With its ease of reefing, subtle control, and unmatched ability to generate thrust effectively in both severe and minimal weather, the Chinese batten lug is perhaps one of the most sophisticated sails in history. However, its development remains unclear, as its relatively sudden appearance in the iconographic record as a mature technology, and its seeming lack of affinity to other Chinese sails, gives no indication of a regional evolution. An analysis of the batten lug suggests that it likely descended from some simpler sail. As it is separated from the most rudimentary square rig by several key features, the batten lug's development probably occurred in an incremental, or stepwise, fashion. But, no intermediate form representing such progression of the batten lug has yet been discovered in China, or even in the greater Pacific basin. An examination of iconographic evidence from India and the western reaches of the Roman Empire, however, suggests that sails bearing battens or possessing lug morphology existed in these regions prior to the emergence of the batten lug in China. The question therefore arises whether it is possible that these sails were ancestral to, or in some way influenced the development of, the more sophisticated Chinese sail. In an attempt to answer this question, this thesis considers the significance of diffusion as a mechanism for the dispersal of ideas, both today and in antiquity. It also presents a review of the numerous artifacts and textual accounts that suggest commercial and cultural exchange occurred between the Roman Empire, India and China during the Imperial and early Medieval periods. As a result of these evaluations, it seems possible, and even probable, that the technologies of these regions influenced each other. Considering this possibility, the likely evolution of the batten lug, and the distribution of potentially ancestral forms, this thesis concludes that the development of the batten lug in China may indeed have been influenced or inspired by the sails of India and the western Roman Empire.

Please read the abstract on p140-142 of this dissertation / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Jurisprudence / unrestricted

Behoven av att nyttja gamla ekonomibyggnader i sitt ursprungliga användningsområde har minskat. De gamla husen har dock kvalitéer som är värda att bevara vilket bör betänkas innan de plockas ner eller eldas upp. Denna rapport är en aktionsstudie av ladugårdsbyggnaden på Nygården, Vemdalens Kyrkby 4;5. Projektbyggnaden är en liggtimmerbyggnad från mitten av 1800-talet som för närvarande används som garage och förråd. Ägarna till gården har för avsikt att riva projektbyggnaden och istället uppföra en gäststuga på samma platts. I rapporten avhandlas möjligheten att istället med god byggnadsvård renovera liggtimmerstommen och anpassa ladugården till en modern bostad. I rapporten granskas vilka fördelar det kan innebära att bygga om ladugården istället för att riva den och bygga nytt. För att svara på frågor har olika undersökningsmetoder använts. En okulär besiktning av byggnaden ha genomförts där sakkunnig timmerman gav sin åsikt om stommens kondition och brister. Utifrån besiktning, intervju med ytterligare timmerman och med hjälp av litteraturstudier presenteras ett förslag om åtgärder inom ramen för god byggnadsvård. Diskussion förs angående ombyggnadens lönsamhet med avseende på ekonomi, ekologi och kvalité och jämförs med rivning och nybyggnad. Slutsatsen är att projektbyggnaden lämpar sig för ombyggnad då den är av god kvalité och kondition samt uppförd med en byggnadsteknik som är lämpad för förändring. Utförandet av förändringar och av åtgärder mot brister är relativt enkelt men tidskrävande. Kvalitativa, ekonomiska och ekologiska fördelar som värmetröghet, historia, materialbesparingar samt minskad mängd avfall står att finna. / The need to use old outbuildings in its original use has decreased. The old houses, however, has qualities that are worthy of protection which should be borne in mind before they are teared down. This report is an action study of the barn on Nygården, Vemdalens Kyrkby 4; 5th. The project building is a lug building from the mid-1800s, currently used as garage and storage. The owners of the estate intend to tear down the barn to make space for a new guest house. The report treats the possibility to maintain the barn and rebuild it into a modern residence, within the framework of building preservation. The report examines benefits with rebuilding the barn instead of tearing it down and new produce. Different research methods are used. A visual inspection of the building is done in cooperation with a lug carpenter who gives his opinion on structural conditions. Based on the inspection, an interview with another carpenter and literature studies a proposal on measures, within the framework of building preservation, is presented. Profitability in terms of economy, ecology and quality is discussed and compared with demolition and new production. The conclusion is that the project building is suitable for renovation due to good quality, good condition and it has a construction suitable for change. The measures of change are relatively simple but time consuming. Qualitative, economic and ecological benefits to be find is among other thermal inertia, material consuming savings and reduction of waste.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the indoor air quality (IAQ) of a semi-airtight (the building only utilises mechanical means to ventilate the occupied spaces however an airtight seal is not established as a result of infiltration due to building design) office building that is situated in central Johannesburg that exclusively uses a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system for ventilation. This implies a system that only utilises mechanical ventilation to heat, cool, humidify and clean the air for comfort, safety and health of employees. This includes the control of odour levels, and also the maintenance of carbon dioxide (CO2) below stipulated levels. Methods: The building is divided into two sections; west and east. Each section has its own ventilation supply. A randomisation process was used to ascertain which offices needed to be sampled, in which section as well as on which floor. For this study, five offices per section were measured. Thus, ten offices per floor were measured and measurements were taken on every second floor. All measurements were done in accordance with the specific requirements of the manufacturer of any specific instrument used and measurements were taken over an eight hour period (full work shift). Results were compared to the available standard, as well as compared to the ambient concentrations. Results: None of the monitored contaminants’ concentration were above the provided standards (ASHRAE or ACGIH). Where standards were unavailable, the HVAC system maintained an indoor contaminant concentration that is substantially lower when compared to the outdoor air concentrations. Conclusion: The buildings’ HVAC system maintains indoor air quality at a healthy level it is unlikely that any one of these contaminants may lead to SBS amongst the employees. / MSc (Occupational Hygiene), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The energy provider in South Africa, Eskom, faces an increasing electricity demand. The need to ensure sufficient supply gave rise to Demand Side Management (DSM) projects scheme. The DSM focus has shifted to the mining sector in South Africa. The large electricity use of the mining sector ensured the need for Energy Services Companies (ESCo’s). The ESCo is contracted to ensure energy savings of DSM projects implemented within the multiple sectors such as mining industry. The mining sector business model has the constant pressure to increase gold production. This pressure to expand has led to rapid expansion plans to increase the gold output for the relevant company. The expansion process and production increase in turn increases the electricity consumption. Compressed air use is a large contributing factor to the monthly electricity use as it is widely used within the mine sector. The implementation of a DSM project on the compressed air ring of an expanding gold mine was the focus of the study. This case study focused on an expanding gold mine within South Africa. The DSM lifecycle was followed to initially determine the DSM saving potential. The possible control strategies were investigated with simulation models and savings calculations. The viable option was to be implemented with a preliminary control philosophy. Results were in turn compared with the initial investigations and control philosophy. The deviations as experienced with implementation were addressed and a potential sustainable control philosophy for an expanding gold mine was constructed. The results indicated, verified Eskom peak clip electricity savings of 2.165 MW of the 2.4 MW target. The energy efficiency component for these performance assessment months was 1.944 MW of the targeted 1.5 MW. The sustainability of the system was proven with production increase on an expanding gold mine. / MIng (Computer and Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the indoor air quality (IAQ) of a semi-airtight (the building only utilises mechanical means to ventilate the occupied spaces however an airtight seal is not established as a result of infiltration due to building design) office building that is situated in central Johannesburg that exclusively uses a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system for ventilation. This implies a system that only utilises mechanical ventilation to heat, cool, humidify and clean the air for comfort, safety and health of employees. This includes the control of odour levels, and also the maintenance of carbon dioxide (CO2) below stipulated levels. Methods: The building is divided into two sections; west and east. Each section has its own ventilation supply. A randomisation process was used to ascertain which offices needed to be sampled, in which section as well as on which floor. For this study, five offices per section were measured. Thus, ten offices per floor were measured and measurements were taken on every second floor. All measurements were done in accordance with the specific requirements of the manufacturer of any specific instrument used and measurements were taken over an eight hour period (full work shift). Results were compared to the available standard, as well as compared to the ambient concentrations. Results: None of the monitored contaminants’ concentration were above the provided standards (ASHRAE or ACGIH). Where standards were unavailable, the HVAC system maintained an indoor contaminant concentration that is substantially lower when compared to the outdoor air concentrations. Conclusion: The buildings’ HVAC system maintains indoor air quality at a healthy level it is unlikely that any one of these contaminants may lead to SBS amongst the employees. / MSc (Occupational Hygiene), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The energy provider in South Africa, Eskom, faces an increasing electricity demand. The need to ensure sufficient supply gave rise to Demand Side Management (DSM) projects scheme. The DSM focus has shifted to the mining sector in South Africa. The large electricity use of the mining sector ensured the need for Energy Services Companies (ESCo’s). The ESCo is contracted to ensure energy savings of DSM projects implemented within the multiple sectors such as mining industry. The mining sector business model has the constant pressure to increase gold production. This pressure to expand has led to rapid expansion plans to increase the gold output for the relevant company. The expansion process and production increase in turn increases the electricity consumption. Compressed air use is a large contributing factor to the monthly electricity use as it is widely used within the mine sector. The implementation of a DSM project on the compressed air ring of an expanding gold mine was the focus of the study. This case study focused on an expanding gold mine within South Africa. The DSM lifecycle was followed to initially determine the DSM saving potential. The possible control strategies were investigated with simulation models and savings calculations. The viable option was to be implemented with a preliminary control philosophy. Results were in turn compared with the initial investigations and control philosophy. The deviations as experienced with implementation were addressed and a potential sustainable control philosophy for an expanding gold mine was constructed. The results indicated, verified Eskom peak clip electricity savings of 2.165 MW of the 2.4 MW target. The energy efficiency component for these performance assessment months was 1.944 MW of the targeted 1.5 MW. The sustainability of the system was proven with production increase on an expanding gold mine. / MIng (Computer and Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Master's thesis deals with the damage tolerance analysis of wing-to-fuselage joint of L 410 NG airplane. Thesis includes determination of the load distribution to the individual attachments of wing-to-fuselage joint, residual strength analysis and residual fatigue life analysis of the most loaded attachment lugs, calculation of fatigue crack growth curves in the attachment solids and inspection program proposal. This analysis was performed using FE model of the wing and central part of the fuselage and AFGROW software.

Dans la religion des Celtes pré-chrétiens, le dieu Lugus est une des figures les plus complexes à appréhender, de part le nombre de ses fonctions et de ses incarnations. Cette étude réunit et traite l'ensemble des éléments connus sur cette divinité, à partir des littératures médiévales irlandaises et galloises, ainsi que des faits archéologiques et épigraphiques relatifs aux Celtes de l'Antiquité. L'analyse de la naissance du dieu, de sa mort, de ses liens avec les arts, la guerre et la royauté, permet de se rendre compte de l'importance de Lugus dans le processus cosmogonique, aussi bien au niveau de l'aménagement de l'espace que de la société humaine.

An der TU Dresden wurde eine Forschungsarbeit zur experimentell-theoretischen Analyse des Tragverhaltens von Verankerungen durchgeführt, die hauptsächlich zur oberflächenparallelen Einleitung großer Schubkräfte in einen Betongrund ausgelegt sind. Diese Verankerungen ermöglichen die Übertragung einer großen Querkraftbe¬anspruchung mit geringer Exzentrizität zur Oberfläche, die mit einer Normalbean¬spruchung in Zug- oder Druckrichtung kombiniert werden kann. Die wesentlichen Grundelemente sind zumindest ein Schubdübel, ein Zuganker und eine Grundplatte, mehrere Schubdübel oder Anker können vorhanden sein. Der quaderförmige Schub¬dübel überträgt die Kraft in den Beton. Die angreifenden Lastmomente und das Moment aus der exzentrischen Einleitung der Schublast werden in ein vor und hinter dem Dübel wirkendes Kräftepaar zerlegt. Die Zugkomponente wird dem Zuganker in Form eines Kopfbolzendübels zugewiesen. Die Grundplatte verbindet die lastseitige Befestigungskonstruktion mit den lastübertragenden Bauteilen Schubdübel und Zug¬anker. Gleichzeitig kann die Grundplatte in den Beton eingelassen sein und überträgt dann ebenfalls Schublasten. Die Lastabtragung und das Verhalten der Einbauteile im Versuch wurden analysiert. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist hierbei die Last-Verschiebungslinie, die die Lastüber¬tragung charakterisiert. Ziel war es, ein Bemessungskonzept zur Dimensionierung der Schubdübel zu erarbeiten. Um die im Versuch erkennbare maßgebende Beein¬flussung der Lastübertragungskapazität durch den sich einstellenden Verformungs¬zustand eingehender untersuchen zu können, wurde der Versuch mit finiten Elemen¬ten abgebildet. So war es möglich, in einem ersten Schritt Lastübertragungskapazitä¬ten für unverformte Systeme zu ermitteln, die praktisch im Versuch nicht oder nur extrem aufwändig realisiert werden könnten. In einem zweiten Schritt kann dann der Einfluss der Verformung berücksichtigt werden. Hierbei können die Parameter ge¬nauer und vielschichtiger variiert werden als dies bei den relativ aufwändigen Versu¬chen rein quantitativ möglich war. Das in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Berechnungsver¬fahren liefert neben der maximal aufnehmbaren Schubbeanspruchung geometrisch beliebiger Einbauteile auch die Beanspruchbarkeit einzelner Baugruppen und erlaubt es zu beurteilen, inwieweit die einzelnen Lastübertragungsmechanismen additiv oder alternativ wirksam sind. Das Verfahren gibt Auskunft über das zu erwartende lastabhängige Verhalten der Einbauteile inklusive der Vorhersage von Teilversagens¬zuständen. Das Potential der Befestigungssysteme zur Übertragung großer Schublasten ist durch die Aufsplittung der Lastkomponenten und Übertragung durch spezialisierte Bauteile begründet. Diese können in ihrer Beschaffenheit den Erfordernissen optimal angepasst werden. Einsatzgebiete für diese Befestigungen sind alle konzentrierten Lasteinleitungen oder Montagestöße zwischen Betonbauteilen oder Stahl-Holz-Kon¬struktionen auf der einen und Betonelementen auf der anderen Seite. Neben der Auflagerung von Trägern oder Fassadenelementen ist vor allem auch an die Ertüchti¬gung und Verstärkung bestehender Betonbauteile durch zusätzliche Stahlkonstrukti¬onen zu denken. / An experimental and theoretical analysis of the behaviour of complex shear loaded fastenings was carried out at Dresden University of Technology. The main focus was on applications which introduce a great amount of shear load value parallel to the surface into a concrete base using a stell shear lug. The behaviour of these special fixings is presented as the result of the finished research program. Structures, as shown in the opposite figure, are able to transmit high values of shear loads to the anchor ground. An additional loading of normal force und bending moment is suitable, but will only be supposed to cover the necessary tolerance and off centre condition of the fixture parts. The advantage of fastening with shear lugs is based on the splitting of the load transfer into different components. The shear lug/lugs caries/carry the shear load, and the tie bar itself only balances the system by tension load due to moment loading and normal loading. Thusall loads are transferred by highly specialized components. If the base plate is embedded, there will be a shear load transferred in front of the base plate, too. The load carrying behaviour of the fastenings in the experiments is analyzed. Here, the load-displacement relationship is of special importance . This thesis aims at elaborating a dimensioning concept for the design of shear lugs. The tests show a decisive influence of the movements – displacements as well as rotations – of the fastenings to the load carrying capacity. In order to to be able to examine this behaviour, the experiment is redesigned by finite elements. In a first step it is therefore possible to examine fastenings without movements based on the anchor bolt stiffness. In a second step, the influence of the deformation can be explored. Here, the parameters can be varied more exactly and in a more complex way than this is possible in terms of quantity with the comparetively extensive test setup. The calculation method being introduced here does not only supply the maximum shear load transfer capacity of the hole fastening system, a system with free geometries, but also shows the partial shear load transfer capacity of the individual parts of the unit. This method is a means of predicting the load-related behaviour of the fastenings to be expected, including the forecast of partial failure states. As a result, a suggestion for the design of the fittings is shown. This design can be applied to all fittings by splitting the different load components to especially provided anchor elements. The design resistance and behaviour of the fastenings is estimated, depending on different geometries and stiffness conditions of the lug. Different strength classes of the concrete as well as different load combinations are taken into consideration. First examples from building sites are also available.