I denna studie har vi haft ambitionen att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur det ter sig att vara kriminell, kvinna och mamma i relation till de normativa ideal och förväntningar som finns i samhället. Således var syftet att skapa en förståelse för huruvida de ideal och förväntningar som finns i vårt samhälle kan tänkas påverka kvinnors självidentifiering som kvinnor och mammor, men även om detta har någon påverkan på deras livsvillkor. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi med en hermeneutisk vetenskapsteori och bygger på sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med mammor som tidigare har levt en kriminell livsstil. Den teoretiska referensram som ligger till grund för uppsatsen är: Stigma, genus, hänsynsemotionssystemet, samt intersektionalitet. Genom intervjuerna framkom det att samtliga av kvinnorna upplevde att kvinnor med en kriminell livsstil döms hårdare utav omgivningen än vad män gör. Det framgick även hur genuskonstruktioner tydligt präglar olika områden i samhället och på olika nivåer samt hur normativa ideal och förväntningar i samhället utgör en form av kontroll över individerna. / In this study we had the ambition to create a deeper understanding of how it seems to be criminal, woman and mother in relation to the normative ideals and expectations that exist in society. Thus, the purpose was to create an understanding of whether the ideals and expectations in our society might affect women's self-identification as women and mothers, although if this has any impact on their living conditions. The study is based on a qualitative research with a hermeneutical theory and on seven semi-structured interviews with mothers who have previously lived a criminal lifestyle. The underlying theoretical framework in the essay consisted of the following theories: Stigma, gender, the deference-emotions system and intersectionality. Through the interviews it emerged that all of the women perceived that women with a criminal lifestyle are judged harder from the environment than men are. It also emerged how gender structures clearly characterize different areas of society and at different levels, and how normative ideals and expectations in society constitute a form of control of individuals.

Orientador : Luiz Roberto de Oliveira / Resumo: A deficiência física é um fenômeno biológico e social, que atinge aproximadamente 10% da população e traz grandes dificuldades para a vida cotidiana do portador e de sua família. Dificuldades que não estão relacionadas apenas às limitações auditivas, visuais, mentais, físicas e/ou motoras, mas principalmente àquelas imposta pela sociedade e pelo capital e se manifesta muitas vezes através da segregação, do estigma e do preconceito. Nesse estudo limitamo-nos a estudar os portadores de deficiência física, buscando descrever e discutir as condições em que eles vivem. Essa pesquisa foi desenvolvida na cidade de Botucatu - São Paulo. Inicialmente foi feito um inquérito em 25% dos domicílios da área urbana de Botucatu, para localizar os portadores de deficiência física. Identificados os endereços, selecionamos apenas os que residem na área do Centro Saúde Escola. Fizemos uma caracterização biomédica e social dos portadores de deficiência física e suas famílias, utilizando um roteiro com questões abertas e fechadas. Foram entrevistadas 82 famílias e 93 pessoas portadoras de deficiência física. Observamos que no município de Botucatu há uma maior prevalência de pessoas portadoras de deficiência física em áreas de alta exclusão social. Em relação às pessoas portadoras de deficiência física temos que 51% são do sexo masculino. A idade média é de 49 anos, 36,3% tem mais de 60 anos. A escolaridade média é 4,2 anos de estudos. A maioria é aposentado, pensionista ou inativo (71%). Apenas 14,5% estão ocupados e destes, 45,5%, estão inseridos em atividades predominantemente manuais não especializadas. O rendimento médio é de 0,9 salários mínimos e 39,2% não possuem nenhuma fonte de renda. A família das pessoas portadora de deficiência física tem em média 3,7 pessoas, 57,5% das famílias são do... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: Physical disability is a social and biological phenomenon, which assails around 10% of the population and brings significant difficulties to the everyday life of the disabled person. Such difficulties are not only related to auditory, visual, mental, physical and/or motor limitations but mainly to those established by society and capital and most of the times it is demonstrated through segregation, stigma and prejudice. Physically disabled people were the aim of this study and their living conditions were discussed and described. This research was carried in Botucatu - São Paulo. At first, a survey was performed in 25% of houses in the urban area of Botucatu to identify the physically disabled people. When the addresses were identified, one selected only the ones, which lived at "Centro de Saúde Escola" vicinities. A biomedical and social characterization was performed on physically disabled people and their families, following open and closed questions round. One observed that in Botucatu there is a higher prevalence of physically disabled people among high social excluded ones. Related to physically disabled people, 51% are male. Average age is 49 years old, 36.3% is more than 60 years old. Average education is 4.2 years of study, most of them are retired, pensioner or inactive. (71%). Only 14.5% have an occupation and from these 45.5% are inserted in predominantly non-specialized manual activities. Average income is 0.9 minimum wages and 39. 2% do not have any income. The family of physically disabled people has an average of 3.7 people; 57.5% of families are cellular like, and from these, 18.8% are extended families, which are being dispersed. According to the scale used by Seade Foundation, 17% of families are considered wretched, 71% poor and 12,1% not poor. The major part of physical disability was acquired in adulthood (43%), and the main causes are chronic-degenerative... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Mestre

A adolescência impõe novas exigências à família, que vivencia a angústia do esmaecimento de suas fronteiras daquelas que separam o nós dos outros, mas também das fronteiras no suceder das gerações. O intenso processo de afiliação do adolescente a outros grupos ameaça os pactos e alianças que garantiram a manutenção do grupo familiar. A capacidade de continência da família é fortemente requisitada, para que ela possa dar conta de acolher as transformações vivenciadas pelo adolescente. Cabe a ele/ela rever a separação entre si mesmo e os objetos primários, entre o eu e o outro, exigência que se efetiva pelo investimento no exterior. Deve, então, encontrar um lugar nos vínculos externos à família. Esta pesquisa buscou analisar como a problemática da separação do adolescente repercute no plano dos vínculos familiares e na relação com os espaços onde vive (casa, comunidade). Surgido das inquietações da autora em seu trabalho com adolescentes em situação de precariedade social, este estudo sustenta a hipótese de que a problemática da separação desses adolescentes ganha contornos particulares, relacionados às condições de vida, mas também à descoberta de que suas famílias e seu grupo social ocupam um lugar depreciado na sociedade. Para condução da pesquisa foram realizadas oito sessões em grupo (formado por onze adolescentes, entre 15 e 17 anos), conduzidas com base na técnica de grupo operativo de Pichon-Rivière. De acordo com a concepção psicanalítica do sujeito como sujeito do vínculo, a análise foi norteada pela consideração de algumas noções fundamentais, tais como alianças inconscientes e narcisismo grupal. Os adolescentes revelaram um intenso trabalho psíquico de elaboração em torno da questão do dentro e do fora da família, simultâneo a seu movimento em direção ao exterior. As suas falas indicaram que, para a família, o exterior figurava como uma ameaça aos pactos estabelecidos, representada pela sexualidade, em especial, e pelo risco de que o adolescente se envolvesse na violência presente na comunidade. Os adolescentes, por sua vez, revelaram a expectativa de obtenção de prazer no exterior de viverem os aspectos de seu íntimo, que não cabem no interior do grupo primário e, ao mesmo tempo, o receio quanto a um novo lugar social a ocupar. O exterior surgiu, também, como espaço de diferença e de experiência de humilhação social, vivenciada pelos adolescentes como portadores das marcas do estigma ligado a seu grupo e a sua comunidade. Em um movimento inconsciente de oposição às marcas sociais de rebaixamento, os marcos identificatórios de pertencimento dos adolescentes à comunidade foram fortalecidos, destacando-se o papel desta como espaço de continência. Concluímos que os adolescentes encontravam-se no caminho entre assegurarem seu lugar na comunidade como herdeira do vínculo e da identificação com a família e se projetarem para o exterior, como expressão da tentativa de desprenderem-se do vínculo familiar e re-criarem-se / Adolescence imposes new requirements on the family who then lives in dread of seeing its boundaries blurred and rubbed out its boundaries between us and the others as well as those framing its different generations. The adolescent\'s intense process of affiliation to other groups threatens the agreements and alliances made to hold the family group together. The family\'s containing function is then absolutely necessary to deal with the adolescent\'s transformations. The adolescent needs to reconsider the separation between himself/herself and primary objects, between his/her Self and the other that need being clearly expressed through his/her outward investment, commitment. He/She needs to find himself/herself a place to be and behave out of the family structure. This research is aimed at analyzing how the question of separation for adolescents impacts their family links, connections and relationship with their living places (home, community). Resulting from its author\'s questions and observations raised while working with teenagers in precarious living conditions, this study supports the hypothesis that the question of separation is experienced differently by those who have \"realized\" that their families and groups are socially speaking badly considered. From this perspective, eight group sessions (made up of eleven 15- to 17-year-old adolescents) were conducted according to Pichon-Rivière\'s operative group framework. In accordance with the psychoanalytic concept of the subject as the \"subject of the link\", this analysis is based on certain essential notions such as the ones of \"unconscious alliance/s\" and \"collective (or group) narcissism\". The interviewed adolescents showed a real effort to reflect on the question of the family\'s inside and outside that question being parallel to their outward movement. They expressed that their families viewed the outside as a threat to their established alliances, a threat notably embodied by sexuality and by the risk of seeing \"their\" adolescent take part in the surrounding community\'s violence. Regarding their own opinion of the outside, those adolescents revealed both their expectation of experiencing pleasure that is the pleasure of getting to know and to experience their intimate, inner aspects, unconceivable within their primary group and the fear of occupying a new social place. The family\'s outside also turned out to be considered as a space of difference and social humiliation experienced by those teenagers bearing their group\'s and community\'s marks. Though through an unconscious movement of opposition to those derogatory marks, the adolescents actually reinforced their community\'s identificatory traits, thus highlighting the function of the latter, that is to be a containing space. In conclusion, those adolescents were met \"half way\", both on their way to ensure themselves a place in their community which inherits the link and family identification and to project themselves outwards, as if to \"get loose\" from the family connection and reconstitute themselves

La thèse porte sur les conditions de vie des personnes sans domicile hébergées dans des structures d'accueil de jour et/ou de nuit. Elle documente, questionne et analyse ce que signifie habiter quand on est sans domicile. Elle repose sur une enquête ethnographique,par observations et par entretiens, menée dans trois structures choisies en raison de leurs caractéristiques différentes. Il s'agit d'explorer et de comparer le vécu des résidents en se focalisant sur l'hébergement mais aussi en prenant en compte les espaces extérieurs à celui-ci comme ceux habités précédemment. La perspective adoptée dans la thèse donne à voir aussi bien les fortes contraintes subies par les hébergés que les ressources activées dans ces situations, comme la possibilité de s'approprier les lieux, d'aider ses pairs et de s'organiser collectivement. Par ailleurs, elle se place dans le monde de la matérialité et du quotidien, en prenant en compte, par exemple, l'ensemble des temps ou des moments vécus par les résidents, qu'ils soient ordinaires (se laver, déjeuner),transgressifs (voler, boire de l'alcool) ou exceptionnels (fêter un anniversaire). La thèse raconte la chronique du vécu des résidents dans chaque hébergement. Ce faisant, il est possible de saisir les spécificités des trois structures. Elle met en lumière,grâce à une analyse thématique, les trois dimensions qui structurent l'expérience des résidents, à savoir : l'espace privatif, la cohabitation et le temps. Elle montre que chacune a son importance et peut jouer un rôle dans le processus conduisant à « s'en sortir », ce dernier étant essentiel à dégager et à expliquer afin de souligner que la situation des personnes sans domicile n'est pas irréversible.La première partie de la thèse est méthodologique. Elle expose la démarche d'enquête,les options théoriques retenues et la construction du questionnement. La seconde partie correspond à la chronique de la vie quotidienne des hébergés et la troisième propose une analyse micro-sociologique et comparative des situations observées. / The thesis is about the living conditions of the homeless people taken in day, night, day and night shelters. It provides information, enquiries and analyses on what living in a place means when one is homeless. At the root of the thesis is an ethnographical enquiry, consisting in observations and interviews, which were carried out in three different shelters, selected for their different features. The purpose is to explore and compare the quality of !ife of the residents, focusing on their housing conditions but also taking into account the existing outside areas neighbouring the shelters and those the homeless used previously. The angle chosen in the dissertation shows the huge constraints the residents have to bear as well as the resources injected into those situations, like the possibility for the residents to take over the place, to help fellow residents,and to organize collectively. Besides, it delves into the actua] material conditions, and the problems of everyday !ife, taking into account all the different stages and moments the residents live, whether they are ordinary, infringements, or out of the ordinary. A detailed account of the residents' lives in each reception centre is provided. Doing this enables us to understand the parlicularities of the three homes. Thanks to a thematic analysis, it displays the three aspects that structure the residents' experiences, namely : a private space, co-living with others, and time. The point is to show that each has its importance and can play a part in the process of "getting out' oftheir difficult situation.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: Adequate human resources for health play a crucial role in improving access to services and quality of care. Human resources for health are often inequitably distributed between rural and urban areas within countries. In Rwanda, almost 88% of physicians and 58% of nurses in the country work in urban areas, despite the fact that 82% of the population lives in rural areas. Kabaya is located in a remote rural area in Ngororero District; its health facilities consist of one hospital and four health centers. Living and working conditions are poor for health workers. This results in constant migration out of health workers, which has negative impacts on service delivery and quality of care provided to the population. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to assess factors that influence the intention to stay in Kabaya amongst health workers currently in Kabaya's health facilities. The specific objectives were to analyze the associations between the following factors and intention to stay among health workers in Kabaya: socio-demographic and job characteristics; working and living conditions; and financial and non-financial incentives. Study design: An analytical, cross-sectional survey of all health workers from five facilities in Kabaya was conducted. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire, adapted from one used in a study in Uganda (Hagopian, Zuyderduin, Kyobutungi & Yunkella, 2006), was used to collect data. Data were entered in Epi- Info 3.4 and analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Descriptive analyses and inferential statistics (Chisquare,Fisher‟s Exact) were done to test for associations with the main outcome, intention to stay. Results Out of 155 employees working in Kabaya‟s health facilities, 111 (72%) accepted to participate in the study. Of the 111 respondents, 34 (31%) indicated they intended to stay working in Kabaya indefinitely. Intention to stay (bivariate analysis) was associated with:  employment category (p=0.001) and age (p<0.001);  rural background - born in Kabaya (p<0.001); and born (p=0.001), grew up (p=0.001) and studied in a rural area (p<0.001); good quality supervision - encouraging employee development (p=0.029), caring for the employee as a person (p=0.011), and competent and committed facility managers(p=0.039);  presence of workplace friends (p<0.001);  conducive work and living environments - manageable workloads (p<0.001); good infrastructure (p<0.001); access to safe and clean water at work (p<0.001); adequate housing at home (p<0.001); having time to take lunch at work (p=0.001); access to adequate transportation to work (p=0.004); adequate shopping and entertainment(p=0.001);  adequate incentives - sufficient salary (p<0.001); recognition for doing a good work(p<0.001); and adequate training (p<0.001). The small study sample precluded multi-variate analyses and it was therefore not possible to control for potential confounders such as age, sex and profession in the analysis of workplace factors. Conclusions: Intention to stay in Kabaya appears to be influenced by a complex set of factors that include: individual (age, profession, rural background), workplace, human, social, career and salaryrelated factors. Promoting retention in Kabaya‟s health facilities requires multi-faceted interventions, without which the majority of the employees are likely to continue to migrate away from the area.

Syftet med denna studie är att skapa förståelse för hur verksamheter inom missbruks- och be-roendevården i Hallands län arbetar med föräldrar som har missbruksproblematik samt hur de föräldrastödjande insatserna påverkar familjesituationen. För att nå parternas upplevelser och erfarenheter genomförs åtta semistrukturerade djupintervjuer med en hermeneutisk metodolo-gisk utgångspunkt. De teorier och begrepp som används i studien är Max Webers byråkrati, Ole Petter Askheim och Bengt Starrins empowerment, Erving Goffmans dramaturgiska teori samt Thomas Scheff skam, stolthet och sociala band. Studiens resultat visar att verksamheter arbetar med föräldrar med missbruksproblematik på olika vis, och att det inte finns några tydliga struk-turer och riktlinjer mellan kommunerna i hur arbetet med föräldrastödjande insatser ska utföras. Det framkom även att majoriteten av föräldrarna inte har erhållit eller fått tillgång till utlovade föräldrastödjande insatser och de föräldrastödjande insatserna har påverkat familjesituationen på olika vis. / The purpose of this study is to create understanding for how organizations in the Swedish county of Halland works with parents with addiction problems and how the parental support efforts affect the family situation. The method we use to reach both parties' experiences is eight semi-structured in-depth interviews, and the theories and concepts used in the interpretation of the material are Max Weber's bureaucracy theory, Ole Petter Askheim’s and Bengt Starrin’s theory of Empowerment, Erving Goffman's study on role-taking and Thomas Scheff's concepts of shame, guilt and social bond. The results show that organisations have different guidelines and structures of parental support work. A majority of the clients interviewed have not received parental support, but the study also show that the relationship between the support worker and client has a significant role in the support and treatment process and that the parental support efforts have affected the family situation in different ways.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第20040号 / 地環博第156号 / 新制||地環||31(附属図書館) / 33136 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)准教授 小林 広英, 教授 岡﨑 健二, 准教授 SINGER JANE / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Utifrån kvalitativa metoder är syftet med denna studie att förstå varför vissa irakiska kvinnor varken deltar i lönearbete eller förvärvat behärskningen av det svenska språket, trots att de har bott i Sverige under många år. Forskningen fokuserar på kvinnors roll inom familjen, hur de patriarkala strukturerna manifesteras, och hur kvinnornas uppfattning om kultur påverkar deras levnadssätt. Det empiriska materialet består av semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem gifta irakiska hemmafruar som har bott i Sverige i över 15 år och ännu inte har integrerat sig i arbetsmarknaden eller det svenska samhället språkmässigt. Teoretiskt baseras studien på begrepp relaterade till patriarkat, kultur och symboliskt våld. Tidigare forskning antyder att kvinnors underordning ofta kompletterar mäns dominans, och tystnad fungerar som ett sätt för kvinnor att motstå de patriarkala strukturer de befinner sig i. Resultaten från denna studie indikerar att patriarkatet i huvudsak manifesterar sig i den privata sfären, där männen drar nytta av kvinnors underordning. Samtidigt betraktar kvinnorna den arabiska kulturen som en form av patriarkalt förtryck. Även om samhället ofta betraktar dessa kvinnor som omedvetna om sin situation, visar denna studie att de är medvetna om sin verklighet och utövar motstånd på subtila sätt. / Based on qualitative methods, the aim of this study is to understand why some Iraqi women neither participate in paid work nor acquire mastery of the Swedish language, despite having lived in Sweden for many years. The research focuses on the role of women within the family, how the patriarchal structures are manifested, and how the women's perception of culture affects their way of life. The empirical material consists of semi-structured interviews with five married Iraqi housewives who have lived in Sweden for over 15 years and have not yet integrated into the labor market or Swedish society linguistically. Theoretically, the study is based on concepts related to patriarchy, culture and symbolic violence. Previous research suggests that women's subordination often complements men's dominance, and silence serves as a way for women to resist the patriarchal structures they find themselves in. The results of this study indicate that patriarchy mainly manifests itself in the private sphere, where men benefit subordination of women. At the same time, the women regard Arab culture as a form of patriarchal oppression. Although society often views these women as unaware of their situation, this study shows that they are aware of their reality and practice resistance in subtle ways.

The story of the rise and fall of the German woman abounds with interest to those who understand her battle for emancipation from traditional bondage. In the earliest days, her life was one of semi-slavery and subjugation to domestic duties. The World War added new and heavy responsibilities; the organization of the Weimar Republic brought a new-found freedom; but Hitler's regime meant a return to subjugation. This study is a brief resume of her journey.

"The purpose of the study is two-fold: (1) to compare the 1939-40 living conditions that prevailed in the men's college dormitory with living conditions that existed in sixteen college-supervised residences for men; (2) to compare the living conditions that existed in 1939-40 in both the men's dormitory and the college-supervised residences for men with standards set up by authorities in the field of college student housing."--1.