Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nadia Miguel.pdf: 428136 bytes, checksum: 6e96e5c1b0031ce0daec07e160b7c0ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-27 / A obesidade vem se destacando como um dos mais importantes problemas de saúde pública e sua incidência aumentou muito nas duas últimas décadas. Como consequência traz uma série de prejuízos metabólicos e sobrecarga ao sistema cardiovascular e fígado. O resveratrol, presente em diversos frutos como as uvas, vem sendo investigado com ênfase na última década, devido a seus efeitos antioxidantes. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos da suplementação com o resveratrol sobre o perfil lipídico e hepático de ratas Wistar submetidas à dieta hiperlipídica para indução da obesidade. Sessenta e quatro ratas Wistar foram distribuídas em 4 grupos (n=16): Grupo Controle (C); Grupo Controle Obeso (CO); Grupo Resveratrol (R) e Grupo Resveratrol Obeso (RO). Os animais dos grupos C e R foram alimentados com ração comercial LABINA® e os animais dos Grupos CO e RO foram alimentados com dieta palatável hiperlipídica (DPH) durante 12 semanas. Após 6 semanas, os animais dos grupos C e CO receberam suplementação de placebo, via oral, por gavagem e os animais dos grupos R e RO receberam suplementação de 30mg de resveratrol/kg de peso/dia diluído, via oral, por gavagem, durante 6 semanas. Ao final das 12 semanas os animais foram submetidos à anestesia geral para coleta de sangue e posterior eutanásia. Foram avaliados os parâmetros peso corporal, do fígado e da gordura retroperitoneal e os perfis lipídico e hepático séricos e análise histopatológica do fígado. A administração de resveratrol durante 6 semanas não induziu perda de peso corporal e também não reduziu os parâmetros do perfil lipídico, porém diminuiu as enzimas hepáticas aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e fosfatase alcalina (FA) e produziu menor ocorrência de esteatose (75%) no grupo RO em comparação com o grupo CO (81,25%). Em conclusão, a suplementação do resveratrol pelo período curto de 6 semanas, promoveu um efeito benéfico sobre a função hepática por meio da redução da esteatose hepática e das enzimas hepáticas AST e FA em ratas obesas.

Il est estimé aujourd’hui que plus de 350 médicaments peuvent induire des lésions hépatiques entraînant différentes manifestations cliniques telles qu’une hépatite cytolytique, une stéatose voire une cirrhose. Bon nombre de médicaments hépatotoxiques induisent un dysfonctionnement mitochondrial. Cependant, les mécanismes induisant de tels effets délétères ne sont pas tous élucidés, en particulier ceux concernant l’ADN mitochondrial (ADNmt) et son homéostasie, qui ne sont pas souvent explorés. De plus, il existe peu d’informations concernant l’hépatotoxicité médicamenteuse dans un contexte de stéatose induite par l’obésité. Ainsi, l’objectif de ce travail a été tout d’abord de mettre au point un modèle de stéatose dans les cellules de la lignée hépatocytaire humaine HepaRG afin d’étudier ensuite, les effets de neuf médicaments hépatotoxiques et vraisemblablement mitochondriotoxiques – l’amiodarone, l’atorvastatine, la carbamazépine, l’imipramine, la lovastatine, la perhexiline, le ritonavir, la terbinafine et la troglitazone – sur l’homéostasie de l’ADNmt dans un contexte ou non de stéatose. En utilisant des concentrations peu ou non cytotoxiques, nous avons trouvé que parmi les neuf médicaments étudiés, le ritonavir et l’imipramine ont induit des effets mitochondriaux suggérant une altération de la traduction mitochondriale. De façon notable, la toxicité du ritonavir était plus importante dans les cellules non-stéatosées. De plus, aucun des neuf médicaments n’a induit de diminution des quantités d’ADNmt. Cependant, les quantités accrues d’ADNmt ont été retrouvées avec six des neuf médicaments, et notamment dans les cellules non-stéatosées. Cela était par ailleurs accompagné d’une modulation de l’expression des différents facteurs impliqués dans la biogenèse mitochondriale (PGC-1α, PGC-1β, AMPK, etc.). Ainsi, ces données laissent supposer qu’une altération de la traduction mitochondriale peut ne pas être une événement rare et que l’augmentation des quantités d’ADNmt et la modulation de la biogenèse mitochondriale pourraient être une réponse adaptative fréquente à des altérations mitochondriales pouvant être amoindrie par la stéatose. / It is currently estimated that more than 350 drugs can induce liver injury with different clinical presentations such as hepatic cytolysis, steatosis, even cirrhosis. Many hepatotoxic drugs can induce mitochondrial damage and dysfunction. However, not all mechanisms that lead to such deleterious effects are clarified, especially those concerning mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its homeostasis, which are not often investigated. Moreover, there is little information regarding the impact of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on drug-induced liver injury. Thus, the aim of this work was, first of all, to develop a model of NAFLD in the hepatic cell line HepaRG in order to study further effects of nine hepatotoxic and presumably mitochondriotoxic drugs – amiodarone, atorvastatin, carbamazepine, imipramine, lovastatin, perhexiline, ritonavir, terbinafine and troglitazone –, on mtDNA homeostasis in the context of NAFLD or not. By using drug concentrations that did not induce major cytotoxicity, we found that, among the nine drugs, studied, ritonavir and imipramine induced mitochondrial effects suggesting alteration of mtDNA translation. Notably, ritonavir toxicity was stronger in non-steatotic cells. Furthermore, none of the nine drugs decreased mtDNA levels. However, increased mtDNA was observed with six drugs, especially in non-steatotic cells. This result was also accompanied by a modulation of the expression of various factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (e.g. PGC-1α, PGC-1β, AMPK).Therefore, this data suggests that drug-induced impairment of mtDNA translation may not be a rare event and increased mtDNA levels and modulation of mitochondrial biogenesis could be a frequent adaptive response to mitochondrial impairments, which could be dampened by steatosis.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22148号 / 医博第4539号 / 新制||医||1039(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 坂井 義治, 教授 小西 靖彦, 教授 滝田 順子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13398号 / 論医博第2222号 / 新制||医||1051(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 妹尾 浩, 教授 中山 健夫, 教授 西浦 博 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

To compare ultrasound-based acoustic structure quantification (ASQ) with established non-invasive techniques for grading and staging fatty liver disease.

La stéatose hépatique non alcoolique (SHNA) est maintenant une des principales causes de cancer du foie. Cependant, les mécanismes physiopathologiques contribuant à son développement ou à la progression de la maladie sont peu connus. Il a été démontré que le niveau d’expression du coactivateur transcriptionnel PGC-1α est inversement proportionnel avec la sévérité de la stéatose hépatique le stress oxydatif et la résistance à l’insuline dans les foies de souris. Chez l’humain, on observe aussi une diminution de PGC-1α dans les foies de patients atteints de SHNA. De plus, il a été démontré que les souris avec une réduction de 50% des niveaux hépatique de PGC-1α mène à une sensibilité à l’insuline et à une tolérance au glucose altérée dans les tissus périphériques. Ces découvertes suggèrent qu’en plus d’être associés au développement de la SHNA, les niveaux hépatiques de PGC-1α altèrent l’expression de facteurs sécrétoires du foie afin d’influencer la régulation métabolique de tout le corps. Nous proposons qu’une réduction de l’expression de PGC-1α dans le foie influence les protéines sécrétées par le foie en situation de stress métabolique, révélant l’importance de PGC-1α dans la réponse adaptative du foie. L’analyse du sécrétome hépatique effectuée par spectrométrie de masse sur le milieu conditionné d’hépatocytes primaires a identifié SERPINA3N, une protéine sécrétée, dont les niveaux corrèlent avec les niveaux hépatiques de PGC-1α et sont influencés par la diète obésogène. Dans ce projet, les niveaux sanguins de cette protéine ont été quantifiés par western blot chez des souris mâles et femelles, sauvages ou hétérozygotes pour PGC-1α dans le foie et nourris avec une diète control ou riche en gras et en fructose. Nos résultats démontrent que les niveaux circulatoires de SERPINA3N augmentent avec la diète et corrèlent avec les niveaux hépatiques de PGC-1α de manière dépendante à la diète et le sexe. De plus, les niveaux sanguins de SERPINA3N diminuent avec la progression de la maladie. L’expression hépatique de SERPINA3N est grandement influencée par les niveaux de PGC-1α, mais indépendamment du facteur transcriptionnel NF-κB. Nous avons montré que les glucocorticoïdes augmentent les niveaux protéiques et circulatoires de SERPINA3N dans les hépatocytes primaires. De plus, cette augmentation par les glucocorticoïdes est influencée par les niveaux de PGC-1α. Ces résultats révèlent une nouvelle interaction entre PGC-1α et le récepteur des glucocorticoïdes sur l’expression hépatique et la sécrétion de SERPINA3N. Pour conclure, l’identification de protéines circulatoires régulées par PGC-1α nous aidera à mieux comprendre comment la perte d’expression de PGC-1α dans le foie affecte le métabolisme de tout le corps dans le contexte de la SHNA. / Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a serious public health problem and is now one of the leading causes of liver cancer. Although NAFLD is known to be associated with obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes, the mechanisms contributing to its development are not fully understood. It is shown that hepatic PGC-1α levels correlate negatively with NAFLD development, oxidative liver damage and hepatic insulin resistance in murine models. In humans, decrease PGC-1α expression in NAFLD and NASH patients. Moreover, liver-specific PGC-1α reduction in mice also disrupts glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in muscle and adipose tissue, likely due to altered secretion of hepatic hormones. These findings suggest that in addition to contributing to NAFLD development, the hepatic disruption of PGC-1α alters the liver secretome, thereby influencing the whole-body energy metabolism. We hypothesize that decreased expression of PGC-1α in the liver alters the expression of hepatokines under metabolic challenges, revealing a potential novel role for PGC-1α in the adaptive response of the liver. The hepatocyte-specific secretome was analyzed by mass spectrometry (iTRAQ) in conditioned media from primary hepatocytes. We identified SERPINA3N, a secreted protein whose secreted levels correlated with hepatic PGC-1α levels in a diet-dependent manner. This hepatokine was measured in serum from male, female, wildtype and liver-specific PGC-1α heterozygote mice fed chow or high-fat, high-fructose diet using western blot. SERPINA3N circulating levels increased with the western diet and correlated with hepatic PGC-1α levels in a diet and sex-dependent manner. Its serum levels decreased with the progression of the disease. The hepatic SERPINA3N expression was greatly influenced by PGC-1α levels independently of NF-κB transcription factor. We showed that glucocorticoids increased SERPINA3N protein and secreted levels in primary hepatocytes. This increase was influenced by PGC-1α levels, revealing a novel interaction of PGC-1α and the glucocorticoid receptor on SERPINA3N expression and secretion. In conclusion, this project reveals a novel impact of hepatic PGC-1α levels on the liver secretome during NAFLD development. This work will provide insights on the role of hepatic PGC-1α levels on the regulation of hepatokines and how it influences the whole-body energy homeostasis in a context of NAFLD.

C1q TNF Related Protein 3 (CTRP3), is a cytokine that is primarily secreted from adipose tissue, which classifies it as an adipokine. Our previous research has shown that CTRP3 prevents alcoholic fatty liver disease (ALD) in male mice. However, even when accounting for confounding factors such as absolute and relative alcohol intake, females are more sensitive to the effects of consumption compared to male mice. Therefore, the goal of this project was to determine whether CTRP3 prevented ALD in female mice. Methods: Female wild type (WT) and female CTRP3 transgenic over expressing (Tg) mice were fed an ethanol containing liquid diet (5% v/v) for 6 weeks. Daily weight and food intake measurements were taken and external heat-pads were placed under a portion of the cage to facilitate thermoregulation. Hepatic steatosis was determined by total triglyceride quantification and lipid droplet quantitation in liver sections. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA, t-test, or Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test as appropriate. Results: There was no difference between WT and Tg mice in food intake or body weight. There was no difference in survival between WT and Tg mice, however, Tg mice trended towards a reduced rate of survival compared with WT mice (78% in WT versus 44% in Tg, p=0.13). Stereological analysis indicated no difference in the percent of lipid liver volume between the two groups (WT 7.2±3.6 vs Tg 5.1±4.1%). This finding was consistent with no difference in total hepatic triglyceride accumulation observed between WT and Tg mice (12.7±4.4 vs. 13.1±6.8 mg triglycerides/gram liver protein). Conclusion: Combined these data indicate that unlike previous studies with male mice, CTRP3 is not protective against alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis in female mice. Combined, these data indicate that the adipokines such as CTRP3 contribute to physiology in a sex-specific manner.

No description available.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most common hepatic diseases worldwide, making the diagnosis and management of NAFLD an emerging public health issue. Theories associated with NAFLD surmise that inflammation may be the root cause, along with the complex interplay of other chronic conditions such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is unknown if other inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), along with the use of methotrexate (MTX), might confer increased risk for NAFLD. Longitudinal data collected from a retrospective cohort of 17,481 adult RA patients in the United States were used to determine the incidence and factors associated with the development of NAFLD using a noninvasive tool (Fibrosis-4 score). Results of the Kaplan Meier analysis showed that 31% of this cohort developed NAFLD, in about 7 years from baseline, with most having mild to moderate disease and only 1.4% with advanced disease. RA patients also had a prevalence of chronic conditions associated with NAFLD, as seen in the general population. In the Cox proportional hazard multivariate analysis, age (middle and elderly), hypertension, CVD, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, exercise, use of MTX, and non-MTX antirheumatic drugs were independent predictors for the development of NAFLD. This research could improve early diagnosis of NAFLD using a novel noninvasive tool. Increase awareness of the prevalence and causes of NALFD inform clinical practice and management of the disease and influence policy about this chronic condition in patients with RA.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating recessive neurological disorder thought to be affecting primarily the motor neurons. As such, paralysis, motor weakness and death ensue. While SMA is most commonly seen in infants and children, it can span all ages. Its genetic etiology revolves around the homozygous deletion or mutation of the SMN1 gene, whose product (SMN protein) has critical and ubiquitous roles in mRNA splicing, amongst various other functions in mRNA metabolism. As such, SMN depletion in other non-neuronal cells type is likely to have physiological repercussions, and perhaps modulate the SMA phenotype. Herein, we identify the molecular pathways of atrophy in skeletal and cardiac muscle of two mouse models of SMA and their therapeutic modulation via the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. We also identify dramatic changes in immune organs in mouse models of SMA, which could impact susceptibility to infections. Furthermore, we establish the presence of important defects in fatty acid homeostasis in the liver and plasma seen in both mouse models and SMA patients. Finally, we provide the first mild mouse model of SMA that reliably reproduces canonical features of SMA, permitting aging studies. This model presents with a prominent myopathic phenotype prior to motor neuron death, without extra-neuronal involvement during the course of its lifespan. Overall, our work shows multiple potentially clinically relevant defects in extra-neuronal organs, provides ways to abrogate them and provides a framework to study them over the course of aging.