Magister Legum - LLM

This dissertation aims at providing a new critical edition of the fictitious Letters of the Courtesans attributed to Alciphron (late 2nd or early 3rd century AD). The first part of the introduction begins with a brief survey of the problematic dating and identification of Alciphron, followed by a general overview of the epistolary genre and the letters of Alciphron. The main part of the introduction deals with the manuscript tradition. Eighteen manuscripts, which contain some or all of the Letters of the Courtesans, are described and the relationship between them is analyzed based on complete collations of all the manuscripts. The conclusion, which is illustrated by a stemma codicum, is that there are four primary manuscripts from which the other fourteen manuscripts derive: Vaticanus gr. 1461, Laurentianus gr. 59.5, Parisinus gr. 3021 and Parisinus gr. 3050. The introduction concludes with a brief chapter on the previous editions, a table illustrating the selection and order of the letters in the manuscripts and editions, and an outline of the editorial principles. The guiding principle for the constitution of the text has been to use conjectural emendation sparingly and to try to preserve the text of the primary manuscripts wherever possible. The critical apparatus has been divided into a main apparatus below the text, which reports variant readings from the primary manuscripts and a small selection of conjectures, and two appendices which report scribal conjectures from the secondary manuscripts and conjectures by modern scholars with bibliographical references. A third appendix has also been added which lists all conjectures adopted into the  text. The parallel translation, which is accompanied by brief explanatory notes on names and places, is literal and serves as a complement to the commentary, which primarily deals with matters of textual criticism. In the commentary problematic passages are discussed, especially where an emendation has been adopted or where the present edition differs from previous editions. After the three appendices the dissertation ends with a bibliography.

Forms in pocket. / Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries

Several studies have shown that women tend to use more personal pronouns and therefore show more involvement with the reader. This paper examines the differences between male and female editors’ letters in magazines. The study applied the method of corpus linguistics in order to examine forty editor’s letters twenty from the male-targeted magazine Gentlemen’s Quarterly and twenty from the female-targeted magazine Harper’s Bazaar. First person singular and second person singular pronouns were examined to determine whether the female editor showed more involvement with the reader than the male editor. The result shows that the male editor from the Gentlemen’s Quarterly shows more involvement with the reader than the female editor from Harper’s Bazaar, which clashes the findings of previous studies.

Cette thèse traite le paradoxe apparent entre le statut de femme prétendument illettrée de Catherine de Sienne (1347-1380) et sa production de lettres, dictées en langue vulgaire italienne, à la fois nombreuses et fort importantes. Catherine y aborde en effet en prophétesse les grandes questions qui touchent la chrétienté à l’époque avignonnaise: la réforme de l’Église, la croisade, le retour des papes à Rome et la paix dans les états pontificaux. S’appuyant sur une présentation de la tradition textuelle des lettres, puis sur une étude des sources littéraires, la première partie fait le point sur la culture de Catherine et sur ses lectures. La deuxième partie montre comment Catherine s’inscrit dans la tradition du prophétisme vétéro-testamentaire et médiéval, puis comment ce prophétisme s’amplifie au fil de ses lettres. À travers , l’approche diachronique du corpus on voit ainsi comment les images s’organisent jusqu’à former une vaste allégorie où s’exprime le projet de société de Catherine. / This thesis investigates the paradox seemingly posed by the alleged illiteracy of Catherine of Siena (1347-1380) in contradiction to her prolific and highly significant output of letters dictated in the Italian vernacular. These reveal Catherine as a genuine prophetess of the key issues that confronted Christianity at the time of the Great Schism: Church reform, the Crusade, the popes' return to Rome and peace in the papal states.The first part describes the letters as traditionally interpreted and probes their literary sources as a basis for assessing Catherine's culture and reading. The second illustrates her contribution to the tradition of vetero-testamentary and mediaeval prophecy and then how this trend gathers pace in her subsequent letters. A diachronic approach to her writings as a whole reveals how her imagery coalesces into a vast allegory reflecting her social aspirations.

Thesis advisor: Marjorie Howes / Epistolary Modernism reads British and Irish writing of the 1920s through the 1950s with a focus on the way authors use fictional letters and verse epistles to communicate a renewed sense of literature as public speech, even as they saw privacy curtailed and surveillance increased. Letters enable late modernist writers to call attention to the way literature straddles the gap between private experience and public declaration. Virginia Woolf, W.H. Auden, Louis MacNeice, Graham Greene and Elizabeth Bowen all use letters to reveal a late modernist belief in literature as an exchange between an author and a reader -- a bridge between times and perspectives -- even as they trouble the possibility of any clear communication or meaning. The implied exchange in letters requires a sense of correspondence: a letter demands both interpretation and a reply. But a letter is always already too late. Epistolary Modernism reads letters as a stand-in for the literary period of late modernism itself, an epoch of writing characterized by a sense of coming too late to history and to literary tradition. The project considers fiction and poetry published in the 1920s through the 1950s in relation to historical and cultural events of the period, arguing that the sense of belatedness and temporal disjuncture letters create fundamentally links the structure and materiality of the text to the social and political concerns of its author. These writers composed literature attuned to historical events and the simultaneously occurring ordinary moment, leading to an increasingly interconnected, and socially-responsible art borne from the historical impasse of the thirties, the Second World War and its political legacy. Letters enable these writers to continue aesthetic experiments while simultaneously addressing politics, society, and the purpose of literature itself. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: English.

L’Europe de la Renaissance et de l’Âge classique a été le terrain d’une quête protéiforme de la langue universelle (recherches sur la langue d’Adam, encyclopédies de tous les idiomes de la terre, langues créées ex nihilo…). Afin de percevoir les conditions sociales de production de ce savoir linguistique, cette étude se propose d’élaborer une histoire, moins de la langue universelle elle-même que de ses concepteurs ; une histoire sociale et culturelle de ces pratiques intellectuelles, dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire et à l’échelle européenne. Les acteurs sociaux impliqués dans cette quête s’inscrivent dans des réseaux particuliers, liés à des institutions qui participent pleinement de la transformation du monde moderne (Royal Society, ordre jésuite…). Ils sont souvent des figures de la République des Lettres et en forment, par leurs travaux linguistiques et les correspondances fournies qu’ils suscitent, une province particulière : la « République des Langues ». S’y joue rien moins que le choix, non pas de la langue du bon usage – celle des grammairiens – mais de la langue de la science et de la vérité, la langue de la République des Lettres elle-même. Comment des savants européens contribuent-ils par cet espace social virtuel à faire exister leurs utopies linguistiques ? Discutés dans le cadre de ces réseaux européens transnationaux, les projets apparaissent comme des technologies littéraires et sociales, maîtrisées seulement par un petit nombre d’individus ; ces langues pour tous sont donc indissociablement des langues à l’usage du « moins grand nombre », des langues de distinction / During the Early Modern Age, Europe was the field of a protean quest for the universal language (researches on Adam’s language were carried out, encyclopedias of all the idioms spoken on earth were written, languages were created ex nihilo…). In order to understand the social conditions presiding over the production of that linguistic knowledge, the aim of this study is to retrace the history of the universal language planners rather than that of the language itself. It means to elaborate a social and cultural history of these intellectual practices on a European scale, in a multidisciplinary perspective. The social actors involved in that quest for the universal language were members of specific networks and connected with institutions which actively participated in the transformation of the modern world (the Royal Society, the Jesuits…). They were often prominent figures of the Republic of Letters within which, through their linguistic works and the numerous correspondences these gave rise to, they formed a specific province – the “Republic of Languages”. What was at stake was nothing less than choosing, not the language defining correct usage – that of the grammarians – but the language of sciences and truth, that of the Republic of Letters itself. How did Europeans scholars give life to their linguistic utopias through that virtual social space? Discussed within the framework of these transnational European networks, thelinguistic proects appeared like literary and social technologies, only mastered by a small group of individuals. Therefore these languages intended to be “for all” paradoxically turned out to be languages for “the happy few”, languages of distinction

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo traçar um panorama da vida do poeta Murilo Mendes na Europa entre as décadas de 1950 e 1970, através das cartas enviadas por ele a sua irmã Virgínia Mendes Torres. Com base na análise desse conjunto epistolar é possível refazer parte da trajetória do poeta mineiro que transplantado em território estrangeiro atuou nos meios acadêmico, literário e artístico, representando o Brasil e construindo sua própria vertente do modernismo brasileiro. / The current work aims to draw a prospect of the poet Murilo Mendes life in Europe among the decades of 1950 and 1970, through the letters sent by him and his sister Virgínia Mendes Torres. Considering the analysis of that epistolary group is possible to redo part of the poet\'s trajectory that transplanted in foreign territory acted in the academic, literary and artistic means representing Brazil and building his own view of the Brazilian modernism.

Esta tese tem como procedimento a montagem de uma maquinaria de pesquisa que envolve a coleta de cartas, o mergulho no universo prisional e o retorno, em busca de ar, à superfície da escrita. As missivas provêm intencionalmente de diferentes momentos históricos do cárcere: ditadura civil-militar e Estado de exceção atual. Colocando em atividade a engasgada máquina, a correspondência recolhida é tomada como dispositivo para produção de biografemas – biografias inventadas e fragmentárias – sem compromisso com dados e fatos comprováveis pelos grandes arquivos. Assim, os biografemas, de remetentes e destinatários das cartas, criam uma insólita realidade em que a escrita é performatizada como ato de testemunhar, dando luz a um passado que não está nos arquivos, mas no ato de retirar de sua poeira esquecida o que insiste. A pesquisa contenta-se em interrogar o próprio campo e assim criar uma ambiência noturna, sabidamente inabitável. Finda na proposição inútil de um cenário sem espetáculo. Efeito do método empregado, em que o texto é uma entidade viva, instala a barulhenta polifonia, própria da palavra. Para tanto, autores como Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Maurice Blanchot e Marcel Proust, em sua potência de ativar o pensamento, serão peças vitais da engrenagem. Tal maquinaria é montada visando a máxima proliferação imaginativa. Para que a sensibilidade alcance sua plenitude na montagem dos cenários construídos. Para que a língua não se resuma a um sistema de signos amorfos, esgote o possível e abra espaços ao impossível. Prolifere em um modelo ontológico de criação de seres, esquivando à representação inerte de um mundo terminado. / The process of this dissertation is the assemblage of a research machine which consists of the gathering of letters, an immersion into a carceral universe and the return to the surface of writing in search of air. The letters are drawn intentionally from various moments in the history of the prison-house: the civil-military dictatorship and the present Penal State. Firing up this faltering machine, the collected correspondence is subsumed as a dispositif towards the production of biographemes—fabricated and fragmentary biographies—unencumbered by facts or data corroborated in archives of high regard. Thus, the biographemes of senders and recipients of these letters create an unconventional reality where the writing is turned performance. This is as an act of testimony which brings to light a perduring past which arises not in the archives but in the removal of the dust overlying the forgotten bygone. The research is fulfilled by a questioning of the field itself thus creating a nocturnal ambiance, widely recognised as uninhabitable, and ends with the useless proposition of a stage without a spectacle. As an effect of the method used, a noisy polyphony proper to the word installs itself in which the text becomes a living entity. Hence, authors such as Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Maurice Blanchot and Marcel Proust, through their potential to activate thought, are vital elements of the assemblage. The machinery is set up aiming for maximal imaginative proliferation in order to exhaust the possible and to open spaces into the impossible; thus, sensibility can attain its plenitude in the montage of created scenarios; and language will not be reduced to a system of amorphous signs. Proliferating within an ontological model of creation of beings, we avoid the inert representation of a finished world.

It is a well-known fact that international trade contracts bear inherently more risk than the trade contracts entered by the parties from the same country. This is due to the differences in business methods and practices used, trade cultures of the parties involved, laws and regulations in the respective jurisdictions. Under these circumstances, it is very important for the seller to have the assurance of that he receives the payment for the goods dispatched and for the buyer to receive the goods what has been ordered. One effective way of having such an assurance is to rely on a letter of credit as an international payment method. But for exporters in particular, this payment method has presented difficulties in meeting the compliance requirements necessary for the payment to be triggered. The UCP 600 published by the International Chamber of Commerce provide the rules that govern letters of credit transactions. At the introduction of the UCP 600, it was aimed to remove wording that could lead to inconsistent application and interpretation, as against the language and style used in the previous version, namely the UCP 500. Highlighting the experiences under UCP 500, the ultimate focus of the revision of the UCP was to minimise the level of litigations that had arisen under the rules provided in the UCP. In several surveys, it has been reported that, nearly 50% of the first presentation for payment under letters of credit are rejected by the banks. This situation implies the fact that the provisions which cover letters of credit transactions are not either clear enough or well understood by the parties involved. Similarly, the decisions made by Courts around the world on issues related to letters of credit have taken different approaches when applying and interpreting the rules. This can clearly be seen by a myriad of controversial judicial standards which have been applied to similar mistakes in documents presented to the bank for payment. This thesis is an investigation into those issues to find out the optimal standards that could be applied to solve the said problems. In doing so, this thesis will strive to ascertain what remedial measures could be taken to address the issues related to examination of documents, the rejection of payment and fraud exception. Key words: International Trade, International Trade Law, Law of Letters of Credit, Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit 600, Examination of Documents and communicating the decision.