have many side effects, many patients abandon the treatment. Therefore, additional therapy to accelerate the cure is needed as well as new drugs are much needed. The aim of the present work is to analyze the effect of the molecule GSNO in cultures of THP-1 cells (a leukemia human monocyte cell line) infected with Leishmania major as well as the effect of administering it topically into the lesion of infected mice. The experiments done on L. major-infected THP-1 cells showed marked dose-dependent reduction of parasitism when compared to untreated infected cells. The topical treatment with GSNO was done in BALB/c mice infected with L. major and in C57BL/6 mice deprived of the IFN-<font face=\"symbol\">g gene (IFN- <font face=\"symbol\">g KO) infected with L. braziliensis. Groups of mice were infected in the shaven dorsal skin and 60 days later the topical treatment with GSNO dissolved in PBS, in GEL F127 was started. Still other groups were treated systemically (i.v.) with Amphotericin B which is leishmanicidal or with Amphotericin B associated to topically applied GSNO. The lesions were measured twice a week. After 60 days the mice were killed and the draining lymph node and the lesion were removed for quantifying the parasite numbers. The topical treatment of L. major-induced ulcer with GSNO reduced the size of the ulcer leading in some mice to complete healing; the parasitic loads in the draining lymph node or in the lesion were also reduced. In L. braziliensis-infected IFN-<font face=\"symbol\">g KO mice, inhibition of lesion growth also occurred in the mice topically treated with GSNO in comparison to the untreated control group. In conclusion we showed that GSNO is leishmanicidal to L. major intracellular amastigotes and that the topical treatment reduces the size of the lesion caused in mice by L. major or by L. braziliensis in comparison to the control groups.

Determina si existe asociación entre la forma clínica y la especie de Leishmania identificada mediante la técnica de PCR-HRM, en pacientes atendidos en el Laboratorio de Leishmaniosis del Instituto Nacional de Salud. / Tesis