Abstract Student influence and participation are phenomena that have been debated for a long time throughout school educations’ history; yet, they still do not meet the intentions of school curriculums. At the same time, recent research has shown these aspects to be meaningful for students’ learning abilities, all the while highlighting the teacher’s important role in their implementation. This study emanates from a global life perspective and examines the assumption that teacher’s experiences are important for how influence and participation are shaped, especially targeting student counseling. The aim with this study is to contribute with more understanding of these aspects, the significance they imply and their importance for learning. This study is formed like a case study and is conducted at a F-9 school with a sample of teachers who are currently involved in the development of student-led counseling. The teachers are being interviewed through qualitative focus group interviews and observed during student-led counseling. The results of the interviews are evaluated through a phenomenologically based method of analysis and a hermeneutically based interpretation. The results of the observations are evaluated on the grounds of the concept of global life perspective, intersubjectivity and intentionality. The result shows that teacher’s experiences on students’ influence and participation incorporate three subjects: preparatory work, execution and subsequent work, which emerge as an outcome of the fact that counseling was led by students. The result points out teacher’s experiences of factors that influence their work, where time, expectations and the student category ’teenagers’ are dominating. These factors obtrude on different levels in a fluctuation between each other, mutually affecting each other and manifesting themselves as both possibilities and obstacles. The result of the significance of student influence and participation is focused on in three main subjects: form of teaching, creating relations and creating identity. Each main subject contains sub-categories. The main subject ‘form of teaching’ involves the enabling of reflections, form of judgment, comprehensibility, raising awareness, increasing motivation and clarification. The main subject ‘creating relations’ consists of increasing quality and creating security. The main subject ‘creating identity’ incorporates the increase of taking responsibility. Responsibility entails growth in close relation to the student’s confidence and faith in his own capabilities. The result demonstrates that these subjects stand in mutual relation to each other, that they depend on each other and can become each other’s factors of influence.   Key words: Pedagogics, Student influence, Participation, Counseling, Global life perspective

La toxicomanie est un problème bien réel dans la société québécoise. Cette problématique touche autant les hommes que les femmes, de tous les âges et de toutes les sphères de la société. Toutefois, les hommes adultes étant plus nombreux à utiliser les services en réadaptation des toxicomanies, le but de ce mémoire est de donner une voix à ces hommes, afin de connaitre leurs visions sur les trajectoires qui les ont menées vers cette problématique. Les témoignages de six hommes adultes ayant une dépendance à l’alcool ou aux drogues ont donc été recueillis à l’aide d’entrevues de type récit de vie. Les résultats qui se dégagent de ces histoires de vie viennent, d’un côté, corroborer certaines données de la littérature, mais mettent aussi en lumière de nouveaux éléments. En effet, les facteurs de risque de la littérature tel que l’influence des pairs, des parents consommateurs et un début précoce de la consommation font partie intégrante de la trajectoire des répondants de cette recherche. Par contre, certains éléments dont l’impulsivité qui est fortement ressortie comme facteurs de risque de la toxicomanie dans la recension des écrits n’a pas été soulevée comme notion principale par ces hommes. Les similitudes de certains éléments entre chacun des récits de vie des participants lèvent toutefois le voile sur de nouveaux facteurs de risque. Les liens pauvres avec la figure paternelle doivent être pris en considération comme facteurs puisqu’ils font partie de la majorité des histoires de vie des répondants. De plus, le revenu est aussi un élément qui a grandement été relaté par les participants puisqu’il influence la quantité ainsi que la substance consommée. Cette recherche permet de prendre davantage conscience de la réalité des hommes toxicomanes ainsi que des particularités de leur trajectoire de vie. / Drug addiction is an wellknown social problem in Québec. Men, women, young and old people could be affected by a drug addiction problem. Nevertheless, adult men are the most important group represented in the drug treatment services. Even if, the literature is well documented about the process of drug addiction, these treatments and their effects, we do not well know the drug users’ perspective. The purpose of this study is to give a voice to these men in order they give their own explanation about their drug addiction. Using life story methodology, we met six men, drugs or alcohol addicted to listen to their life narrative to understand how they become addicted, what are addiction effects on their life, their social network, how they are involved in their addiction treatment. Analysis process used was to compare what men explained about their life course and what the literature have documented about the addiction process. At this end, results make clear that literature and men’ perspective have some common features. Indeed, the risk factors associated to social network and the early consumption was used by men to explain their addiction as well as in the literature. This finding help us to understand that drug addiction in a life perspective, need to be considered as an environnemental exposition in family and with peer. However, men did not discuss about their personal risk factors, as impulsivity. But, they are agreed with the literature to report that the quantity, the drug used and the drugs’ availability are also factors to explain how they become addicted. Finally, this study give some keys to better adapt treatmen as the drug users’perspective.

La toxicomanie est un problème bien réel dans la société québécoise. Cette problématique touche autant les hommes que les femmes, de tous les âges et de toutes les sphères de la société. Toutefois, les hommes adultes étant plus nombreux à utiliser les services en réadaptation des toxicomanies, le but de ce mémoire est de donner une voix à ces hommes, afin de connaitre leurs visions sur les trajectoires qui les ont menées vers cette problématique. Les témoignages de six hommes adultes ayant une dépendance à l’alcool ou aux drogues ont donc été recueillis à l’aide d’entrevues de type récit de vie. Les résultats qui se dégagent de ces histoires de vie viennent, d’un côté, corroborer certaines données de la littérature, mais mettent aussi en lumière de nouveaux éléments. En effet, les facteurs de risque de la littérature tel que l’influence des pairs, des parents consommateurs et un début précoce de la consommation font partie intégrante de la trajectoire des répondants de cette recherche. Par contre, certains éléments dont l’impulsivité qui est fortement ressortie comme facteurs de risque de la toxicomanie dans la recension des écrits n’a pas été soulevée comme notion principale par ces hommes. Les similitudes de certains éléments entre chacun des récits de vie des participants lèvent toutefois le voile sur de nouveaux facteurs de risque. Les liens pauvres avec la figure paternelle doivent être pris en considération comme facteurs puisqu’ils font partie de la majorité des histoires de vie des répondants. De plus, le revenu est aussi un élément qui a grandement été relaté par les participants puisqu’il influence la quantité ainsi que la substance consommée. Cette recherche permet de prendre davantage conscience de la réalité des hommes toxicomanes ainsi que des particularités de leur trajectoire de vie. / Drug addiction is an wellknown social problem in Québec. Men, women, young and old people could be affected by a drug addiction problem. Nevertheless, adult men are the most important group represented in the drug treatment services. Even if, the literature is well documented about the process of drug addiction, these treatments and their effects, we do not well know the drug users’ perspective. The purpose of this study is to give a voice to these men in order they give their own explanation about their drug addiction. Using life story methodology, we met six men, drugs or alcohol addicted to listen to their life narrative to understand how they become addicted, what are addiction effects on their life, their social network, how they are involved in their addiction treatment. Analysis process used was to compare what men explained about their life course and what the literature have documented about the addiction process. At this end, results make clear that literature and men’ perspective have some common features. Indeed, the risk factors associated to social network and the early consumption was used by men to explain their addiction as well as in the literature. This finding help us to understand that drug addiction in a life perspective, need to be considered as an environnemental exposition in family and with peer. However, men did not discuss about their personal risk factors, as impulsivity. But, they are agreed with the literature to report that the quantity, the drug used and the drugs’ availability are also factors to explain how they become addicted. Finally, this study give some keys to better adapt treatmen as the drug users’perspective.

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An investigation into the prevalence and causative factors of adolescent depression in the greater Johannesburg area was undertaken. Present-day South African socio-economic pressures together with the normal demands and difficulties of adolescence, led to an investigation into which factors were having a bearing on adolescent depression and whether more male than female adolescents were depressed. A literature study was done and major factors, which could potentially influence the development of depression, were identified. The results of the empirical investigation indicated that negative family relations and negative peer relations play a significant role in the development of adolescent depression. Other identified factors did not appear to have a statistically significant bearing on adolescent depression. No significant statistical difference was found between the prevalence or severity of male and female adolescent depression. Educational implications of the findings are discussed and guidelines are given to teachers and parents. / Teacher Education / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

An investigation into the prevalence and causative factors of adolescent depression in the greater Johannesburg area was undertaken. Present-day South African socio-economic pressures together with the normal demands and difficulties of adolescence, led to an investigation into which factors were having a bearing on adolescent depression and whether more male than female adolescents were depressed. A literature study was done and major factors, which could potentially influence the development of depression, were identified. The results of the empirical investigation indicated that negative family relations and negative peer relations play a significant role in the development of adolescent depression. Other identified factors did not appear to have a statistically significant bearing on adolescent depression. No significant statistical difference was found between the prevalence or severity of male and female adolescent depression. Educational implications of the findings are discussed and guidelines are given to teachers and parents. / Teacher Education / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)