A method has been created that addresses the issues that prohibit the conversion of product artifacts into a secure, efficient and reliable Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) environment. These issues include automatic import of data into a PLM system and revision control of such data. A test case is shown which specifically addresses these issues as they pertain to the management of both legacy and new engineering data in a PLM system.

Le travail de recherche présenté dans ce mémoire s’intéresse aux problèmes d’interopérabilité dans le domaine du Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) et vise à proposer une méthodologie capable d’y remédier. Nous définissons l’objectif stratégique du PLM comme la maîtrise de la complexité qui caractérise le développement et le suivi des produits. Dans ce cadre, l’objectif de l’interopérabilité est le contrôle des interactions entre constituants de ce système complexe PLM. Nous montrons que cet objectif est atteint si on assure la continuité et la conservation du flux sémantique qui circule dans le système. Notre étude est restreinte aux seuls domaines de la conception et de la production, mais a l’ambition de pouvoir s’appliquer à d’autres domaines. La continuité du flux sémantique est assurée par une architecture que nous avons baptisée « médiation multi-échelle orientée services ». Le cœur de cette architecture, le médiateur, se charge d’orienter les flux sémantiques vers les systèmes concernés, et met en correspondance sémantique les informations échangées en s’appuyant sur un méta-modèle d’unification. Nous montrons que pour assurer la robustesse, la flexibilité et l’agilité du système ainsi constitué, il faut privilégier le choix d’un méta-modèle standard générique et extensible. A cet effet, nous proposons une cartographie du standard STEP permettant de choisir le méta-modèle pertinent. Nous illustrons le choix et la définition de ce méta-modèle dans le cas de deux problèmes d’interopérabilité des domaines de la conception et de la production : l’interopérabilité CAO/PDM et l’interopérabilité PDM/ERP. Nous expliquons notre démarche dans la mise en œuvre de la norme PLCS. Par ailleurs, nous introduisons un modèle d’annotations sémantiques du produit qui permet de reconstruire des vues multiples correspondant à différents besoins métiers. Un ensemble de démonstrateurs permet de valider nos propositions et nos résultats. / Research work presented in this manuscript deals with interoperability issues in the domain of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) and aims at proposing a methodology able to remedy it. We define the objective of PLM as the control of the complexity that characterizes the development and monitoring of the product. In this context, the objective of the interoperability is to control the interactions between components of this PLM complex system. We demonstrate that this objective is reached if we ensure the continuity and the conservation of the semantic flow inside the system. Our study is restricted to design and production fields, but can be extended to other domains. The continuity of the semantic flow is guaranteed by an architecture that we entitled “service-oriented multi-layered mediation”. The main part of this architecture, the mediator, takes care to orientate the semantic flows towards the adequate systems, and semantically connect the exchanged information by relying on an unification meta-model. We demonstrate that, to ensure the robustness the flexibility and the agility of the so-constituted system, the choice of a generic and extensible standard meta-model should be favored. We thus proposed a mapping of STEP standard allowing to choose the adequate meta-model. We illustrate the choice and the definition of this meta-model in the case of two interoperability problems in the design and production domains: the interoperability CAD/PDM and the interoperability PDM/ERP. We illustrate our methodology in the implementation of the PLCS standard. Moreover, we introduce a model of product semantic tags that allows to rebuild the multiple product views corresponding to different actor needs. A set of demonstrators validate our propositions and our results.

The Standish Group Study of 1994 showed that 53 percent of software projects failed outright and another 31 percent were challenged by extreme budget and/or time overrun. Since then different responses to the high rate of software project failures have been proposed. SEI’s CMMI, the ISO’s 9001:2000 for software development, and the IEEE’s JSTD-016 are some examples of such responses. Traceability is the one common feature that these software development standards impose. Over the last decade, software and system engineering communities have been researching subjects such as developing more sophisticated tooling, applying information retrieval techniques capable of semi-automating the trace creation and maintenance process, developing new trace query languages and visualization techniques that use trace links, applying traceability in specific domains such as Model Driven Development, product line systems and agile project environment. These efforts have not been in vain. The 2012 CHAOS results show an increase in project success rate of 39% (delivered on time, on budget, with required features and functions), and a decrease of 18% in the number of failures (cancelled prior to completion or delivered and never used). Since research has shown traceability can improve a project’s success rate, the main purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate traceability for a small, real-world software development project using IBM Collaborative Lifecycle Management. The objective of this research was fulfilled since the case study of traceability was described in detail as applied to the design and development of the Value Adjustment Board Project (VAB) of City of Jacksonville using the scrum development approach within the IBM Rational Collaborative Lifecycle Management Solution. The results may benefit researchers and practitioners who are looking for evidence to use the IBM CLM solution to trace artifacts in a small project.

Dieser Beitrag erläutert die Umsetzung der Digitalisierung speziell im Anwendungsgebiet des Engineering. Dabei wird die Digitalisierung, sowohl des eigentlichen Produktes als auch der im Rahmen von Service-orientierten Geschäftsmodellen entwickelten Dienstleistung, vorgestellt. Ein weiterer wesentlicher Punkt der Digitalisierung sind die horizontale und vertikale Integration der technischen und administrativen Arbeitsprozesse entlang des Produktlebenszyklus. Bei den vertikalen Integrationen handelt es ich um die Integrationen der Autorensysteme entlang den Lebenszyklusphasen Anforderungsmanagement, Systemarchitektur, CAD in Mechanik, Elektronik, Softwareentwicklung, Simulation, Test, Prozessplanung und Digitale Fabrik. Bei der horizontalen Integration stehen die administrativen Funktionen wie Freigabe-, Änderungs- und Konfigurationsmanagement über den gesamten Produklebenszyklus und die technische Integration der in den einzelnen Produktlebenszyklus-Phasen erzeugten Informationen im Vordergrund. Hier ist vor allem die Verteilung und Orchestrierung der Funktionen zwischen SysLM, MES und PPS relevant.

Service-orientation and the underlying concept of service-oriented architectures are a means to successfully address the need for flexibility and interoperability of software applications, which in turn leads to improved IT support of business processes. With a growing level of diffusion, sophistication and maturity, the number of services and interdependencies is gradually rising. This increasingly requires companies to implement a systematic management of services along their entire lifecycle. Service lifecycle management (SLM), i.e., the management of services from the initiating idea to their disposal, is becoming a crucial success factor. Not surprisingly, the academic and practice communities increasingly postulate comprehensive IT support for SLM to counteract the inherent complexity. The topic is still in its infancy, with no comprehensive models available that help evaluating and designing IT support in SLM. This thesis presents a reference architecture for SLM and applies it to the evaluation and designing of SLM IT support in companies. The artifact, which largely resulted from consortium research efforts, draws from an extensive analysis of existing SLM applications, case studies, focus group discussions, bilateral interviews and existing literature. Formal procedure models and a configuration terminology allow adapting and applying the reference architecture to a company’s individual setting. Corresponding usage examples prove its applicability and demonstrate the arising benefits within various SLM IT support design and evaluation tasks. A statistical analysis of the knowledge embodied within the reference data leads to novel, highly significant findings. For example, contemporary standard applications do not yet emphasize the lifecycle concept but rather tend to focus on small parts of the lifecycle, especially on service operation. This forces user companies either into a best-of-breed or a custom-development strategy if they are to implement integrated IT support for their SLM activities. SLM software vendors and internal software development units need to undergo a paradigm shift in order to better reflect the numerous interdependencies and increasing intertwining within services’ lifecycles. The SLM architecture is a first step towards achieving this goal.:Content Overview List of Figures....................................................................................... xi List of Tables ...................................................................................... xiv List of Abbreviations.......................................................................xviii 1 Introduction .................................................................................... 1 2 Foundations ................................................................................... 13 3 Architecture Structure and Strategy Layer .............................. 57 4 Process Layer ................................................................................ 75 5 Information Systems Layer ....................................................... 103 6 Architecture Application and Extension ................................. 137 7 Results, Evaluation and Outlook .............................................. 195 Appendix ..........................................................................................203 References .......................................................................................... 463 Curriculum Vitae.............................................................................. 498 Bibliographic Data............................................................................ 499

Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is a way for manufacturing companies to counter the challenge of managing product information through its lifecycle. Change management is often overlooked during PLM implementations. This can lead to project failure and negative consequences for organizations. Additionally, one shortcoming of change management in PLM implementation is not considering individual commitment to change. Therefore, this case study’s purpose was to explore how change management can increase end-user commitment and thereby contribute to improved PLM implementations. This was investigated by performing a qualitative case study of Dassault Systèmes and their PLM implementation project at four different customer organizations: Saab Dynamics, Jaguar Land Rover, Scania, and Ericsson. Sixteen individuals involved in the PLM projects, evenly distributed between Dassault Systèmes’ employees and customer representatives, were interviewed. The collected data was analyzed using a theoretical framework based on change management and commitment. The study identified four key areas of change management for increasing end-user commitment during PLM implementation: (1) vision, (2) top management, (3) training, and (4) individual treatment. An overview of the suggested recommendations within each area is: (1) a specific vision and a sense of urgency should be created and communicated; (2) top management, including the CEO, should be committed to the project and communicate to the end-users; (3) training should be continuous, adapted to the end-users and include other purposes that teaching about the PLM tool; and (4) different end-users should be managed differently and be included in implementation project. These conclusions contribute to the research field of PLM implementation by improving the understanding of how change management can increase the end-users’ commitment in PLM implementation projects. / Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) är ett sätt för tillverkande företag att möta sina utmaningar med att hantera produktinformation genom produktens livscykel. Förändringsledning förbises ofta under PLM-implementationer. Detta kan leda till misslyckade projekt och negativa konsekvenser för organisationer. En ytterligare brist i förändringsledningen inom PLM-implementationer är att inte ta hänsyn till individuellt engagemang till förändring. Därför var den här fallstudiens syfte att utforska hur förändringsledning kan öka slutanvändarnas engagemang och därigenom bidra till förbättrade PLM-implementationer. Detta undersöktes genom att utföra en kvalitativ fallstudie av Dassault Systèmes och deras PLM-implementationsprojekt hos fyra olika kundorganisationer: Saab Dynamics, Jaguar Land Rover, Scania och Ericsson. Sexton individer som var involverade i PLM-projekten, jämnt fördelade mellan Dassault Systèmes-anställda och kundrepresentanter, intervjuades. De insamlade uppgifterna analyserades med hjälp av ett teoretiskt ramverk baserat på förändringsledning och engagemang. Studien identifierade fyra viktiga områden inom förändringsledning för att öka slutanvändarens engagemang under PLM-implementationer: (1) vision, (2) företagets ledning, (3) utbildning och (4) individuell behandling. En översikt över de föreslagna rekommendationerna inom varje område är: (1) en specifik vision och en känsla av brådska bör skapas och kommuniceras; (2) företagets ledning, inklusive VD:n, bör vara engagerad i projektet och kommunicera till slutanvändarna; (3) utbildningen bör vara kontinuerlig, anpassad till slutanvändarna och inkludera andra syften än att lära ut PLM-verktyget; (4) olika slutanvändare bör hanteras annorlunda och inkluderas i implementationsprojektet. Dessa slutsatser bidrar till forskningen inom PLM-implementationer genom att förbättra förståelsen för hur förändringsledning kan öka slutanvändarnas engagemang i PLM-implementationsprojekt.

Aplicativos simples e utilizados durante um curto período de tempo são cada vez mais comuns nos dispositivos móveis. Eles perdem a utilidade uma vez que seu objetivo específico é atingido. Porém, consomem memória e processamento do dispositivo, além de seu desenvolvimento consumir recursos humanos e tecnológicos. Para minimizar esses problemas, este trabalho apresenta uma nova abordagem para geração e controle desse tipo de aplicativo por meio de uma nova arquitetura e modelo de ciclo de vida para aplicações de curta duração. A abordagem permite que os aplicativos sejam gerados automaticamente e possam ser excluídos ou gerenciados de acordo com a vontade do usuário ou por outros critérios pré-estabelecidos (e.g., por tempo transcorrido ou por localização). A arquitetura e modelos desenvolvidos foram utilizados em três aplicativos típicos com funcionalidades básicas, layout trivial e processamento leve. Essa validação demonstrou que a abordagem atende às necessidades de aplicativos em diferentes domínios (restaurantes, shoppings e eventos) e pode ser aplicado em situações com diferentes restrições de tempo e localização / Simple applications that are used over a short period of time are becoming increasingly popular on mobile devices. They lose their usefulness once their specific goal is achieved. However, they consume memory and processing of the device; furthermore, its development consume human and technological resources. To minimize these problems, this work presents a new approach for generation and control of this type of application by means of a new architecture and life cycle model for short lived applications. The approach allows applications to be automatically generated, excluded or managed according to the user\'s wishes or other pre-established criteria (e.g., by time elapsed or by location). The architecture and models developed were used in three typical applications with basic functionalities, trivial layout and light-weight processing. This validation demonstrated that the approach addresses the needs of applications in different domains (restaurants, malls and events) and can be applied in situations with different time and location constraints

A abordagem Product Lifecycle Mangement (PLM) ou gestão do ciclo de vida de produtos tem se destacado como um importante conceito de negócio que apoia o gerenciamento de todos os processos relacionados ao ciclo de vida dos produtos, desde a concepção inicial até o descarte. A eficiência e a eficácia das atividades desses processos são determinantes para garantir a sobrevivência das empresas no mercado. Dessa forma, a adoção de um sistema de medição de desempenho (SMD) deve auxiliar no controle e melhoria desses processos, porém o desenvolvimento de um SMD para PLM é uma tarefa difícil, devido, principalmente, à natureza desestruturada e não repetitiva dos processos que compõem tal abordagem. O problema que motiva a elaboração deste projeto de pesquisa são as dificuldades no desenvolvimento de um SMD e na medição de desempenho para PLM. Visando preencher esta lacuna, este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um quadro referencial para apoiar o desenvolvimento de um sistema de medição de desempenho para gestão do ciclo de vida de produtos. Tal quadro é composto de um método de desenvolvimento de um SMD; uma coletânea de recomendações para esse desenvolvimento voltado para abordagem PLM; e uma lista de indicadores e seus atributos necessários para definição de sua aplicação. Para condução do trabalho foram utilizados dois procedimentos metodológicos: i) revisão bibliográfica sistemática; e ii) estudos de casos múltiplos. Espera-se que esta pesquisa possa contribuir com as empresas que queiram desenvolver um SMD para PLM e, dessa forma, superar as dificuldades inerentes da medição de desempenho para a gestão do ciclo de vida de produtos. / Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) approach has highlighted as an important business concept that supports the managing of all processes related to products, from the initial conception to disposal. The efficiency and effectiveness of these processes are crucial to ensure the business survival. Thus, the adoption of a performance measurement system (PMS) should help to control and improve these processes, but the development of a PMS for PLM is a difficult task, mainly due to the unstructured and non-repetitive nature of the processes that compose the PLM approach. The problem that motivates the development of this project is the difficulty in developing a PMS and on performance measurement for PLM. Seeking to fill this gap, this research proposes to develop a framework to support the development of a performance measurement system for product lifecycle management. This framework consist of a method for developing a PMS, a compilation of recommendations for such development oriented to PLM approach, and a list of performance indicators and their attributes needed to define their application. To conduct the study were used two approaches: i) systematic literature review, and ii) multiple case studies. It is hoped that this research can contribute to companies wishing to develop a PMS for PLM and thus overcome the inherent difficulties of performance measurement for product lifecycle management.

A abordagem Product Lifecycle Mangement (PLM) ou gestão do ciclo de vida de produtos tem se destacado como um importante conceito de negócio que apoia o gerenciamento de todos os processos relacionados ao ciclo de vida dos produtos, desde a concepção inicial até o descarte. A eficiência e a eficácia das atividades desses processos são determinantes para garantir a sobrevivência das empresas no mercado. Dessa forma, a adoção de um sistema de medição de desempenho (SMD) deve auxiliar no controle e melhoria desses processos, porém o desenvolvimento de um SMD para PLM é uma tarefa difícil, devido, principalmente, à natureza desestruturada e não repetitiva dos processos que compõem tal abordagem. O problema que motiva a elaboração deste projeto de pesquisa são as dificuldades no desenvolvimento de um SMD e na medição de desempenho para PLM. Visando preencher esta lacuna, este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um quadro referencial para apoiar o desenvolvimento de um sistema de medição de desempenho para gestão do ciclo de vida de produtos. Tal quadro é composto de um método de desenvolvimento de um SMD; uma coletânea de recomendações para esse desenvolvimento voltado para abordagem PLM; e uma lista de indicadores e seus atributos necessários para definição de sua aplicação. Para condução do trabalho foram utilizados dois procedimentos metodológicos: i) revisão bibliográfica sistemática; e ii) estudos de casos múltiplos. Espera-se que esta pesquisa possa contribuir com as empresas que queiram desenvolver um SMD para PLM e, dessa forma, superar as dificuldades inerentes da medição de desempenho para a gestão do ciclo de vida de produtos. / Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) approach has highlighted as an important business concept that supports the managing of all processes related to products, from the initial conception to disposal. The efficiency and effectiveness of these processes are crucial to ensure the business survival. Thus, the adoption of a performance measurement system (PMS) should help to control and improve these processes, but the development of a PMS for PLM is a difficult task, mainly due to the unstructured and non-repetitive nature of the processes that compose the PLM approach. The problem that motivates the development of this project is the difficulty in developing a PMS and on performance measurement for PLM. Seeking to fill this gap, this research proposes to develop a framework to support the development of a performance measurement system for product lifecycle management. This framework consist of a method for developing a PMS, a compilation of recommendations for such development oriented to PLM approach, and a list of performance indicators and their attributes needed to define their application. To conduct the study were used two approaches: i) systematic literature review, and ii) multiple case studies. It is hoped that this research can contribute to companies wishing to develop a PMS for PLM and thus overcome the inherent difficulties of performance measurement for product lifecycle management.

Le développement, l'exploitation et la maintenance des systèmes urbains intelligents sont des tâches très complexes et impliquent de nombreux acteurs de différentes disciplines et domaines. Dans la plupart des cas, ces systèmes se trouvent à différentes phases de conception, de déploiement et d'exploitation, c'est-à-dire à différentes phases de leur cycle de vie. Par conséquent, les concepts de gestion du cycle de vie sont très importants pour mieux gérer le développement des villes intelligentes en tant qu'écosystème complet à travers les différentes phases du cycle de vie. Cet argument est étayé par les résultats de notre enquête sur les villes intelligentes, où les informations récoltées des parties prenantes interrogées prouvent la pertinence d’une approche cycle de vie pour répondre aux neuf préoccupations identifiées; non alignement sur les objectifs stratégiques, échec réglementaire au niveau des différentes phases, retard dans le «time to market», processus disjoints, partage des connaissances et traçabilité des données difficiles, échange inefficace de données/informations; et utilisation inefficace et inefficiente des infrastructures. Pour répondre aux préoccupations mentionnées ci-dessus, cette thèse propose l'application des éléments fondamentaux du cycle de vie aux villes intelligentes, ce qui nécessite l'introduction de la notion de temps dans la modélisation urbaine intelligente en ajoutant le point de vue « cycle de vie » comme nouvelle dimension de leurs architectures multicouches. L'approche proposée comprend deux éléments. Le premier est le modèle tridimensionnel qui permet aux développeurs de villes intelligentes d'envisager trois points de vue : les couches de l'architecture, le temps (phases du cycle de vie) et les domaines. Le deuxième correspond à la notion d'interaction qui permet l'intégration entre les systèmes de gestion du cycle de vie et les plateformes IoT. Cette approche est validée à travers un cas d'utilisation d’un système de stationnement intelligent « Smart Parking », proposé dans le cadre de la Coupe du Monde™ de la FIFA 2022. Le système de stationnement intelligent proposé est stratégiquement aligné sur les objets Smart Qatar et relie toutes les parties prenantes concernées à travers les différentes phases du cycle de vie. Pour assurer l'interopérabilité sémantique, le système de stationnement intelligent utilise les normes DATEX II pour les données statiques et dynamiques liées au stationnement. Enfin, le cas d'utilisation met l'accent sur l'intégration entre les données liées au cycle de vie et les données IoT à travers l'interaction entre un système de cycle de vie Aras Innovator® (construction de nomenclatures, gestion de configurations, etc.) et une plate-forme d’implémentation de référence IoT O-MI/O-DF (publication peer-to-peer, découverte d'informations liées au stationnement sous une forme agrégée). / Smart city system development, operation and maintenance are very complex tasks and involve numerous stakeholders from different disciplines and domains. In most cases, these systems are at different phases of design, deployment and operation, i.e. at different phases of lifecycle. Hence, lifecycle management concepts are very important to better manage smart city development as a complete ecosystem across different phases of lifecycle. This argument is supported by the findings of our smart city survey, where the information gathered from interviewed stakeholders proves the relevance of a lifecycle approach to address the identified nine concerns; non-alignment to strategic objectives, regulatory failure at different phases, delay in “time to market”, disjointed processes, difficult knowledge sharing and data traceability, inefficient and delayed exchange of data/ information, and inefficient and ineffective use of infrastructure.To address the abovementioned concerns, this thesis proposes the application of lifecycle management concepts in smart cities, which requires the introduction of the time notion to smart city modeling by adding the lifecycle viewpoint as a new dimension to the multi-layered architecture. The proposed smart city lifecycle-based approach consists of two components. First, the three-dimensional model that enables smart city developers to consider three viewpoints: Architecture Layers, Time (Lifecycle Phases), and Domains. Second, the interaction approach that enables integration between lifecycle management systems and IoT platforms. This approach is validated through a use-case of Smart Parking System, proposed as part of the FIFA World Cup™ 2022. The proposed smart parking system is strategically aligned to Smart Qatar objectives and connects all relevant stakeholders across the different lifecycle phases. To ensure semantic interoperability, the smart parking system uses the DATEX II standards for static and dynamic parking related data. Finally, the use-case focuses on the integration between lifecycle related data and IoT data through the interaction between Aras Innovator® lifecycle system (BoM construction, configuration management, etc.) and the O-MI/O-DF IoT Reference Implementation Platform (peer-to-peer publication and discovery of parking-related information in an aggregated form).