Many entrepreneurs and companies use loans to cover their business needs. Usually it is difficult to choose the best offer. The possible solution is the utilization of methods of multiple-criteria decision-making, which make the decision process easier. The goal of this thesis is to describe these methods and use them practically to choose the best loan offer. It was found out that most of the companies do not use these methods. The results are usually significantly affected by the criterion which was the most preferred. For the most of the companies the offer made by MONETA Money Bank, a.s. was the most favourable.

本研究探討關係人交易、公司治理與銀行利率之關聯性。根據我國財務會計準則公報第六號規定所揭露之相關關係人交易項目，以多元迴歸模型來解釋銀行在進行授信決策時，如何解讀企業財務報表中之關係人交易，以測試利益衝突假說。同時，為探求關係人交易與公司治理之關聯，將考量公司治理因素加入授信決策後，以多元迴歸模型解釋銀行對原關係人交易解讀是否產生改變。樣本取自於上市櫃公司，實證結果顯示關係人交易與銀行授信利率有顯著關係，且利益衝突假說成立。進一步探討後發現，當迴歸模型加入公司治理變數後，實證結果顯示公司治理變數對銀行授信利率有著非常顯著之影響，而關係人交易對銀行授信利率變成不顯著。 / This study investigates the relationship between the related party transaction and loan interest rate before/after the consideration of corporate governance mechanism. We also explain the effect of related party transaction on interest rate based on the conflict of interest hypothesis. The sample consists of firms listed in Taiwan Stock Exchange and OTC firms. The result shows that the related party transaction has significant effect on loan interest rate. However, this effect disappears after considering the corporate governance.

The main purpose of this study is not only to prove the impact of loan interest rates on the poor in the case of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia but also to recommend improvements to address the negative effects of interest rates that could benefit both the borrowers and the lenders. Combinations of quantitative and qualitative analytical tools were used; the data were collected through administration of a questionnaire to a sample of 471 respondents from three regulated MCIs, one cooperative enterprise, and one unregulated NGO. Results were analysed by using SPSS software. A multi-dimensional approach with respect to demand for credit, return on loan, loan repayment, savings, indebtedness, multiple loans, graduation process, and wellbeing was used and results were triangulated to obtain a full picture. The study has concluded that the interest rate in general, primarily charged by DECSI, eroded the envisaged profits that poor borrowers expected to gain. This caused diversified negative impacts on the poor, those who were entrusted to MCIs. It thus brings into question the efficacy of the social responsibility of MCIs. From a simple analysis, it is found that there is a trade-off between servicing the poor with a low loan cost and securing MCIs operational self-sufficiency. Furthermore, the poor are not only sensitive to the loan interest rate but also to the saving interest rate. Therefore, not only access but also the cost of credit and savings matters to the poor. Moreover, the study identified a positive relationship between the financial capacity of MCIs and lending interest rates. Institutions with higher profitability tend to offer lower interest rates on micro loans but not when commercialization is an issue. The study grasped that socially oriented and responsible MCIs can reach the poorest without compromising financial performances, a “win-win proposition”. Finally, the study offers comprehensive recommendations on policy and practice that address potential changes to how MCIs redesign their loan and savings interest rate. The recommendations also address how MCIs develop graduation processes and self-revolving credit scheme frameworks that strengthen pro-poor microcredit modality. Additionally, the study provides a way forward in the design of future microcredit that could help MCIs deliver on their core social mandate. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil (Development Studies)

台灣利率自由化的演進過程，是採取循序漸進的方式，先由貨幣市場實施，再逐步推及到存放款市場。自1989年利率自由化及1991年政府開放新商業銀行設立以來，台灣銀行業的競爭就進入了白熱化的春秋戰國時代，金融版圖重新調整，產業的競爭有增無減。這期間經過兩次的金融改革，體質較弱的銀行紛紛走向讓售及被併購的命運，尤其是2008年發生金融海嘯，對銀行業的經營更是一大挑戰。觀察近年來銀行業的經營困境，存放款利差持續走低，多數銀行採取價格競爭策略，企業授信市場採用低利削價的手段，造成銀行業獲利率降低，危及銀行健全經營體質。所以本研究從文獻回顧探討影響放款利率定價決定因素，從樣本銀行實務授信政策及放款定價辦法探討影響放款利率定價決定因素，並利用樣本資料從實證模型的估計及檢驗來推估假設變數與企業貸款利率定價之間的具體關係及影響方向與程度，最後將實證結果提供予銀行管理當局擬定授信政策及建立完善放款利率定價模型之參考。 / From money market to deposit and loan markets, the development of interest rate liberalization in Taiwan has been in gradual progress. Since interest-rate liberalization in the year of 1989 and governmental approval on the establishment of new commercial banks in 1991, the competition among banks in Taiwan has become severe. Market shares among banks have thus changed. During the period, the financial market experienced two banking reforms. Banks with relatively weak financial nature have been forced to be sold or merged. Moreover, the financial turmoil in the year of 2008 made the business environment of banking industry even more challengeable. Running business in banking has been more difficult in recent years. Interest rate spread for banks has been narrowing. Most banks have adopted price competition strategies. Such price-cutting policy in commercial loan market has resulted in the deterioration of bank management in the industry. This research reviews study-papers focusing on the factors affecting commercial loan interest rate pricing, using bank A as a sample to review its actual operation of credit policy and loan pricing means. In addition, by adopting technique of empirical model measurement and statistical test on the sample data, the concrete correlation and extent of influence between hypothetical variables and pricing on commercial loan interest rate are also estimated. The aim of this paper is to provide empirical tested results to the banking authorities for their reference when designing fine credit policies and commercial loan pricing model.

Bakgrund: Revisionsplikten infördes i Sverige 1983 där ett av argumenten var att bidra till ökad insyn i företagen. År 2010 avskaffades denna revisionsplikt för småföretag. En övergripande anledning till att småföretagen valde att avstå en revisor, var den kostnadsbesparingen på 10 000 kr per år. Bolagsverket har kunnat konstatera att felaktiga bokslut från småföretagen har ökat markant sedan avskaffandet av revisionsplikten. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att förklara hur den slopade revisionsplikten påverkar småföretags låneränta, genom att undersöka kontantintensiva och mindre kontantintensiva branscher. Metod: En kvantitativ metod med ett hypotetiskt deduktivt arbetssätt, utförd genom en datastudie. Årsredovisningarna har hämtats från databasen Retriever Business. Vi har utfört analysen via en multipel regressionsanalys. Resultat: Revision har en positiv påverkan på räntan och är inte statistiskt signifikant för båda branscher. Slutsats: Vi kunde inte se någon påverkan av revision på räntan då den inte var signifikant. Det undersökningen resulterade i var att företagens storlek och dess andel materiella anläggningstillgångar var det som påverkade räntan i störst utsträckning. Vårt resultat blev även påverkat av det stora bortfallet och felaktigheter i datainhämtningen. / Background: The audit obligation was introduced in Sweden in 1983 where one of the arguments was to contribute to increased transparency in the companies. In 2010, this audit obligation for small businesses was abolished. A general reason for the small companies choosing to renounce an auditor was the cost savings of SEK 10,000 per year. Bolagsverket has been able to find that incorrect financial statements from small companies have increased significantly since the abolition of the audit obligation. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to explain how the delayed audit obligation affects small companies' loan interest rates, by examining cash-intensive and less cash-intensive industries. Method: A quantitative method with a hypothetical deductive method, performed by a computer study. The annual reports have been retrieved from the Retriever Business database. We performed the analysis via a multiple regression analysis. Result: Auditing has a positive impact on interest rates and is not statistically significant for both industries. Conclusion: We could not see any impact of the revision on the interest rate as it was not significant. The result of our research was that the size of the companies and their share of tangible fixed assets were the most affected by interest rates. Our results were also affected by the large drop-out and inaccuracies in data collection.