Twenty-three university male students: were fed mixed food diets, containing either 400 mg or 1400 mg cholesterol/day under controlled dietary conditions for 4 consecutive weeks. One group received a diet containing 400 mg cholesterol/day, which was contributed by non-egg food sources. The other group received a similar diet with the daily addition of 1000 mg cholesterol as 4 whole eggs. Diets were adjusted so differences in total protein, carbohydrate, fat, and fatty acid composition were minimal between the two dietary treatments. Plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol levels were measured at the beginning, weekly throughout the experimental period, and 1 week after completion of the study. No significant changes in any of the measured parameters were observed as a result of the high cholesterol diet. Comparisons of BDL, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol concentrations expressed as percentages of plasma total cholesterol showed that lipoprotein cholesterol distribution remained unchanged within and between treatments throughout the study. Relative concentrations of plasma lipoproteins at the beginning or the end of dietary treatment were similar in subjects receiving 400 mg or 1400 mg cholesterol/day. No detectable ApoE was observed by SDS-PAGE in HDL₂ or HDL₃ samples from either treatment group. / Ph. D.

A metabolic study was conducted with 23 men to determine the effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of a high calcium intake from two sources compared to a normal level of calcium intake over an eight week controlled feeding period. Three diet treatments were examined: 1) high dietary calcium mainly from dairy sources (1600-1800 mg/day), 2) high dietary calcium supplied by a CaCO₃ supplement (1600-1800 mg/day), and 3) normal dietary calcium intake from mixed sources (600-800 mg/day). Fat, carbohydrate and protein were provided in the ratio of percent kcal as 40:49:11. Nutrient, cholesterol levels (500 mg) and polyunsaturated to saturated (P/S) fatty acid ratio (0.446) were held constant for all diet treatments. There were no significant differences between treatments or across time in plasma TC, LDL, HDL or VLDL-cholesterol. Levels remained similar throughout the controlled diet treatment and the pre- and post-treatment periods. At the level of fat content and P/S ratio tested, there was no hypocholesterolemic effect of elevated calcium intake on plasma lipids. / Master of Science

O indivíduo com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 apresenta um risco de 2 a 4 vezes maior de desenvolver doença cardiovascular (DCV) quando comparado ao não-diabético, sendo que este aumento do risco para o desenvolvimento da DCV também é observado quando na intolerância à glicose (IG) que ocorre em fases mais precoces da história natural do diabetes. Atribui-se ser a presença da síndrome metabólica (SM), que ocorre na maioria dos pacientes com DM2 e IG, um fator importante para o desenvolvimento da DCV nestes indivíduos. Dos componentes da SM, inúmeros estudos destacam a dislipidemia como um dos principais fatores para este risco. A dislipidemia comumente encontrada na IG é caracterizada por hipertrigliceridemia, baixo HDL-C e presença de LDL pequena e densa. Entretanto, como a elevação dos níveis séricos do LDL-C associada ao surgimento de aterosclerose prematura em indivíduos não diabéticos na maioria das vezes não é observada em pacientes com IG, questiona-se se outras alterações do metabolismo lipídico, tais como alterações da cinética do colesterol ou a transferência de lípides das lipoproteínas para a HDL, poderiam estar relacionadas ao maior risco cardiovascular nestes pacientes. Estudo prévio, utilizando uma nanoemulsão lipídica artificial de LDL, verificou uma remoção mais rápida do colesterol na forma livre em pacientes normolipidêmicos com doença arterial coronária (DAC) quando comparada com controles. No presente estudo, utilizou-se a nanoemulsão lipídica artificial para avaliar se esses dois processos envolvidos no metabolismo da LDL e da HDL estão alterados em pacientes com intolerância à glicose que os predispõem à DAC, relacionando estes resultados com fatores de risco cardiovasculares, tais como a resistência à insulina, a obesidade e a dislipidemia. Para tanto, foram estudados 14 pacientes com IG e 15 controles, sem manifestação clínica de DCV, que não utilizam antidiabéticos orais e hipolipemiantes, comparados com controles pareados para idade, sexo, raça, IMC, tabagismo, consumo de álcool, prática de atividade física e doenças associadas. Para o estudo cinético, a nanoemulsão marcada foi injetada endovenosamente e amostras de sangue coletadas ao longo de 24h para a determinação da radioatividade, das curvas de decaimento plasmático e da taxa fracional de remoção (TFR) dos lípides marcados a partir de um modelo de análise compartimental. Foi medida a taxa de esterificação do 3Hcolesterol livre da nanoemulsão no plasma e avaliada a transferência in vitro de lípides da nanoemulsão para a fração HDL. A resistência à insulina foi estimada pelo modelo matemático de homeostase glicêmica (HOMA) e a adiposidade abdominal por tomografia computadorizada de abdômen. A concentração plasmática de colesterol total, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglicérides e de apolipoproteínas não diferiu entre os grupos. O perfil antropométrico relacionado ao peso, IMC e circunferência abdominal foi semelhante entre os grupos. O grupo IG apresentou maior concentração de insulina de jejum (p=0,01), menor sensibilidade à insulina (p<0,01) e maior índice de resistência à insulina (p<0,01). A TFR 14C-EC foi similar nos dois grupos, porém a TFR 3H-CL foi mais rápida no grupo IG comparado com controle (p=0,04). A porcentagem de esterificação do 3H-colesterol da nanoemulsão bem como a transferência de lípides da nanoemulsão para a fração HDL foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A remoção mais rápida do 3H-colesterol livre mostra que ocorreu uma dissociação das partículas de colesterol da nanoemulsão lipídica nos pacientes com intolerância à glicose. Essa dissociação do colesterol pode refletir alterações no metabolismo intravascular da lipoproteína LDL, as quais podem favorecer a aterogênese nesses pacientes / Individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2 are 2 to 4 times more susceptible to cardiovascular disease (CVD) than non-diabetic individuals. This increased risk is also observed for glucose intolerance (GI) which appears in the initial stages of diabetes. The presence of the metabolic syndrome (MS), present in most DM2 and GI patients, is also an important factor contributing to the development of CVD in these individuals. Various MS component studies emphasize dyslipidemia as one of the main contributors for this risk factor. The dyslipidemia commonly associated to GI is characterized by hypertriglyciridemia, low HDL-C and the presence of a small and dense LDL. However, since associated LDL-C levels with the development of premature atherosclerosis in non diabetic individuals is for the most part not observed in GI patients, it is questioned whether other lipid metabolism alterations such as cholesterol kinetics or the lipid transfer to HDL could be related to a greater CVD risk in these individuals. A previous study using an artificial LDL nanoemulsion showed a faster removal rate of the free cholesterol in normolipidemic with coronary artery disease (CAD) patients when compared to control individuals. In this study an artificial lipid nanoemulsion was used to evaluate both these processes involved in the metabolism of LDL and HDL which are both altered in patients with GI that expose them to CAD, and relating the results to CVD factors such as insulin resistance, obesity and dyslipidemia. 14 GI and 15 control individuals participated in this study. All without manifestations of CVD, none using any oral antidiabetic medication or hypolipimeants, paired for age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcoholic consumption, physical activity and comorbidities. For the kinetic study, a labeled nanoemulsion was interveneously injected and blood samples collected at determined intervals over a 24 hour period to determine the radiactive plasma decay curves and fractional clearance rate (FCR) of the labeled nanoemulsion lipids through a compartmental analysis model. Plasma esterification rate of the 3H-free cholesterol of the nanoemulsion was measured as was the in vitro transfer from the nanoemulsion to HDL fraction. Insulin resistance was obtained by the glycemic homeostasis mathematical model (HOMA) and abdominal adipose by a computerized tomography of the abdomen. No differences were observed for total cholesterol plasmatic concentrations, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides or apolipoproteins between the two groups. The anthropometric profile related to weight, BMI and abdominal circumference was similar for both groups. The GI group presented higher fasting insulin concentration (p=0.01), less insulin sensitivity (p=0.01) and a greater insulin resistance (p=0.01). The TFR 14C-CE was similar in both groups, although the TFR 3H-CL was faster in the GI group compared to the control group (p=0.04). The esterification percentage of the nanoemulsions 3H-colesterol, as well as the lipid transfer from the nanoemulsion to HDL fraction were similar for both groups. The faster 3H-free cholesterol removal shows that a dissociation of the cholesterol particles of the lipidic nanoemulsion occurred in those patients with GI. This dissociation could possibly reflect alterations in the intravascular LDL lipoprotein metabolism which in turn, may favor atherogenesis in these patients

Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSP) as a cholesterol-lowering nutraceutical has been investigated in both humans and animals, however, little is known of how it interacts with the genes and proteins involved in lipoprotein metabolism in vivo. So the first objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of GSP supplementation on blood cholesterol level and gene expression of cholesterol-regulating enzymes in Golden Syrian hamsters maintained on a 0.1% cholesterol diet. / Hypercholesterolemia is one of the major proven risk factors for atherosclerosis. Decreasing blood total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels with cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals and dietary intake modification could slow or reverse the progression of cardiovascular disease. / In conclusion, the present study confirmed that hypocholesterolemic activity of GSP was most likely mediated by enhancement of bile acid excretion and up-regulation of CYP7A1. The present study also demonstrated that frequent cholesterol and myristic acid intake is associated with elevation of plasma TC level, while beta-sitosterol intake frequency had no effect on plasma cholesterol for a given amount. / In the beta-sitosterol consumption frequency study, hamsters fed the basal diet with a gavage-administration of 3 mg cholesterol 3 times (control), or a gavage-administration of 3 mg beta-sitosterol with 3 mg cholesterol 3 times per day (high beta-sitosterol intake frequency), or a gavage-administration of 9 mg beta-sitosterol with 3 mg cholesterol for one time and 3 mg cholesterol for the other two times (low beta-sitosterol intake frequency). The results demonstrated that for a given dose of beta-sitosterol, the administration frequency had no or little effect on plasma lipoprotein profiles. The present study also found that cholesterol-lowering activity of beta-sitosterol was mediated by its inhibition on the intestinal cholesterol absorption with up-regulation of NPC1L1, ATP binding cassette transporters G5 and G8 (ABCG5/8) and MTP. / In the cholesterol consumption frequency study, hamsters were given daily 9 mg of cholesterol either in diet (high cholesterol intake frequency) or a gavage-administration of 3 times 3 mg (regular cholesterol intake frequency) and 1 time 9 mg (low cholesterol intake frequency). The results demonstrated that there was an increasing trend in concentrations of plasma TC, Non-HDL-C, TC/HDL-C ratio and TG in association with the cholesterol intake frequency. It is the first time to demonstrate that the increasing cholesterol intake frequency increased the apparent cholesterol absorption. Elevation of plasma TC and cholesterol absorption is most likely mediated by up-regulation of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), and microsomal triacylglycerol transport protein (MTP) gene expression. / In the myristic acid consumption frequency study, hamsters were given daily 210 mg of myristic acid either in diet (high myristic acid intake frequency) or a gavage-administration of 3 times 70 mg (regular myristic acid intake frequency) and 1 time 210 mg (low myristic acid intake frequency). The results showed that the increasing consumption frequency elevated plasma TC, Non-HDL-C and HDL-C levels. Elevation of plasma TC and HDL-C is most likely mediated by up-regulation of NPC1L1 and down-regulation of scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) gene expression via enhancement of dietary myristic acid absorption. / The results affirmed supplementation of 0.5% or 1.0% GSP could decrease plasma TC, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels. In addition, dietary GSP was able to increase the excretion of bile acids by 3--4 folds, this was partially mediated by up-regulation of Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in both transcriptional and translational levels. It was concluded that the hypocholesterolemic activity of GSP was most likely mediated by enhancement of bile acid excretion and up-regulation of CYP7A1. / The second objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of cholesterol, myristic acid and beta-sitosterol consumption frequency on plasma lipoprotein profiles in hamsters. Numerous studies reported that dietary cholesterol and saturated fatty acids elevated plasma TC level, whereas dietary phytosterols in moderate and high doses favorably reduced plasma TC and LDL levels. However, it is still unknown whether consumption frequency of sterols and fatty acids could affect plasma cholesterol level and lipid profiles. / Jiao, Rui. / Adviser: Chen Zhen Yu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-02, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-150). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 138-147). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2009. / Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine. Title from title screen (viewed Sept. 30, 2009) Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.

O indivíduo com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 apresenta um risco de 2 a 4 vezes maior de desenvolver doença cardiovascular (DCV) quando comparado ao não-diabético, sendo que este aumento do risco para o desenvolvimento da DCV também é observado quando na intolerância à glicose (IG) que ocorre em fases mais precoces da história natural do diabetes. Atribui-se ser a presença da síndrome metabólica (SM), que ocorre na maioria dos pacientes com DM2 e IG, um fator importante para o desenvolvimento da DCV nestes indivíduos. Dos componentes da SM, inúmeros estudos destacam a dislipidemia como um dos principais fatores para este risco. A dislipidemia comumente encontrada na IG é caracterizada por hipertrigliceridemia, baixo HDL-C e presença de LDL pequena e densa. Entretanto, como a elevação dos níveis séricos do LDL-C associada ao surgimento de aterosclerose prematura em indivíduos não diabéticos na maioria das vezes não é observada em pacientes com IG, questiona-se se outras alterações do metabolismo lipídico, tais como alterações da cinética do colesterol ou a transferência de lípides das lipoproteínas para a HDL, poderiam estar relacionadas ao maior risco cardiovascular nestes pacientes. Estudo prévio, utilizando uma nanoemulsão lipídica artificial de LDL, verificou uma remoção mais rápida do colesterol na forma livre em pacientes normolipidêmicos com doença arterial coronária (DAC) quando comparada com controles. No presente estudo, utilizou-se a nanoemulsão lipídica artificial para avaliar se esses dois processos envolvidos no metabolismo da LDL e da HDL estão alterados em pacientes com intolerância à glicose que os predispõem à DAC, relacionando estes resultados com fatores de risco cardiovasculares, tais como a resistência à insulina, a obesidade e a dislipidemia. Para tanto, foram estudados 14 pacientes com IG e 15 controles, sem manifestação clínica de DCV, que não utilizam antidiabéticos orais e hipolipemiantes, comparados com controles pareados para idade, sexo, raça, IMC, tabagismo, consumo de álcool, prática de atividade física e doenças associadas. Para o estudo cinético, a nanoemulsão marcada foi injetada endovenosamente e amostras de sangue coletadas ao longo de 24h para a determinação da radioatividade, das curvas de decaimento plasmático e da taxa fracional de remoção (TFR) dos lípides marcados a partir de um modelo de análise compartimental. Foi medida a taxa de esterificação do 3Hcolesterol livre da nanoemulsão no plasma e avaliada a transferência in vitro de lípides da nanoemulsão para a fração HDL. A resistência à insulina foi estimada pelo modelo matemático de homeostase glicêmica (HOMA) e a adiposidade abdominal por tomografia computadorizada de abdômen. A concentração plasmática de colesterol total, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglicérides e de apolipoproteínas não diferiu entre os grupos. O perfil antropométrico relacionado ao peso, IMC e circunferência abdominal foi semelhante entre os grupos. O grupo IG apresentou maior concentração de insulina de jejum (p=0,01), menor sensibilidade à insulina (p<0,01) e maior índice de resistência à insulina (p<0,01). A TFR 14C-EC foi similar nos dois grupos, porém a TFR 3H-CL foi mais rápida no grupo IG comparado com controle (p=0,04). A porcentagem de esterificação do 3H-colesterol da nanoemulsão bem como a transferência de lípides da nanoemulsão para a fração HDL foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A remoção mais rápida do 3H-colesterol livre mostra que ocorreu uma dissociação das partículas de colesterol da nanoemulsão lipídica nos pacientes com intolerância à glicose. Essa dissociação do colesterol pode refletir alterações no metabolismo intravascular da lipoproteína LDL, as quais podem favorecer a aterogênese nesses pacientes / Individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2 are 2 to 4 times more susceptible to cardiovascular disease (CVD) than non-diabetic individuals. This increased risk is also observed for glucose intolerance (GI) which appears in the initial stages of diabetes. The presence of the metabolic syndrome (MS), present in most DM2 and GI patients, is also an important factor contributing to the development of CVD in these individuals. Various MS component studies emphasize dyslipidemia as one of the main contributors for this risk factor. The dyslipidemia commonly associated to GI is characterized by hypertriglyciridemia, low HDL-C and the presence of a small and dense LDL. However, since associated LDL-C levels with the development of premature atherosclerosis in non diabetic individuals is for the most part not observed in GI patients, it is questioned whether other lipid metabolism alterations such as cholesterol kinetics or the lipid transfer to HDL could be related to a greater CVD risk in these individuals. A previous study using an artificial LDL nanoemulsion showed a faster removal rate of the free cholesterol in normolipidemic with coronary artery disease (CAD) patients when compared to control individuals. In this study an artificial lipid nanoemulsion was used to evaluate both these processes involved in the metabolism of LDL and HDL which are both altered in patients with GI that expose them to CAD, and relating the results to CVD factors such as insulin resistance, obesity and dyslipidemia. 14 GI and 15 control individuals participated in this study. All without manifestations of CVD, none using any oral antidiabetic medication or hypolipimeants, paired for age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcoholic consumption, physical activity and comorbidities. For the kinetic study, a labeled nanoemulsion was interveneously injected and blood samples collected at determined intervals over a 24 hour period to determine the radiactive plasma decay curves and fractional clearance rate (FCR) of the labeled nanoemulsion lipids through a compartmental analysis model. Plasma esterification rate of the 3H-free cholesterol of the nanoemulsion was measured as was the in vitro transfer from the nanoemulsion to HDL fraction. Insulin resistance was obtained by the glycemic homeostasis mathematical model (HOMA) and abdominal adipose by a computerized tomography of the abdomen. No differences were observed for total cholesterol plasmatic concentrations, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides or apolipoproteins between the two groups. The anthropometric profile related to weight, BMI and abdominal circumference was similar for both groups. The GI group presented higher fasting insulin concentration (p=0.01), less insulin sensitivity (p=0.01) and a greater insulin resistance (p=0.01). The TFR 14C-CE was similar in both groups, although the TFR 3H-CL was faster in the GI group compared to the control group (p=0.04). The esterification percentage of the nanoemulsions 3H-colesterol, as well as the lipid transfer from the nanoemulsion to HDL fraction were similar for both groups. The faster 3H-free cholesterol removal shows that a dissociation of the cholesterol particles of the lipidic nanoemulsion occurred in those patients with GI. This dissociation could possibly reflect alterations in the intravascular LDL lipoprotein metabolism which in turn, may favor atherogenesis in these patients

Orientador: Eliana Cotta de Faria / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T15:03:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kinchoku_Harumi_M.pdf: 2499549 bytes, checksum: e5ef36d494fba41f42bf6fe5ac2c96dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Os principais determinantes da dieta que elevam as concentraçoes de LDL-C sao as gorduras saturadas, gorduras trans e, em menor grau, o colesterol da dieta. O aumento relativo na proporçao de carboidratos resulta em dislipidemia caracterizada pelo aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de TG e VLDL-C, baixas concentrações de HDL-C, razão C:HDL aumentada e, algumas vezes, a presença de partículas de LDL-C pequenas e densas.O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto do aconselhamento nutricional exclusivo em portadores de dislipidemias,verificando a resposta entre sexos e entre faixas etárias (<60 anos e = 60 anos) e a influência do tempo no tratamento (3,6 e 12 meses). Participaram do estudo 129 sujeitos, 56 homens e 73 mulheres com idade entre 20 a 73 anos sem uso de medicaçao hipolipemiante por no mínimo 30 dias antes e durante o tratamento, e com pelo menos três meses de seguimento nutricional. Para hipercolesterolemia foi orientada a restrição de gorduras saturadas (<7% do VET) e colesterol (<200 mg/dL) e, para hipertrigliceridemia a restriçao de carboidratos simples, bebidas alcoólicas e, restrição de gorduras totais (<20% do VET) para TG>300 mg/dL. Na presença de sobrepeso ou obesidade foi orientada dieta hipocalórica com redução gradativa das calorias. As concentrações de colesterol (C), LDL-C, e triglicérides (TG) foram significativamente reduzidas na população estudada em 14%, 5%, 30% respectivamente. No primeiro trabalho, em que foi avaliada a influência do tempo de aconselhamento nutricional comparado ao período basal, as respostas significativas às orientações dietéticas com três meses foram: para C (-16%), LDL-C (-0,1%) e não HDL-C (-19%); com seis meses para C (-13%), TG (-30%), LDL-C (-9%), nao HDL-C (-17%), Castelli I (-14%) e Castelli II (-4%) e, com 12 meses para C (-14%), TG (-27%) e Castelli I (-13%). As concentrações plasmáticas de HDL-C e o peso corporal não se modificaram. Entre os sexos (trabalho 2) foi observado uma redução de 16% para C e 36% para TG em homens, e de 12% para C, 12% para LDL-C, e 26% para TG nas mulheres e, entre faixa etária de 15% para C, 2% para LDL-C e 33% para TG nos adultos e 14% para C nos idosos. O aumento na concentração de HDL-C foi significativa em homens em relação às mulheres (+5% e -4 %) com hiperlipidemia mista.Todos os participantes responderam ao aconselhamento nutricional reduzindo as concentrações de C, TG, LDL-C e a nao HDL-C. O tempo de orientação dietética não modificou as respostas em lípides e lipoproteínas plasmáticos; sendo o tempo de três meses suficiente para observar os efeitos benéficos da dieta. Um maior número de parâmetros foi reduzido com seis meses indicando que a partir de sexto mês houve um efeito mais abrangente da dieta. Homens e adultos foram mais responsivos à orientação nutricional. As respostas foram maiores que os coeficientes de variação biológico para cada parâmetro avaliado exceto para LDL-C.Recomenda-se a aplicação desta experiência terapêutica positiva em outros Serviços de Saúde por se tratar de uma terapia de baixo custo podendo também contribuir na prevenção e controle de doença cardiovascular / Abstract: The strongest dietary determinants of elevated LDL cholesterol concentrations are dietary saturated fatty acid and trans fatty acid intakes to a lesser extent, dietary cholesterol and excess body weight The aim of the present study was to evaluate the responses plasma lipid to nutritional counseling on dyslipidemic outpatients and analyze their responses by gender and age and analyzing the influence of time (3, 6 and 12 months) of treatment. One-hundred and twenty nine dyslipidemic subjects i.e. 56 males and 73 females aged 20 - 73 years comprised this study. No medication was used 30 days before and during following the diet as part of the inclusion criteria. Patients with hypercholesterolemia were oriented to follow the NCEP step 2 diet, and those with hypertriglyceridemia were oriented to restrict simple carbohydrates and alcoholic beverage and, in presence of TG >300 mg/dl, to use low fat diet (=20%). After nutritional counseling plasma cholesterol (C) concentrations, LDL-C, and triglycerides (TG) were significantly reduced in the population sample by (14%, 5%, 30%), respectively. The response were significant after 3 months for C (-16%), LDL-C (-0,1%) and NHDL-C (-19%), after 6 months for C (-13%), TG (-30%), LDL-C (-9%), NHDL-C (-17%), Castelli I (-14%) and Castelli II (-4%) and, after 12 months for C (-14%), TG (-27%) and Castelli I (-13%). No change was detected in plasma HDL-cholesterol and body weight, after nutritional counseling. Between sexes plasma concentrations reduced for C and TG by 16%, and 36% in men, and by 12% and 26% and 12% for LDL-C in women, and between age by 15% to C, 2% to LDL-C and 33% to TG in middle age and, 14% for C in elderly people. HDL cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in men than in women with mixed hyperlipidemia (+5% and -4 %). All participants responded to nutritional counseling reducing C, TG, LDL-C, NHDL-C, LDL-C. The nutritional counseling time did not modify the responses of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. After 3 months, beneficial effects of the diet were observed, and the higher number of parameters were reduced after 6 month showing a broader actions of diet. Men and adults patients presented better responses to nutritional counseling. The responses to nutritional counseling were higher than coefficient biology variation for each parameter evaluated except to LDL-C. We recommend this positive experience is recommended to other Health Service because is low cost treatment and also contribute in prevention and control of risk factors for cardiovascular disease / Mestrado / Ciencias Basicas / Mestre em Clinica Medica

OBJETIVO: A via metabólica da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) em uso de difosfato de cloroquina (DFC) foi avaliada através do comportamento cinético de uma nanoemulsão radioativa rica em colesterol (LDE) que se assemelha à estrutura lipídica da LDL. MÉTODOS: LDE foi marcada com 14C-colesterol éster (14C-CE), sendo a seguir injetada endovenosamente em pacientes do sexo feminino com LES inativo: 10 tomando DFC (grupo DFC), 10 sem tratamento (grupo SEM TRATAMENTO); e 10 mulheres normais (grupo CONTROLE). Os grupos foram pareados pela idade e seguiram rigorosos critérios de seleção de condições que pudessem interferir no perfil lipídico. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em intervalos pré-estabelecidos após a infusão para mensuração da radioatividade. Níveis séricos de jejum de lipoproteínas foram determinados no início dos estudos cinéticos. RESULTADOS: Idade e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) foram similares nos grupos estudados. A taxa fracional de remoção (TFR) de 14C-CE foi significativamente maior no grupo DFC comparada ao grupo SEM TRATAMENTO (0,076 ± 0,037 vs. 0,046 ± 0,021 h-1; p < 0,05) e CONTROLE (0,0516 ± 0,0125 h-1; p < 0,05). Em concordância, níveis significativamente menores de colesterol total e LDL foram observados no grupo DFC (156 ± 16 e 88 ± 16 mg/dl) comparando-se com SEM TRATAMENTO (174 ± 15 e 108 ± 17 mg/dl; p < 0,05) e CONTROLE (200 ± 24 e 118 ± 23 mg/dl; p < 0,05). Além disso, o incremento em 50% na TFR de 14C-CE no grupo DFC foi acompanhado por uma redução em 20% no LDL-C comparando-se a SEM TRATAMENTO. CONCLUSÃO: Esta é a primeira demonstração in vivo que a remoção de LDE do plasma encontra-se aumentada em pacientes com LES em uso de DFC. Estes dados suportam o benefício desta droga no tratamento do LES e identificam o receptor de LDL como um mecanismo promissor de DFC na redução de lípides em pacientes tomando corticosteróides. / OBJECTIVE: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) pathway in systhemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients taking chloroquine diphosphate (CDP) was evaluated through the kinetic behavior of a radioactive cholesterol-rich nanoemulsion (LDE) that resembles the LDL lipidic structure. METHODS: LDE was labeled with 14C-cholesteryl ester (14C-CE), then IV injected in inactive female SLE patients: 10 taking CDP (CDP), 10 without therapy (NO THERAPY); and 10 normal subjects (CONTROL). Groups were age-matched and followed rigorous selection criteria of conditions that interfere in the lipid profile. Blood samples were collected in pre-established intervals after infusion for radioactivity measurement. Fasting lipoproteins were determined in the beginning of kinetic studies. RESULTS: Age and body mass index (BMI) were similar in the studied groups. Fractional clearance rate (FCR) of 14C-CE was significantly greater in CDP compared to NO THERAPY (0.076 ± 0.037 vs. 0.046 ± 0.021 h-1; p < 0.05) and CONTROL (0.0516 ± 0.0125 h-1; p < 0.05). Accordingly, a significant lower total and LDL cholesterol were observed in CDP (156 ± 16 and 88 ± 16 mg/dl) compared to NO THERAPY (174 ± 15 and 108 ± 17 mg/dl; p<0.05) and CONTROL (200 ± 24 and 118 ± 23 mg/dl; p < 0.05). Moreover, the 50% increase in 14C-CE FCR in CDP was paralleled by 20% decrease in LDL-c compared to NO THERAPY. CONCLUSION: This is the first in vivo demonstration that removal of LDE from plasma was increased in SLE patients taking CDP. These data support its beneficial use in SLE and identify the LDL receptor as a promising CDP mechanism for lowering lipids in patients taking corticosteroids.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major health problem in developed countries and, with increasing prevalence in developing countries and Eastern Europe. Due to the increased incidence with advancing age, there is a need to develop primary preventive interventions to prolong the period of healthy life. Diet has a substantial influence on health and aging. The composition of the human diet plays an important role in the management of lipid and lipoprotein. In this respect, we have focused on the effects of two kinds of functional foods, tea seed oil and dietary onion on their hypocholesterolemic activities and underlying mechanisms in the present study. / Clearly, there are many claims on health benefits of Alliums , however, most, with the exception of garlic, have not received any rigorous or even gentle scientific investigation. Thus, the present study was carried out to explore hypocholesterolemic effects of onion supplementation. After fed for 2 weeks of the high fat high cholesterol diet, thirty-six 8-week male hamsters were divided into four groups. Control group was continued fed with high fat high cholesterol diet, while the other two experimental groups were fed control diet plus 1% (1OP) and 5% (5OP) onion powder for 8 weeks. It was found that feeding high dose of onion powder diet significantly prevented the increase in serum TC, Non-HDL-C and the ratio of non-HDL-C/HDL respectively in hamsters fed a 0.1% cholesterol diet. In contrast, the ratio of HDL/TC in high dose group was significantly increased than that in the control. Low onion dose group tended to have the similar effects as high dose group but, statistically, no difference was observed between the control and low dose groups. Besides, both doses of onion powder diets could significantly countered the increase in serum TG levels. High dose of onion supplementation tended to increase output of fecal neutral and acidic sterols, resulting in reduction of cholesterol retained and absorption. High dose of onion powder diet could significantly up- regulate SREBP-2, LXRbeta, and CYP7A1 protein expressions. The hypocholesterolemic activities of onion might due to the richness in alkyl and alkenyl sulfoxide compounds, anthocyanin, quercetin and cycloalliin, all of which have therapeutic effects. / In conclusion, diet plays an important role in reducing the risk of CVD. This has led to the search for specific foods and food components that may help to improve the serum lipoprotein profile. In present study, tea seed oil and onion was proved to help favorably modify the plasma lipoprotein profile, serving as health supplementation. However, their potential mechanisms were not fully studied and need to be further explored. / Interest in tea seed oil (named tea oil) as a cooking oil is increasing. However, its effect on blood cholesterol is not known. This study was therefore conducted to compare the hypocholesterolemic activity of tea oil with grape seed, canola and corn oils. Fifty 8-week-old male hamsters were first fed a high fat diet (5% lard), and supplemented with 0.1% cholesterol for 2 weeks and then divided into five groups. Control group was continuously fed high fat high cholesterol diet, while the experimental groups were fed high fat, high cholesterol diet plus 10% tea oil, grape seed oil, canola oil and corn oil for 12 weeks. Results showed that plasma total cholesterol (TC), non-HDL-cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and triacylglycerols (TG) in hamsters fed a 0.1% cholesterol diet containing tea, grape, canola or corn oil was significantly reduced compared with those in lard-fed group. Tea oil decreased only non-HDL-C and had no or little effect on HDL-C concentration, while grape oil reduced both. Besides, tea oil-fed hamsters excreted less neutral but greater acidic sterols compared with other three oils. Unlike grape oil, tea oil up-regulated sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP-2) and LDL receptor. Differences between tea oil and the tested vegetable oils could be attributable partially to >80% oleic acid in tea oil. / Guan, Lei. / Adviser: Chung Hau Yin. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-125). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.