El presente estudio contribuye al debate sobre la actividad minera y sus efectos en las representaciones políticas locales. La literatura presenta una información amplia sobre esta temática; no obstante, se centra en el inicio de las operaciones de la minera o desde un conflicto socioambiental por minería. De esta manera, este estudio analiza las reconfiguraciones de las representaciones políticas locales desde el anuncio de un proyecto minero. Para ello, se realiza un estudio de caso sobre el proyecto de litio Falchani en Puno ya que los yacimientos se descubrieron en el 2018. En este sentido, se busca responder a la pregunta: ¿cómo se reconfigura la representación política local frente al anuncio de un nuevo proyecto minero? Así, el objetivo principal es analizar la reconfiguración de la organización social y la política local frente al anuncio de un nuevo proyecto minero. En base a una revisión de fuentes secundarias, se demuestra que en diversos casos la configuración de representaciones locales sucede desde el anuncio de un proyecto minero, siendo el escenario más evidente el tránsito de organizaciones sociales a espacios de política local. En este contexto, se da un proceso de diálogo y negociación entre la empresa minera y las autoridades locales. Si bien estos procesos se estudian para la resolución de conflictos, algunas características sobre el diálogo son similares en ambos contextos. Finalmente, se propone que, al anunciarse un proyecto minero, se genera un debate público, lo cual produce demandas representadas por las organizaciones sociales hacia la política local. Debido a una frontera difusa, se puede visibilizar una alta densidad político- asociativo, que se fortalece más ya que la política local, para asegurar su legitimidad, debe incorporar las demandas representadas por las organizaciones sociales. De esta manera, la política local y las organizaciones sociales se articulan, configurando así las representaciones locales. / This study contributes to the debate on mining activity and its effects on local political representations. The literature presents extensive information on this subject; however, it focuses on the start of mining operations or from a socio-environmental conflict over mining. In this way, this study analyzes the reconfigurations of local political representations since the announcement of a mining project. For this, a case study is carried out on the Falchani lithium project in Puno since the deposits were discovered in 2018. In this sense, it seeks to answer the question: how is local political representation reconfigured in the face of the announcement of a new mining project? Thus, the main objective is to analyze the reconfiguration of social organization and local politics in the face of the announcement of a new mining project. Based on a review of secondary sources, it is shown that in various cases the configuration of local representations occurs from the announcement of a mining project, the most obvious scenario being the transition from social organizations to local political spaces. In this context, there is a process of dialogue and negotiation between the mining company and the local authorities. Although these processes are studied for conflict resolution, some characteristics of dialogue are similar in both contexts. Finally, it is proposed that, when a mining project is announced, a public debate is generated, which produces demands represented by social organizations towards local politics. Due to a diffuse border, a high political-associative density can be visible, which is further strengthened since local politics, to ensure its legitimacy, must incorporate the demands represented by social organizations. In this way, local politics and social organizations are articulated, thus configuring local representations.

Lithium represents one of the strategic elements for the rest of the 21st century due to its increasing demand in technological applications. Therefore, new efforts should be focused on the optimization of mineral characterization processes, which link the ore properties with its behaviour during downstream processes. These efforts should result in reducing operational risks and increasing resources utilization. The methodology presented in this study is based on the application of several classification techniques, aiming the mineral and textural characterization of two spodumene pegmatite deposits within the Keliber Lithium Project. Twelve textural classes have been proposed for the textual classification of the ore, which have been defined through the recognition of the main mineral features at macro- and micro-scale. The textural classification was performed through the application of drill core logging and scanning electron microscopy. Six classes are proposed to describe the characteristics of the spodumene ore. Six additional classes describe the main properties of the rocks surrounding the ore zone. Image analysis was implemented for the generation of mineral maps and the subsequent quantification of spodumene and Li2O within the analysed drill core images. The image segmentation process was executed in Fiji-ImageJ and is based on eight mineral classes and a set of seven feature extraction procedures. Thus, quantification of spodumene and Li2O is estimated by textural class. Hyperspectral images were used as a reference for assessing the estimations made through images analysis. A machine learning model in Weka allowed forecasting the behaviour of the twelve textural classes during spodumene flotation. This model is fed by metallurgical data from previous flotation tests and uses Random Forest classifier. The proposed methodology serves as an inexpensive but powerful approach for the complete textural characterization of the ore at Keliber Lithium Project. It provides information about: (1) mineral features at different scales, (2) spatial distribution of textures within the pegmatite body, (3) quantification of spodumene and Li2O within the drill cores and (4) processing response of each textural class. However, its application requires wide knowledge and expertise in the mineralogy of the studied deposits. / <p>Thesis Presentation.</p><p>Textural and Mineralogical Characterization of Li-pegmatite Deposit: Using Microanalytical and Image Analysis to Link Micro and Macro Properties of Spodumene in Drill Cores.  Keliber Lithium Project, Finland.</p><p></p>

O objetivo deste presente estudo foi comparar duas marcas comerciais diferentes de Dissilicato de Lítio para o sistema CAD / CAM (IPS e.max CAD e Rosetta SM CAD / CAM), avaliando suas propriedades estruturais, morfológicas e mecânicas. Para avaliar as propriedades estruturais foram necessárias duas amostras de cada grupo, para serem analisadas por meio do DRX (difração de raios X). As propriedades morfológicas foram analisadas utilizando o MEV (Microscopia eletrônica de Varredura) antes e depois do tratamento térmico, e o teste de porosidade, realizado através de uma tomografia computadorizada em 3D (micro-CT). Para avaliar as propriedades mecânicas foi realizado o teste flexural de três pontos e o teste de microcisalhamento, e para isto foram selecionados dez espécimes de cada grupo para cada teste. Os valores médios de porosidade e da resistência flexural de três pontos foram analisados pelo teste t e a resistência de união obtida através do microcisalhamento foi analisada pelo teste Anova Two-way. Todos os testes usaram um nível de significância de α = 0,05. Os resultados obtidos pela análise estrutural realizada pelo DRX apresentaram picos no difractograma correspondentes ao Metassilicato de Lítio e o Dissilicato de Lítio, com intensidades semelhantes para ambos os grupos testados. Após realizar a microscopia eletrônica de varredura, não foi encontrado diferenças na morfologia dos cristais, em ambas as cerâmicas testadas, antes e depois do tratamento térmico. O teste de porosidade não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o valor total de poros encontrados. Ambos os resultados dos testes mecânicos não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os grupos avaliados. Baseado nos resultados encontrados, não houve diferença entre as duas marcas comerciais testadas, em relação as suas propriedades estruturais, morfológicas e mecânicas. / The aim of the present study was to compare two different brands of lithium disilicate CAD/CAM blocks (IPS e.max CAD and Rosetta SM CAD/CAM), evaluated by structural, morphological and mechanical properties. Two specimens of each group were analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) to evaluate the structures of the ceramic material. Morphologic properties were analyzed using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) before and after the heat treatment; and porosity test was performed using a 3D micro-computed tomography analyses (micro-CT). Ten specimens of each group were submitted to three-point flexure strength and microshear bond strength tests, to analyze the mechanical properties of both brands. Mean values of porosity test and three-axial flexural strength were analyzed by t Test, and the microshear bond strength was analyzed by Anova two-way. All tests used a significance level of α=0.05. The structure results performed by XDR, presented high peak positions corresponding to the standard lithium metasilicate and lithium disilicate, with similar intensities for both tested groups. The morphologic results demonstrated similar patterns of crystalline structure, before and after the heat treatment and the porosity test showed no difference between the number and size of the pores found. Both mechanical tests results did not present statistically significant differences between the samples. Based on the results, there was no difference in relation to their structural, morphological and mechanical properties, between the two commercial brands tested. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

In the last years electric vehicles gained importance as a more sustainable alternative to traditional vehicles. The introduction of an electric powertrain leads to lower air-pollution emissions but it also involves the introduction of new materials in the product life cycle, e. g., the rare earths and lithium contained in the motor and in the batteries. Those materials have an environmental impact and they need to be disposed properly. The aim of this thesis is to have a quantitative knowledge of the environmental balance linked to the use of a different powertrain. Furthermore, this study explores how this balance can be modified improving the recycling and the end of life management. Specifically in this thesis, an average electric scooter has been chosen as a case study. The electric scooter is used as object of comparison with a traditional internal-combustion-engine scooter. The choice of a two-wheeled mean of transport is linked to the low level of facilities involved. This report first includes a definition of the case of study; this section also presents a description of the technologies taken into exam. It is also presented the result of interviews with dismantlers to depict the current process of EoL management of a scooter. The central part of thesis deals with different recycling scenarios. With the help of the Material Hygiene mind-set, a qualitative analysis and different recycling scenarios are proposed. The recycling scenarios involve the component of the electric powertrain that are peculiar of the electric vehicle. They mainly are the electric motor and the lithium battery pack. The last part of the analysis encompasses a Life Cycle Assessment of an average electric scooter to give a quantitative meaning to the life cycle comparison and to assess the environmental benefits of the proposed recycling scenarios. To perform the Life Cycle Assessment a software, SimaPro 7.3, is used. This software lets the user insert the bill of materials of the product and it associates to each material its environmental loads according to the database EcoInvent v.2.2. Keywords: electric scooter, lithium battery, permanent magnet, neodymium, Material Hygiene, Design for Disassembly, Life Cycle Assessment, LCA / Negli ultimi anni i veicoli elettrici sono emersi come un ’alternativa sostenibile ai veicoli tradizionali. L’introduzione di un gruppo propulsore elettrico permette emissioni inquinanti più basse ma comporta anche l’introduzione di nuovi materiali nel ciclo di vita del prodotto, e.g., le terre rare e il litio contenuti rispettivamente nel motore e nelle batterie. Questi materiali hanno un impatto ambientale e hanno bisogno di essere trattati correttamente. Lo scopo di questa tesi è di avere una comprensione quantitativa del bilancio dal punto di vista ambientale legato al l’adozione di sistema di propulsione elettrico. Inoltre, è indagato come questo bilanco possa essere influenzato migliorando il ricic laggio e la gestione dell’ultima fase di vita del prodotto. Nello specifico, in questa tesi, uno scooter elettrico è stato scelto come caso di studio. Lo scopo è di comparare questo scooter con uno tradizionale considerando il ciclo di vita del prodotto. Il mezzo di trasporto a due ruote è stato scelto perché considerato più semplice da modellare in quanto privo di componenti non inerenti al trasporto (es. aria condizionata, hi-fi, etc.). Questo report anzitutto include una definizione del caso di studio, questa sezione presenta anche una descrizione delle principali tecnologie coinvolte nel prodotto studiato. In questa parte del lavoro è anche riportato il risultato di interviste a rottamatori di scooter per illustrare l’attuale iter di rottamazione di uno scooter. La parte centrale della tesi tratta i differenti scenari di riciclaggio. Sfruttando la mentalità Material Hygiene vengono proposte un’analisi qualitativa e differenti scenari di rici claggio. Gli scenari di riciclaggio coinvologono il progettista a livelli differenti. Questi scenari riguardano i componenti del sistema di propulsione elettrico. Essi sono principalmente il motore elettrico e le batterie al litio. L’ultima parte dell’analisi riguarda il Life Cycle Assessment di uno scooter elettrico al fine di dare un significato quantitativo al confronto tra i cicli di vita delle due alternative. Inoltre, il life cycle assessment ha lo scopo di verificare e quantificare i benefici di impatto ambientale collegati all’adozione degli scenari di riciclaggio proposti. Per svolgere il Life Cycle Assessment è stato usato un sofware, SimaPro 7.3. Questo software permette all’utente di inserire l’elenco dei materiali di un prodotto e di associare a ciascun materiale il proprio impatto ambientale. Il software ha a disposizione per la modellazione i database di impatto ambientale EcoInvent 2.2. Parole chiave: scooter elettrico, batteria al litio, magnete permanente, neodimio, Material Hygiene, Design for Disassembly, Life Cycle Assessment, LCA

This thesis examines the intersection between lithium extraction and contemporary art through a visual semiotic analysis of three contemporary artworks: Unknown Fields’ We Power Our Future With the Breast Milk of Volcanoes, Marcela Magno’s Land [2] Litio, and Julian Charrière’s Future Fossil Spaces. It explores how lithium extraction is visualised in the selected artworks, what connotations can be extracted from them, the geopolitical dimension expressed in them, and how they relate to the myth of ‘green’ transition. This text takes a starting point in the notion of critical visualisations of extractivism in contemporary art as an urgent political, artistic, and ecological issue. Extractivism is a crucial concept in this thesis, and it is further explored through the intersection of art and extractivism in dialogue with previous research by, for example, Eray Çaylı, Macarena Gómez-Barris, and T.J. Demos. The artworld’s interest in lithium has grown in the last years, with cultural projects and exhibitions on lithium taking place in Sweden and the Netherlands, yet there are no academic texts that explore the intersection of lithium extraction and contemporary art. The aim of this thesis is to thoroughly examine this intersection through three contemporary artworks, to expand academic literature regarding this topic, but also to make the results available to curators, cultural workers, and artists who are currently developing cultural projects around lithium and its extraction. The results of the visual semiotic analysis demonstrated that all three of the artworks critically engaged with lithium extraction by visibilising either present or future green sacrifice zones. They all countered the myth of ‘green’ transition with different strategies: by showing the two-furthermost-apart links in the lithium supply chain, by recuperating Indigenous creation myths of the extracted landscapes, and by exploring the supposed intangibility of our ever-expanding digital world.

[ES] El transporte de personas, así como de carga ha evolucionado y crecido tremendamente en los últimos años. El desarrollo tecnológico debió ser adaptado a las diferentes medidas gubernamentales en términos de control de emisiones contaminantes. Desde el acuerdo de Paris en 2015 para mantener el crecimiento de la temperatura global por debajo de 1.5oC, se han impuesto también límites para las emisiones de CO2 por parte de vehículos de carretera. Para el sector del transporte pesado, se han impuesto límites de flota de 15% para 2025 y 30% para 2030 de reducción del CO2 con respecto a 2019. Por lo tanto, esta doble restricción de muy bajos niveles de emisiones contaminantes, así como de gases de efecto invernadero hacen que el sector del transporte este ante un gran desafío tecnológico. En 2022, el transporte de carga tiene un 99% de vehículos propulsados a motor de combustión interna con Diesel como combustible y sin ningún tipo de ayuda eléctrica en el sistema de propulsión. Los límites de emisiones contaminantes como Euro 6 son alcanzados con complejos sistemas de postratamiento que además agregan el consumo de Urea. Trabajos previos en la bibliografía, así como sistemas prototipo han demostrado que es posible alcanzar los objetivos de emisiones contaminantes con métodos avanzados de control de la combustión y así disminuyendo la complejidad del post tratamiento en la salida de gases. Con mayor éxito, el concepto de Reactivity Controlled Combustion Ignition puede alcanzar valores por debajo de Euro 6 con eficiencia similar a la combustión de Diesel. Sin embargo, no soluciona los problemas de emisiones de CO2. Por otro lado, en vehículos de pasajeros fue demostrado con suceso la aplicación de motores eléctricos en el sistema de propulsión para mejorar la eficiencia global del vehículo. El caso extremo son los vehículos puramente electicos donde se alcanza eficiencias por arriba del 70% contra 35% de los vehículos no electrificados. Sin embargo, limitaciones de autonomía, tiempo de carga y la no clara reducción global de la contaminación debido a las emisiones de la energía de la red eléctrica y la contaminación de las baterías de ion-litio hacen que este sistema de propulsión este bajo discusión. Para los vehículos con algún grado de electrificación, las emisiones de gases contaminantes siguen siendo un problema como para el caso no electrificado. Por lo tanto, esta tesis doctoral aborda el problema de emisiones contaminantes, así como de CO2 combinado modos avanzados de combustión con sistemas de propulsión electrificado. La aplicación de estas tecnologías se centra en el sector del transporte de carretera pesado. En particular, un camión de 18 toneladas de carga máxima que originalmente en 2022 equipa un motor seis cilindros de 8 litros con combustión convencional Diesel. El presente trabajo utiliza herramientas experimentales como son medidas en banco motor, así como en carretera para alimentar y validar modelos numéricos de motor, sistema de postratamiento, así como de vehículo. Este último es el punto central del trabajo ya que permite abordar sistemas como el mild hybrid, full hybrid y plug-in hybrid. Calibración de motor experimental dedicada a sistemas de propulsión hibrido es presentada con combustibles sintéticos y/o para llegar a los límites de Euro 7. / [CA] El transport de persones, així com de càrrega ha evolucionat i crescut tremendament en els últims anys. El desenvolupament tecnològic degué ser adaptat a les diferents mesures governamentals en termes de control d'emissions contaminants. Des de l'acord de Paris en 2015 per a mantindre el creixement de la temperatura global per davall de 1.5oC, s'han imposat també límits per a les emissions de CO¿ per part de vehicles de carretera. Per al sector del transport pesat, s'han imposat limites de flota de 15% per a 2025 i 30% per a 2030 de reducció del CO¿ respecte a 2019. Per tant, aquesta doble restricció de molt baixos nivells d'emissions contaminants, així com de gasos d'efecte d'hivernacle fan que el sector del transport aquest davant un gran desafiament tecnològic. En 2022, el transport de càrrega té un 99% de vehicles propulsats a motor de combustió interna amb Dièsel com a combustible i sense cap mena d'ajuda elèctrica en el sistema de propulsió. Els limites d'emissions contaminants com a Euro 6 són aconseguits amb complexos sistemes de posttractament que a més agreguen el consum d'Urea. Treballs previs en la bibliografia, així com sistemes prototip han demostrat que és possible aconseguir els objectius d'emissions contaminants amb mètodes avançats de control de la combustió i així disminuint la complexitat del post tractament en l'eixida de gasos. Amb major èxit, el concepte de Reactivity Controlled Combustion Ignition pot aconseguir valors per davall d'Euro 6 amb eficiència similar a la combustió de Dièsel. No obstant això, no soluciona els problemes d'emissions de CO¿. D'altra banda, en vehicles de passatgers va ser demostrat amb succés l'aplicació de motors elèctrics en el sistema de propulsió per a millorar l'eficiència global del vehicle. El cas extrem són els vehicles purament electicos on s'aconsegueix eficiències per dalt del 70% contra 35% dels vehicles no electrificats. No obstant això, limitacions d'autonomia, temps de càrrega i la no clara reducció global de la contaminació a causa de les emissions de l'energia de la xarxa elèctrica i la contaminació de les bateries d'ió-liti fan que aquest sistema de propulsió aquest baix discussió. Per als vehicles amb algun grau d'electrificació, les emissions de gasos contaminants continuen sent un problema com per al cas no electrificat. Per tant, aquesta tesi doctoral aborda el problema d'emissions contaminants, així com de CO¿ combinat maneres avançades de combustió amb sistemes de propulsió electrificat. L'aplicació d'aquestes tecnologies se centra en el sector del transport de carretera pesat. En particular, un camió de 18 tones de càrrega màxima que originalment en 2022 equipa un motor sis cilindres de 8 litres amb combustió convencional Dièsel. El present treball utilitza eines experimentals com són mesures en banc motor, així com en carretera per a alimentar i validar models numèrics de motor, sistema de posttractament, així com de vehicle. Est ultime és el punt central del treball ja que permet abordar sistemes com el mild hybrid, full *hybrid i plug-in hybrid. Calibratge de motor experimental dedicada a sistemes de propulsió hibride és presentada amb combustibles sintètics i/o per a arribar als límits d'Euro 7. / [EN] The transport of people, as well as cargo, has evolved and grown tremendously over the recent years. Technological development had to be adapted to the different government measures for controlling polluting emissions. Since the Paris agreement in 2015 limits have also been imposed on the CO2 emissions from road vehicles to keep global temperature growth below 1.5oC. For the heavy transport sector, fleet limits of 15% for 2025 and 30% for 2030 CO2 reduction have been introduced with respect to the limits of 2019. Therefore, the current restriction of very low levels of polluting emissions, as well as greenhouse gases, makes the transport sector face a great technological challenge. In 2021, 99% of freight transport was powered by an internal combustion engine with Diesel as fuel and without any type of electrical assistance in the propulsion system. Moreover, polluting emission limits such as the Euro 6 are achieved with complex post-treatment systems that also add to the consumption of Urea. Previous research and prototype systems have shown that it is possible to achieve polluting emission targets with advanced combustion control methods, thus reducing the complexity of post-treatment in the exhaust gas. With greater success, the concept of Reactivity Controlled Combustion Ignition can reach values below the Euro 6 with similar efficiency to Diesel combustion. Unfortunately, it does not solve the CO2 emission problems. On the other hand, in passenger vehicles, the application of electric motors in the propulsion system has been shown to successfully improve the overall efficiency of the vehicle. The extreme case is the purely electric vehicles, where efficiencies above 70% are achieved against 35% of the non-electrified vehicles. However, limitations of vehicle range, charging time, payload reduction and an unclear overall reduction in greenhouse emissions bring this propulsion system under discussion. For vehicles with some degree of electrification, polluting gas emissions continue to be a problem as for the non-electrified case. Therefore, this doctoral Thesis addresses the problem of polluting emissions and CO2 combined with advanced modes of combustion with electrified propulsion systems. The application of these technologies focuses on the heavy road transport sector. In particular, an 18-ton maximum load truck that originally was equipped with an 8-liter six-cylinder engine with conventional Diesel combustion. The present work uses experimental tools such as measurements on the engine bench as well as on the road to feed and validate numerical models of the engine, after-treatment system, and the vehicle. The latter is the central point of the work since it allows addressing systems such as mild hybrid, full hybrid, and plug-in hybrid. Experimental engine calibration dedicated to hybrid propulsion systems is presented with synthetic fuels in order to reach the limits of the Euro 7. / This Doctoral Thesis has been partially supported by the Universitat Politècnica de València through the predoctoral contract of the author (Subprograma 2), which is included within the framework of Programa de Apoyo para la Investigación y Desarrollo (PAID) / Martínez Boggio, SD. (2022). Study of the Potential of Electrified Powertrains with Dual-Fuel Combustion to Achieve the 2025 Emissions Targets in Heavy-Duty Applications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/188835

[pt] No Brasil, existem muitos projetos em sistemas fotovoltaicos, e a projeção para os próximos anos é de crescimento devido incentivos governamentais e os elevados preços das tarifas de energia. Associado a isso, o mercado de armazenamento de energia com baterias de íons de lítio tem se mostrado promissor devido a uma considerável queda nos preços dessas baterias nos últimos anos. Isso pode representar uma oportunidade para o mercado de sistemas fotovoltaicos quando os incentivos acabarem. Este trabalho propõe um modelo PLIM (Programação Linear Inteira Mista) estocástico para dimensionar um sistema fotovoltaico integrado com armazenamento de energia em baterias para grandes consumidores de energia, usando cenários de geração e consumo, podendo considerar diferentes modalidades tarifárias. As variáveis de decisão são o número de painéis, inversores, baterias, a operação diária do sistema de armazenamento e a demanda contratada do consumidor. A função objetivo busca minimizar o custo de investimento no sistema fotovoltaico, baterias e fatura de energia. A abordagem proposta será analisada sob diferentes premissas, uma com incentivos governamentais sobre a anergia injetada na rede e outra na qual a injeção de energia na rede não é permitida, a fim de avaliar a importância das baterias para manter a atratividade econômica do sistema fotovoltaico. Os resultados indicaram que o efeito sinérgico do sistema fotovoltaico com baterias potencializa a arbitragem, que está relacionada com a diferença entre as tarifas de energia de ponta e fora ponta. Isso ocorre principalmente com operação zero exportação porque somente assim o consumidor é livre para escolher a capacidade do seu sistema fotovoltaico, que hoje é limitado no Brasil quando o sistema é conectado na rede de distribuição. / [en] In Brazil, there are many projects in photovoltaic systems, and the projection for the coming years is positive due to the government incentives and the expensive energy tariffs. Associated with this, the Lithium-ion battery storage systems market has been promising due to a significant drop in battery prices in the last few years. This may represent an opportunity for the photovoltaic system market when the incentives run-out. This work proposes a stochastic mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model to design a photovoltaic system integrated with battery energy storage for big electricity consumers, using generation and consumption scenarios, being able to consider different Time-of-Use tariffs. The decision variables are the number of panels, inverters and batteries, its daily operation and the power demand contracted. The objective function aims to minimize the cost of investment, in the photovoltaic system, batteries and electricity bill. The proposed approach will be analyzed under different assumptions, one with the government incentive about injected surplus and another in which the injection into the network is not possible, in order to assess the importance of a storage system to keep the economic attraction of the photovoltaic system. Results indicated that the synergic effect of the photovoltaic system and battery potentialize the arbitrage, which is related to the difference between peak and off-peak energy tariff. This occurs, mainly with Zero Export operation because only this way the consumer is free to choose the capacity of the photovoltaic system, which is limited in Brazil when the system is allowed to inject energy into the network.