Lagen (1993:387) om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade, LSS, är den svenska lag som skall tillförsäkra samhällsmedborgare med vissa specificerade funktionsnedsättningar stöd och service i syfte att uppnå goda levnadsvillkor och ges möjligheten att få leva som alla andra samhällsmedborgare genom delaktighet i utformandet av sitt egna liv. Det sker varje år en ökning i antal beviljade insatser utifrån lagen och år 2015 var det 117 200 st beviljade och verkställda LSS-insatser genomförda det året. Tidigare forskning belyser problematiska omständigheter gällande såväl geografiska som bedömningsskillnader i såväl utformande som bedömning av rätt till insatserna. Syftet med den här studien är att analysera hur offentliga dokument på tre nivåer i samhället konstruerar och reproducerar bärande begrepp och benämningar inom LSS (1993:387). Metoden för genomförandet är en kritisk diskursanalys av sex normerande texter i bedömning och utformandet av insatserna för att synliggöra vilka diskurser som används i skapandet av innehållet. Resultatet har analyserats utifrån en egenkonstruerad analysmodell utifrån Faircloughs tredimensionella analysmodell och domänteoretiska tankar. Resultatet tyder på att det finns flera nivåer i skapandet och reproduceringen av begreppsinnehållet och analysen innehåller tre huvuddiskurser som kan utläsas i materialet: diskursen av goda levnadsvillkor, få leva som alla andra och delaktighet. Detta exemplifieras och diskuteras i analys- och resultatkapitlet och studien avslutas med en slutdiskussion kring studiens upptäckter. / LSS (1993:387) the Act Concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments is the Swedish law to assure citizens with certain specified disabilities support and service in order to achieve good living conditions and be given the opportunity to live like any other citizen. Every year there is an increase in the number of approved actions of support under the Act. In year 2015 117 200 actions of support were granted and executed under the Act. Previous research highlights the problematic circumstances concerning geographical as well as differences in assessing the right to support from the Act. The purpose of this study is to analyze how public documents on three levels in society constructs and reproduces the guiding concepts and terms in the LSS (1993: 387). The method of implementation is a critical discourse analysis of six normative texts in the evaluation and design of efforts to visible the discourses used in the creation of the content. The results are analyzed on the basis of a self-constructed analysis model based of Faircloughs three dimensional analytic model and domain theoretical thoughts. The results suggest that there are three levels in the creation and reproduction of concepts and content analysis contains three main discourses that can be seen in the material: the discourse of good living, to live like everyone else and participation. This is exemplified in the discussion of the analysis and the results chapter and the study concludes with a final discussion on the study's findings.

The final thesis will tackle the issue of poverty inside the current czech society and how it is perceived by the students of several chosen high schools with an economic focus. The theoretical part of the thesis will describe the basic definitions and types of poverty, its causes, consequences and other indicators which are internationally comparable. It will focus on the Czech Republic and its current situation. Analyze the basic indicators that show how to describe poverty in the Czech Republic and what are the amounts set. How it defines help programmes for families and individuals paralized by poverty. The theoretical part will concern also non-profit organizations and their help in difficult life situations, international organizations and documents about poverty including the EU aswel as the iternational sphere. The practical part of the thesis will focus on students from economic schools (one is public, one is private; one in Prague one based in South Bohemia) where one can assume students have basic knowledge about financials and are able to evaluate the economical situation of the family. The aim of the thesis will be to determine the attitude of the students towards the points stated above and the output will be a understanding of the situation from the students' perspective, thei...

Syftet med denna kvalitativa uppsats är att undersöka och kritiskt reflektera hur de berörda aktörerna i Halmstad utifrån befintliga resurser arbetar förebyggande med spelproblematiken. Detta vill vi undersöka i relation till den snabba utvecklingen av spelmarknaden och samhällets risker samt hur dessa påverkar utvecklingen av spelberoende. Genom att analysera samverkan mellan olika aktörer har vi skapat en bild om hur arbetet inom spelproblematiken utförs i Halmstad. Studien tolkades ur ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv och analyserades med stöd i utvalda teorier. Risksamhällets teori kompletteras med utgångspunkt i begreppet ackumulation genom fråntagande och relateras till spelmarknadens utveckling och spelreklam som bidragande faktorer till att börja eller fortsätta spela om pengar. Riskerna belyses ur ett mikro- och makroperspektiv där individers livsvillkor och samhället i stort påverkas. Teorin om Jämlikhetsanden, bidrog till en förklaring om strävan efter en högre social status genom snabba pengar. Den lärande organisationsmodellen användes som komplement till den byråkratiska modellen för att nå en utveckling inom samverkan i arbetet. Med utgångspunkt i begreppen personliga bekymmer och allmänna problem beskrevs en viktig del av resultatet som visade ett stort mörkertal i frågan.  Från och med den 1 januari 2018 är kommuner, landsting och regioner förpliktade att förebygga spelproblem. Det innebär att personer med spelproblem har samma rätt till hjälp och stöd som personer med alkohol- eller drogproblem. Resultatet visade att lagändringen inte implementerats på samtliga verksamheter och att det finns ett behov av utveckling inom det förebyggande arbetet. / The purpose of this qualitative study is to map how the invlovled actors, based on existing resources, work preventively with the gamblingproblem. We want to examine how the work is carried out in relation to society's risks and development, and how these factors influence the development of gambling addiction. By analyzing the interaction between different actors, we have created a picture of how the work with the gambling problem is carried out in Halmstad. The study was interpreted from a hermeneutic perspective and was analyzed with support from selected theories. The risk society's theory is supplemented on the basis of the concept of accumulation by dispossession and is related to the game market's development and gambling advertising as contributing factors to starting or continuing to play for money. The risks are highlighted from a micro- and macro-perspective where individuals' living conditions and society as a whole are affected. The spirit level theory contributed to the explanation about the pursuit of a higher social status through quick money. The learning organizational model was used as a complement to the bureaucratic model in order to achieve a development within collaboration at work. The structural issues and personal troubles concept, an important part of the result was described, which showed a great deal of darkness on the issue. As of January 1st, 2018, municipalities, county councils and regions are obliged to prevent gambling problems. This means that people with gambling problems have the same right to help and support as people with alcohol or drug problems. The result showed that the change to the law was not implemented on all activities and that there is a need for development in the preventive work.

Este trabalho insere-se na temática do Desenvolvimento Humano e das Condições de Vida, analisando a realidade da Fumicultura no Rio Grande Sul por uma Sociologia das Condições de Vida. A presente proposta permite uma apreciação do desenvolvimento de forma multidimensional dando ênfase à variável humana, procurando ir além dos estudos baseados nos aspectos econômicos, como a produtividade, incremento de tecnologia e geração de riqueza. As considerações teórico-metodológicas fundamentam-se essencialmente na Abordagem das Capacitações e na perspectiva da Diversificação dos Meios de Vida, a fim de entender como realmente encontram-se os meios de vida das famílias produtoras de tabaco e como estas percebem suas próprias condições. Assim, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é compreender como um processo de diversificação possibilita às famílias fumicultoras expandirem seus conjuntos capacitórios através dos seus meios e percepções de vida, criando, então, estratégias de sobrevivência e superação de um contexto de vulnerabilidade social. Logo, busca-se responder sobre quais meios e percepções comprometem esse processo de diversificação e quais fazem com que estes conjuntos de capacitações ampliem as oportunidades para melhorar as próprias condições de vida pela criação de estratégias de superação de um contexto de riscos e incerteza? Ainda, como uma maior dependência da Cadeia Produtiva do Tabaco limita oportunidades das famílias para estabelecerem um portfólio de atividades que lhes permitam ampliar seu conjunto de capacitações e, portanto, lograr melhores condições de vida? Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa com aplicação de 250 questionários a famílias produtoras de tabaco em treze municípios localizados na Região do Vale do Rio Pardo e Centro-Serra, no RS, o que representa uma amostra significativa do total de estabelecimentos familiares fumicultores. A partir das concepções teóricas, elaboraram-se dois índices, um sobre os meios de vida (IMV) e outro das percepções (IPV), tendo como base cinco dimensões: física, financeira, humana, natural e social. A fim de responder às hipóteses, as informações da pesquisa de campo foram organizadas em um banco de dados, pelo qual foram realizados testes estatísticos de para comprovar a existência de diferença entre as médias dos índices, com grau de significância maior que 0,05, permitindo então inferir explicações para o universo da amostra. Por conseguinte, os resultados atestaram que, para o conjunto das 250 famílias, os meios e percepções mais vulneráveis deram-se nas dimensões financeira e social e os ampliadores ocorreram nas dimensões natural, humana e física. Além disso, foi possível comprovar que as famílias menos dependentes da CPT, ou seja, Diversificadas, apresentaram melhores condições de vida que as Especializadas, comprovando então as hipóteses propostas por esta tese. Estas diferenças revelaram-se estatisticamente significativas nas médias das percepções humana e financeira. Quanto às médias dos meios de vida, estas apresentaram diferenças nos meios financeiro, social, humano, natural e físico, nos seguintes indicadores: renda da fumicultura, diversidade de venda da produção, pluriatividade e plurirrendimentos, acesso a informação geral e técnico-produtiva, sucessão familiar na agricultura, distribuição do tempo de trabalho, educação, bem como forma de aquisição dos insumos químicos e lenha, ferramentas de trabalho e uso da área da unidade produtiva. / This work is part of the theme of the Human Development and Living Conditions, analyzing the reality of tobacco farming in Rio Grande Sul by a Sociology of Living Conditions. This proposal allows an appreciation of the development of multidimensional way emphasizing the human variable, seeking to go beyond the studies based on economic aspects such as productivity, technology development and wealth creation. The theoretical-methodological considerations underlie mainly on the Capability Approach and the perspective of diversification of livelihoods in order to understand how really find themselves the livelihoods of farming families of tobacco and how these perceive their own conditions. Thus, the objective of this study is to comprehend how a process of diversification enables tobacco growing families expand their capacitórios sets through its assets and perceptions of life, creating then, survival strategies and overcoming the context of social vulnerability. Therefore, the aim is to answer about what assets and perceptions affect this process of diversification and which make these sets of capabilities extend the opportunities to improve their own living conditions by creating strategies for overcoming the context of risk and uncertainty? Still, as a greater dependency on the Tobacco Production Chain limits opportunities for families to establish a portfolio of activities that allow them to broaden their set of skills and hence circumvent better living conditions? To this end, a quantitative research with application of 250 questionnaires to tobacco farming families was held in thirteen municipalities in the region of Vale do Rio Pardo and Central Serra, in RS, which represents a significant proportion of total tobacco growers family establishments. Starting from the theoretical concepts has been prepared two indexes, one on the livelihoods (IMV) and another on the perceptions (IPV), based on five dimensions: physical, financial, human, natural and social. In order to respond to hypotheses, the information of the field research were organized in a database for which statistical tests were performed to prove the existence of differences between the assets of indices, degree of significance greater than 0.05, thus allowing infer explanations for the universe of the sample. Therefore, the results believe that, for the set of 250 families, the most vulnerable assets and perceptions have given up in the financial and social dimensions and enlargers occurred in natural dimensions, human and physical. Moreover, it was possible to prove that less dependent families of CPT, Diversified, had better living conditions than the Specialized then confirming the hypothesis proposed by this thesis. These differences have proved to be statistically significant in the averages of human and financial perceptions. As for averages of livelihood, they showed differences in assets: financial, social, human, natural and physical, the following indicators: income from tobacco farming, diversity in the sale of production, pluriactivity and plurirrendimentos, access to general information and technical-productive, family succession in agriculture, distribution of working time, education, and form of acquisition of chemical products and firewood, work tools and use the productive unit area.

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-10-06T14:57:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_Bárbara Valente (1).pdf: 3562122 bytes, checksum: 73e0d98dbeff68cc36f1aa9ae7ea6643 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-10-06T14:58:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_Bárbara Valente (1).pdf: 3562122 bytes, checksum: 73e0d98dbeff68cc36f1aa9ae7ea6643 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-06T14:58:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_Bárbara Valente (1).pdf: 3562122 bytes, checksum: 73e0d98dbeff68cc36f1aa9ae7ea6643 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio / A tuberculose (TB) é uma das mais antigas enfermidades que acompanham o homem e até hoje é um grande problema de saúde pública. A relação entre a doença e as condições precárias de vida é histórica e antes mesmo do advento da quimioterapia específica houve decréscimo da mortalidade nas populações socioeconomicamente mais desenvolvidas. No Brasil a tuberculose é um problema de grande magnitude, embora sua distribuição seja heterogênea. Alguns municípios do país são considerados prioritários para o controle da doença, dentre eles o município de Niterói, apesar de apresentar o índice de desenvolvimento humano no primeiro lugar no ranking do estado do Rio de Janeiro e no 7° no ranking nacional. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a distribuição espaço-temporal da tuberculose no município de Niterói no período de 2004 a 2012 em três triênios 2004-2006, 2007-2009, 2010-2012 e verificar a associação entre a doença e indicadores socioeconômicos nos dois últimos triênios. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos do SINAN e do Censo demográfico 2010. Os resultados apontaram que a tuberculose está distribuída por todo o território destacando alguns bairros com taxas mais elevadas. No período 2007-2009 foi observada associação direta significativa entre a incidência de tuberculose e proporção de domicílios com 7 moradores ou mais, proporção de domicílios com esgoto a céu aberto no entorno, casos de coinfecção TB/HIV, casos de abandono de tratamento, e associação inversa para proporção de domicílios ligados à rede geral de água. No período 2010-2012 foi verificada associação direta significativa para proporção de domicílios sem esgotamento, proporção de domicílios com renda até 1 salário mínimo, casos de retratamento e associação significativa inversa para proporção de domicílios com renda superior à 10 salários mínimos e proporção de domicílios com 7 ou mais moradores. Estes resultados sugerem que a dinâmica da transmissão da tuberculose no município de Niterói, no período estudado, está relacionada com as condições de vida, apontando maior risco de ocorrência da doença nos grupos populacionais que vivem em bairros mais vulneráveis, onde particularidades da organização espacial do município favorecem a persistência da endemia / Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest diseases that accompanies the man and even today is a major public health problem. The relationship between the disease and poor living conditions is historical and even before the advent of specific chemotherapy there was a decrease in mortality in more developed populations of socio-economic point of view. In Brazil, tuberculosis is a problem of large magnitude, although its distribution is heterogeneous. Some cities in the country are considered as priorities for disease control, including the city of Niterói, despite of the fact that its human development index is the 1st in the ranking of the state of Rio de Janeiro and the 7th in the national ranking. The objective of the study was to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of tuberculosis in Niterói in 2004-2012 period into three periods of three years: 2004-2006, 2007-2009, 2010-2012; and the association between the disease and socioeconomic indicators in the last two terms. The data came from SINAN and demographic Census 2010. The results showed that TB is spread throughout the city highlighting some neighborhoods with higher rates. In the period 2007-2009 there was significant and direct association between the incidence of tuberculosis and the proportion of households with 7 or more residents, proportion of households with open sewers in the vicinity, cases of TB/HIV, cases of abandonment of treatment; and inverse association with proportion of households connected to the water network. In the period 2010-2012 we found significant and direct association for households with no sewer, proportion of households with income up to 1 minimum wage, retreatment cases; and significant inverse association for proportion of households with income to 10 minimum wages and proportion of households with 7 residents and over. These results suggest that the dynamic of tuberculosis transmission in Niterói, in the period studied, is related to living conditions, indicating greater risk of disease occurrence in populations living in vulnerable neighborhoods, where particularities of the spatial organization of the neighborhood favor the persistence of endemic disease

The general aim of this thesis is to describe mortality, health and living conditions in an administratively defined county population of people with intellectual disabilities born between 1959 and 1974 (N=213). The living conditions of persons with intellectual disabilities were compared with those of the general population. Moreover, the reports of relatives and staff were compared on the living conditions of people with intellectual disabilities. Information on the living conditions of persons with intellectual disabilities was provided by proxy (relative and staff) questionnaire reports and national welfare statistics conducted by Statistics Sweden (SCB). Medical examination and medical case records were used to obtain data on health and medical services. People with intellectual disabilities lived in the community and took part in numerous common recreational and cultural activities. However, the comparison with the general population indicated clear differences in living conditions, particularly regarding employment and social life. In contrast, surprisingly little variation in living conditions was found in people with intellectual disabilities, despite varying ages and a wide range of level of disabilities. In addition, gender related differences of persons with intellectual disabilities were few when compared with those found in the general population. A wide range of physical and mental health problems were identified in the group with intellectual disabilities. Although a majority of persons with intellectual disabilities had access to a family doctor and attended regular health checks, a number of needs of specialist examinations were identified indicating shortcomings in the quality of health care. Analyses indicated differences in the reports of relatives and staff on living conditions of most domains included in the questionnaire. In general, disagreement was higher on subjective than on objective items. Relative and staff responders contribute dissimilar information that is related to varying viewpoints and different types of information.

This study is a feminist reading of Jane Smiley's novel A Thousand Acres. It focuses on the Cook sisters and their lives in a farming community at a time that coincides with the end of second wave feminism. In particular, it pays attention to the absence of sisterhood among the three sisters in the novel. It analyses first each individual sister including their different approaches to sisterhood and then their failure to unite in the type of strategic, politically motivated notion of sisterhood that was promoted by second wave feminism.          By looking at different reasons why the sisters cannot establish a strong sisterhood my essay aims to demonstrate that A Thousand Acres not only criticises patriarchal society in its portrayal of the Cook family but also, and more importantly, that it criticises second wave feminism by pointing out its failure in terms of promoting a sense of sisterhood.

The thesis includes three empirical studies on Swedish children’s well-being. Central themes in these studies are how children’s social relations are influenced by and influence other dimensions of their well-being. The studies are framed in the introductory chapter, which includes an international comparison of children’s social relations. Study I analyses whether relations with parents and teachers are associated with the adolescent’s social background and whether the positive consequences of having strong relations are more important for disadvantaged adolescents. The results, based on nationally representa­tive survey data, confirm that strong social relations are conducive to adolescents’ school and psychological outcomes, and show that dis­advan­taged adolescents have weaker relations with parents and teachers. Furthermore, these results imply that relations with teachers are of particular importance for disadvantaged adolescents’ outcomes, while parental relations are equally important for both advantaged and dis­advantaged adolescents. Study II investigates the social side of consumption by studying the association between adolescents’ economic resources and their relations with peers. Analyses on nationally representative survey data; which include children’s own responses, as well as information from parents and register data, show that economic resources, in terms of both house­hold economy and adolescents’ own resources, are positively associated with peer relations. Study III analyses whether final grades in compulsory school are influenced by the sex composition in school classes. Analyses using register data show that boys’ grades are negatively affected by the share of girls in school classes in typical female school subjects. Girls’ grades are negatively affected by the share of boys with highly educated parents. The proposed explanation behind the results is that sex composition effects are due to negative social comparisons with the other sex. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted.

Both stroke and depression are major health problems in the elderly. In this study, the prevalence of major depression after stroke was investigated in a well-defined sample of acute stroke patients (n=80), followed up at 3 months, 1 year, 2 and 3 years after the stroke event. Links to biological and psychosocial factors were examined. Hypercortisolism was studied by the dexamethasone suppression test and compared with healthy elderly. Living conditions (including demographic caracteristics, economic resources, health, functional ability, activity/leisure, social network) and life satisfaction were described before and after stroke in relation to a general elderly population. Demographic caracteristics, economic resources, social network and psychiatric morbidity prestroke did not differ from the general elderly population. Already prior to the stroke, patients reported more health problems and lower functional ability in many aspects of daily life, more passive leisure time and a lower global life satisfaction. After stroke, contacts with children were maintained, whilst contacts outside the family declined and remained lower than in the general elderly population. Stroke involved a marked reduction in global life satisfaction. Poor life satisfaction at 1 year remained poor for the entire three years; these stroke victims had a higher frequency of major depression early after stroke. The prevalence of major depression was 25% at the acute stage, 31% at 3 months, decreased to 16% at 1 year, was 19% at 2 years and increased to 29% at 3 years. The most important predictors of immediate major depression were left anterior brain lesion, dysphasia, and living alone. Dependence in self-care ability and loss of social contacts outside the family were the most important predictors at 3 months. From 1 year onwards, loss of social contacts contributed most to depression and at 3 years also cerebral atrophy. Sixty percent of patients with early depression (0-3 months) had recovered at 1 year; those not recovered at 1 year had a high risk of chronicitation. Hypercortisolism as measured by the dexamethasone suppression test was associated with major depression late (3 years) but not early (0-3 months) after stroke. At 3 years, the dexamethasone suppression test had a sensitivity of 70%, a specificity of 97%, a positive predictive value of 88%, a negative predicitive value of 91%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 90%. Nonsuppression of dexamethasone at 3 months was a significant predictor of major depression at 3 years. / <p>Härtill 5 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Urinary Incontinence is a common health problem that can cause both severe medical and social problems, resulting in negative impact on different aspects of Quality of Life. In 2000, the Swedish Council on Health Technology Assessment (SBU) published a systematic review, “Treatment of Urinary Incontinence” where multiple knowledge gaps in the field of UI, all of considerable clinical importance, were pointed out.Several of these knowledge gaps have been the starting points for the projects in this thesis. The overall aim has been to study the impact of different interventions for urinary incontinence in women on the population level but also on the patient group level, for assessessing the significance of UI on general living conditions and to validate instruments to measure quality of life to be used as part of the evaluation of treatment effectiveness. Paper I: A population-based study where UI amongst women was found to be commonly associated with different psychosocial problems and an expressed feeling of vulnerability. Paper II: A population-based study where informative material on UI to the general public in order to increase knowledge and encourage self management was found promising for meeting increasing demands and optimizing healthcare resources. Paper III: A randomized controlled trial where both electrical stimulation and drug therapy reduced the number of micturitions and improved QoL in women with urge or urge incontinence, but electrical stimulation was not found to be superior to drug therapy. Paper IV: A prospective cohort study where the international questionnaires UDI-6 and IIQ-7 after translation and validation, showed good responsiveness and were easy to administer and to fill out. The UDI-6 scale did not accomplish the same solid result in the psychometrical analysis as the IIQ-7 scale but both scales showed good responsiveness and can thereby be recommended for clinical use.