L'objet d'étude du travail consiste à répondre, sur la base d'une observation des procédures de contrôle ultérieur du droit des marchés publics en Suisse et en France selon une approche de droit comparé, à la question de savoir quels aspects de la procédure de recours française pourraient être repris par la Suisse de lege lata ou de lege ferenda, afin de garantir une procédure de contrôle a posteriori de droit primaire efficace en matière de marchés publics, garante de la sécurité du droit et respectueuse des droits et des garantie de procédure. / This research study aims at answering the question which aspects of the French public procurement appeal procedure could be adopted in the Swiss public procurement procedure de lege lata or de lege ferenda in order to grant a more efficient primary appeal procedure without unduly restraining the procedural rights of the parties.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Evaristo dos Santos Galea.pdf: 1711461 bytes, checksum: e90b3be50172eedbedf7026ccecdb7e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-25 / Consumer rights achieved became a fundamental right under the Constitution of the Republic of 1988, and consumer protection is now included among the general principles governing economic activity in Brazil. With the massification of society, the development of group litigation, and the growing internal consumer market, collective protection of consumer rights has become an instrument of social peace, and merits careful treatment by the courts. Justice is not achieved by a simple pronouncement that rights exist. Many changes made to the law since the 1990s, especially to the Code of Civil Procedure, are directed to ensuring that citizens who look to the courts to enforce their rights will obtain a complete, concrete and satisfactory remedy, within a reasonable period of time. In such case there will be effectiveness of the justice dispensed by the courts. In group litigation, especially consumer-related actions, the concern with the effectiveness of justice should be even greater, given the impact of group litigation and the benefits to society generated by facilitating consumers access to justice and preventing multiple individual actions over the same matter, which could lead to long delays and the risk of contradictory decisions. For this reason, in group litigation the courts must maintain a balance in the rights of suppliers and consumers under the substantive and procedural law, and ensure that the law on consumer protection provisions is upheld. The legislation governing group litigation is not yet sophisticated enough to meet this new demand in Brazilian society, although several important bills on collective actions are waiting for voting and approval. Until then, the courts have an even more essential role in ensuring that consumers rights are respected. The posture adopted by the courts in deciding individual actions, especially lawsuits that do not involve consumer relations, is not sufficient in group litigation. The decision-maker must be pro-active in all the phases of collective proceedings (the parties claims and defences, resolution of procedural issues, taking of evidence, judgment, appeals and enforcement of judgment), leaving behind old archetypes. In this new mission, the procedural principles that guide the courts must be interpreted with a view to making collective access to justice effective. This thesis examines the role of the judge in processing group litigation of consumer claims, looking not only at the main aspects of the law related to the subject, but also (with no pretension of giving an exhaustive list) pointing to some of the practical attitudes that courts should adopt to ensure that the constitutional objectives in play are achieved. Only through an innovative approach by the courts will it be possible to meet this new social demand and give consumers real protection of their rights within a reasonable timeframe / O direito do consumidor alcançou status de direito fundamental com a Constituição da República de 1988, e sua defesa foi incluída dentre os princípios gerais da atividade econômica. Com a massificação da sociedade, o desenvolvimento do instituto das ações coletivas e o crescente aumento do mercado de consumo interno, a tutela coletiva dos direitos do consumidor torna-se instrumento de pacificação social a merecer cuidadosa atuação judicial. A prestação jurisdicional não pode se limitar à dicção do direito. Assim, frequentes modificações legislativas, a partir da década de 1990, especialmente no Código de Processo Civil, têm se destinado a assegurar ao jurisdicionado a realização completa, concreta e satisfatória do direito, em prazo razoável. Trata-se da efetividade da tutela jurisdicional. Nas ações coletivas, especialmente naquelas relacionadas a lides de consumo, a preocupação com a efetividade merece ser ainda maior, considerando a repercussão e os benefícios gerados à sociedade, mormente por facilitarem o acesso do consumidor à justiça e prevenirem a multiplicidade de ações individuais sobre o mesmo tema, que expõem o Poder Judiciário à morosidade na tramitação de processos e ao risco de proferir decisões contraditórias. Por isso, nas ações coletivas, deve-se garantir o equilíbrio das relações de direito material e processual entre consumidor e fornecedor, e zelar pela obediência das normas protetivas dos consumidores. Como a legislação sobre ações coletivas ainda não se sofisticou o suficiente para atender a essa nova demanda da sociedade, estando pendentes de votação e aprovação alguns importantes projetos de lei sobre o tema, o magistrado assume função ainda mais essencial para a garantia do respeito ao direito do consumidor. Não é suficiente manter a postura de julgamento adotada em ações individuais, especialmente naquelas sem relação a lides de consumo. É preciso que o julgador atue proativamente em todas as fases do processo coletivo (postulatória, saneadora, instrutória, decisória, recursal e executiva), quebrando velhos paradigmas. Nessa jornada, os princípios processuais que norteiam o magistrado precisam ser interpretados sob o viés da efetividade da tutela jurisdicional coletiva. Assim, esta pesquisa visa estudar a atuação do juiz em prol da efetividade das ações coletivas relacionadas a lides de consumo; e pretende não apenas analisar os principais institutos relacionados ao tema escolhido para a dissertação, mas também (e sem a pretensão de exaurir a matéria) indicar algumas posturas práticas esperadas dos julgadores para que a finalidade constitucional em questão seja respeitada. Somente com uma atuação inovadora, o Poder Judiciário será capaz de atender a essa nova demanda social e garantir a realização concreta do direito do consumidor em prazo razoável

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-06-19T19:10:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eloise Elene Neves Barbosa.pdf: 483311 bytes, checksum: ffd4b0f24787bcc2996a4323f2fb0199 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-19T19:10:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eloise Elene Neves Barbosa.pdf: 483311 bytes, checksum: ffd4b0f24787bcc2996a4323f2fb0199 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-06 / The presented dissertation arises from a subproject linked to the umbrella project – Subjective Productions in Family Litigation for Custody of Children: implications for their social development. The a priori research field was the project Educative Justice of Families, resulting from the project above. The researcher has had a close relationship with its object – the grandparents discursive practices related to grandchildren guardianship, based on the Social Constructionism and the qualitative method developed through dialogical interanimation. In this respect, three out of five grandparents involved in this research were selected of the project Educative Justice of Families, with active researcher engagement. The two other attendees were selected by the researcher based on information from their professional context. The inclusion criterion was the grandparents availability invited to collaborate on research. Household visit was used as a resource for proposed instruments being achieved– writing and sentences complementation. Some of the most significant results indicate that: 1) grandparents suffer psychic illness processes because of the complex relationship family/justice, according to what is imbricated in their discursive practices on their sons' litigation; 2) grandparents stir up litigation when they do not believe that their offspring and former sons-in-law or daughters-in-law are capable of raising their grandchildren; 3) the parental force of grandparents in a litigated family obstruct parents to assume their own parental roles autonomously. / A dissertação proposta é oriunda de um subprojeto vinculado ao projeto guarda-chuva– Produções Subjetivas de Famílias em Litígio pela Guarda dos Filhos: implicações para o seu desenvolvimento social. O campo da pesquisa a priori foi o projeto Justiça Educativa de Famílias, intervenção resultante do projeto acima mencionado. A pesquisadora foi se aproximando do seu objeto – as práticas discursivas dos avós relacionadas à guarda dos netos, tendo como base o Construcionismo Social e o método qualitativo desenvolvido por meio da interanimação dialógica. Nessa perspectiva, três dos cinco avós participantes da pesquisa foram selecionados durante a participação ativa da mestranda no Projeto Justiça Educativa de Famílias. Os dois outros avós participantes, foram selecionados pela pesquisadora a partir de informações do seu contexto profissional. O critério de inclusão foi a disponibilidade dos avós convidados para colaborar com a pesquisa. A visita domiciliar foi um recurso para a realização dos instrumentos propostos – redação e complementação de frases. Alguns dos resultados mais significativos da pesquisa apontam que: 1) há processos de adoecimento psíquico dos avós na complexa relação família/justiça, imbricado nas práticas discursivas dos avós em relação ao litígio dos filhos; 2) os avós acirram o litígio quando não acreditam que os filhos e ex genros/noras são capazes de educar os netos; 3) o poder parental dos avós na família em litígio dificulta aos genitores assumirem os seus papéis parentais de forma autônoma.

Many law students are required to take first-year writing courses. With the increased emphasis in legal education on practical skills training (Sullivan et al. 2007), legal writing scholars have begun exploring how these writing courses equip students with practical skills (Felsenburg and Graham 2010; Cauthen 2010). However, these scholars have not explored how summer internships serve as opportunities for students to practice the skills they gained in the classroom. Following the lead of writing studies scholars who examine the transition from classroom and workplace writing (Russell and Fisher 2009; Devitt 2004, Wardle 2004; Winsor 1990), this study explores how the genres students learned in legal writing classroom prepared them for internship writing. This study reports results from interviews of eight students who completed 15 internships during the 2014 and 2015 summers. The main findings indicate that students who performed well in the legal writing course eventually served in litigation-based internships. These students perceived a high rate of transfer from classroom to workplace writing. By contrast, students who struggled learning the legal writing classroom genres eventually accepted non-litigation internships where their writing tasks bore little resemblance to those of the classroom. Tellingly, both groups of students were not trained or mentored on how to write during internships because they were expected to be strong writers already. Therefore, these findings suggest that legal writing scholars need to better prepare students who are not pursuing litigation careers or who accept non-litigation internships. This support is vital because students' future internship and career options were deeply connected to their performance in the legal writing course.

Sue-and-settle is the name applied to a federal agency’s use of litigation to create policy outside of the normal regulatory process. This paper discusses the impact that the sue-and-settle policy has had on Congress, the judiciary, and the Environmental Protection Agency. Specifically, this paper will discuss the issues caused by the perception of collusion within the sue-and-settle policy. First, this paper examines whether a relationship occurs between the litigants. The paper then discusses whether the relationship between the litigants in sue-and-settle cases tends to be collusive or not. The second part of the paper examines how Congress, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the judiciary are viewed because of the continued perception of collusion in the agency’s settlements. Overall, this paper finds that, the impacts of the sue-and-settle policy, and the perception of collusion, has affected Congress, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the judiciary by increasing regulation, distorting the purpose of the courts, and resulting in a lost value for the regulatory process.

Since the mid-1980s, U.S. and foreign parties have filed more than 100,000 lawsuits in U.S. federal courts asking for adjudication of disputes arising from transnational activity. These lawsuits raise a fundamental question of global governance: Who governs? Should the United States assert its authority to adjudicate a transnational dispute, or should it defer to the adjudicative authority of a foreign state that also has connections with the underlying activity? Should the United States assert its authority to prescribe the rules governing that activity, or should it defer to foreign prescriptive authority? U.S. district courts routinely face these questions in transnational litigation, and by answering them they help allocate governance authority among states. To shed light on the role of domestic courts in global governance, this dissertation asks: How often and under what circumstances do U.S. district courts defer to foreign authority to govern transnational activity rather than asserting domestic authority? Drawing on private international law scholarship and theories of international relations, judicial behavior, and bounded rationality, I develop a series of hypotheses about the legal and political factors that influence judicial allocation of governance authority. I then statistically test these hypotheses using original data on U.S. district court decisionmaking in two transnational litigation settings: the allocation of adjudicative authority under the forum non conveniens doctrine, and the allocation of prescriptive authority under various choice-of-law methods. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that U.S. judges are reluctant to defer to foreign authority, I find that they defer at a rate of approximately 50% in both settings. And notwithstanding claims that legal doctrine does not significantly affect judicial decisionmaking, I present evidence suggesting that the forum non conveniens doctrine and choice-of-law doctrine both influence judicial allocation of governance authority. There is evidence of both direct doctrinal effects, as contemplated by legalist theory, and indirect doctrinal effects, resulting from the use of judicial heuristics which allow judges to conserve scarce decisionmaking resources while making decisions that achieve acceptable levels of legal quality. Significant political factors include whether the foreign state is a liberal democracy, the domestic political environment, and U.S. parties' preferences. / Dissertation

The fuel for dynamic change in the United State’s energy relationship with Canada lies in immense deposits of tar sands beneath the boreal forests of Alberta province. Unconventional production of oil from this resource has accelerated in recent years and remains poised for continued expansion, facilitated, in part, by plans to import tar sands crude through new pipelines to refineries in the United States. However, the development of this resource carries uniquely heavy environmental burdens, and U.S. environmental groups have challenged the process by which the United States authorizes cross-border oil pipelines. This thesis analyzes the presidential permitting process and concludes that executive or legislative action is necessary to eliminate legal uncertainties and improve the transparency and public acceptability of determinations that new cross-border pipelines are warranted. / text

Taika suteikia galimybę užtikrinti santykių darną, abipusį supratimą, kiekvienam bendrų ir visiems skirtingų poreikių patenkinimą. Taikos siekimas reikalauja įtempto darbo ir didelių pastangų: siekiant taikos, einama lygybės, kompromiso ir abipusės (daugiašalės) satisfakcijos kryptimi. Tik pačios konfliktuojančios šalys žino, koks rezultatas joms būtų priimtinas, patenkinantis jų interesus, teikiantis pasitenkinimą konkrečioje situacijoje ir užkertantis kelią atsinaujinantiems nesutarimams dėl to paties dalyko. Civilinių teisinių santykių subjektų ginčas efektyviai gali būti išsprendžiamas taikos sutartimi. Šio teisinio instrumento panaudojimas ginčo sureguliavimui įgalina pasiekti bendrą sprendimą, dažniausiai šalis įpareigojantį ir vykdomą dėl jo priimtinumo susitariantiesiems. Magistrinio darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti Lietuvos Respublikos teismams pateikiamų tvirtinti civilinius teisinius santykius reglamentuojančių taikos sutarčių turinio ypatumus. Darbe glaustai analizuojama lietuvių ir užsienio mokslinės literatūros šaltiniuose bei šalies teisės aktuose įtvirtinta taikos sutarties samprata, įvardijami taikos sutarties turiniui ir formai keliami reikalavimai, apžvelgiami taikos sutartimis išsprendžiamų konfliktų ypatumai, nustatomos taikos sutarčių panaudojimo praktikoje problemos, samprotaujama apie teismuose patvirtintų taikos sutarčių turinio įvertinimo kokybę. Atsižvelgiant į magistriniame darbe atliktą Lietuvos Respublikos teismuose patvirtintų taikos sutarčių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Peace enables to ensure consistency of terms, mutual understanding, satisfaction of each common and all different needs. The pursuit of peace requires hard work and huge efforts: in the process of striving for peace, the course of equality, compromise and mutual (multilateral) satisfaction has to be set. It is only the conflicting parties know what the result would be acceptable to them to fit their interests, satisfying in a given situation and preventing from renewable disagreements on the same issue. Legal relations in civil litigation can be effectively resolved with the settled contract. The application of this legal instrument allows resolving the dispute and arriving to common decision, usually binding and thus enforceable due to its acceptability for both contracting parties. The aim of this masters’ theses is to analyze the specific features of the content of settlements of civil legal relations submitted for approval to the courts of the Republic of Lithuania. The paper briefly analyzes the concept of settled contracts embedded in Lithuanian and foreign sources and national legislation, identifies the content and format requirements; an overview of specific features of settled contracts in resolved conflicts are presented, problems of practical applications of settled contracts are determined, the quality assessment of the content of settled contracts approved in courts is considered. Taking into account the analysis of the approved settled contracts in the courts... [to full text]

Som världens snabbast växande ekonomi står Kina idag inför en rad utmaningar, framförallt att lyckas förena ekonomisk tillväxt med hållbar utveckling. Samtidigt som miljontals människor har lyfts ur extrem fattigdom genom Kinas offensiva tillväxtpolitik har också miljön utsatts för stora påfrestningar till följd av den explosionsartade industrialiseringen som påbörjades för drygt tre decennier sedan. Länge överskuggade ekonomisk tillväxt alla andra intressen. Först på senare år har politiken i Kina svängt; statsmakten har i allt större utsträckning insett miljöproblemens allvar och företagit en rad viktiga juridiska reformer, till exempel genom införandet av Tort Law (2010) och grupptaleinstrumentet environmental public interest litigation (EPIL). Ett sätt att angripa Kinas växande miljöproblem är att främja civilsamhällets möjligheter att föra talan i domstol: där myndigheter brister, kan civilsamhället gripa in och kompensera för bristande tillsyn. För att gå till botten med Kinas miljöproblem måste dock den offentligrättsliga kontrollen bli starkare, men sådana politiska beslut och institutionella förändringar sker sällan över en natt. Fram tills dess fyller därför civilsamhället en viktig roll. Uppsatsen övergripande syfte är således att utreda och komparera civilsamhällets möjligheter att utkräva miljöskadestånd i Kina och Sverige, samt presentera förslag de lege ferenda. Frågan är högaktuell och flera stora förändringar är att vänta på miljöskaderättens område i Kina inom kort.

Le recours collectif est un moyen de procédure qui permet à une personne d'agir en demande pour le compte des membres d'un groupe dont elle fait partie. Cette procédure peut être introduite contre plus qu'un seul défendeur. On distingue deux types de recours collectifs contre plusieurs défendeurs. Il y a d'abord les recours collectifs où tous les membres du groupe ont un recours personnel contre tous les défendeurs. Il y a aussi les recours collectifs où les membres du groupe font valoir une même cause d'action à l'encontre de plusieurs défendeurs qui auraient eu un comportement fautif similaire à l'égard de l'un ou l'autre des membres du groupe. La recevabilité de ce dernier type de recours collectifs a été remise en question. Le requérant n'aurait pas l'intérêt suffisant pour ester en justice contre les défendeurs qui ne lui ont pas causé préjudice. Il ne saurait non plus satisfaire aux exigences du Code de procédure civile concernant l'autorisation du recours collectif. Or, il appert des règles mises en place en matière de recours collectif que le requérant fait valoir non seulement ses propres droits personnels, mais aussi tous ceux des membres du groupe. Ainsi, on ne peut lui reprocher l'absence d'intérêt juridique ou de cause d'action dans la mesure où il y a, pour chacun des défendeurs, au moins un membre du groupe avec un intérêt suffisant ou une cause d'action à son encontre. Les autres exigences du Code de procédure civile ne font pas, en soi, obstacle à l'autorisation d'un recours collectif contre plusieurs défendeurs. / A class action is a procedure which enables one person to sue without a mandate on behalf of aU members of a group of which he or she is a member. This procedure can be used to sue more than just one defendant. There are two different types of class actions against multiple defendants. In the frrst type, aU members have a cause of action against all defendants. There are also class actions where aU members plead an identical cause of action against multiple defendants whom wrongfuUy and similarly acted toward one of the members. The admissibility of this latter type of class actions against multiple defendants has been questioned. The petitioner would not have a sufficient legal interest to bring an action against the defendants whom did not cause him or her any prejudice. He or she would not be able to satisfy the requirements of the Code of civil procedure regarding class actions. However, it appears from the mIes that govem class actions that the petitioner pleads not only his or her personal cause of action, but also pleads the cause of action of aU group members. Thus, the petitioner cannot be reproached for not having a legal interest or a cause of action against aU defendants insofar that there is, for each defendant, at least one member of the group whom has a legal interest or a cause of action against him or her. The other requirements of the Code ofcivil procedure do not bar the authorization to institute a class action against multiple defendants. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maître en droit". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 15% des mémoires de la discipline. Commentaires du jury : "Le jury vous encourage à publier".