Treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and development of new therapies have been challenging due to the disease complexity and slow progression, and the limited sensitivity of available clinical outcomes. Modeling and simulation has become an increasingly important component in drug development and in post-marketing optimization of use of medication. This thesis focuses on development of pharmacometric models for characterization and quantification of the relationships between drug exposure, biomarkers and clinical endpoints in relapse-remitting MS (RRMS) following cladribine treatment. A population pharmacokinetic model of cladribine and its main metabolite, 2-chloroadenine, was developed using plasma and urine data. The renal clearance of cladribine was close to half of total elimination, and was found to be a linear function of creatinine clearance (CRCL). Exposure-response models could quantify a clear effect of cladribine tablets on absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), burden of disease (BoD), expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and relapse rate (RR) endpoints. Moreover, they gave insight into disease progression of RRMS. This thesis further demonstrates how integrated modeling framework allows an understanding of the interplay between ALC and clinical efficacy endpoints. ALC was found to be a promising predictor of RR. Moreover, ALC and BoD were identified as predictors of EDSS time-course. This enables the understanding of the behavior of the key outcomes necessary for the successful development of long-awaited MS therapies, as well as how these outcomes correlate with each other. The item response theory (IRT) methodology, an alternative approach for analysing composite scores, enabled to quantify the information content of the individual EDSS components, which could help improve this scale. In addition, IRT also proved capable of increasing the detection power of potential drug effects in clinical trials, which may enhance drug development efficiency. The developed nonlinear mixed-effects models offer a platform for the quantitative understanding of the biomarker(s)/clinical endpoint relationship, disease progression and therapeutic response in RRMS by integrating a significant amount of knowledge and data.

O sistema imune dos mamíferos forma uma complexa rede de populações celulares especializadas e vias de sinalização extremamente reguladas. Linfócitos T naïve podem diferenciar-se após encontro com o antígeno em pelo menos duas sub-populações distintas, Th1 ou Th2, sendo que o papel do circuito p38MAPK/MSK1 durante este período inicial de ativação não é completamente entendido. Linfócitos T CD4+ naïve humanos foram estimulados in vitro em condições não-polarizantes (Tnp), Th1 ou Th2, na presença de inibidor específico da p38MAPK. As células ativadas e mantidas em condições diferenciadoras Th1 ou Th2 na presença do inibidor SB203580, apresentaram menor produção de IFN-<font face=\"symbol\">g e maior produção de IL-4. Através do bloqueio do RNAm da MSK1 por siRNA, observamos o mesmo efeito resultante da inibição da p38MAPK, fato que foi confirmado em experimentos com linfócitos T de camundongos MSK1-deficientes. A alteração da produção das citocinas características de cada população parece ser decorrente da alteração da expressão da IL12R<font face=\"symbol\">b2 e IL4R-<font face=\"symbol\">a dos receptores de citocinas da IL-12 e IL-4, respectivamente. Desta forma, os nossos dados sugerem que o circuito p38MAPK/MSK1 participa do processo de ativação dos linfócitos T mantidos em condições diferenciadoras Th1/2. / The mammalian immune system form a complex network of highly regulated signaling pathways and populations of specialized cells. After meeting with the antigen naïve T cells differentiate into at least two distinct sub-populations, Th1 or Th2, and the role of the circuit p38MAPK/MSK1 during this initial period of activation is not completely understood. Human CD4+ T lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro under non-polarized, Th1 or Th2 conditions, in the presence of a specific p38MAPK inhibitor. The cells activated and differentiated under Th1 or Th2 condition in the presence of inhibitor SB203580, had decreased production of IFN-<font face=\"symbol\">g and increased IL-4. By silencing MSK1 through siRNA, we observed the same effect due to inhibition of p38MAPK, an observation that was confirmed in experiments with T lymphocytes from mice deficient of MSK1. The change in the production of cytokines appears to be a result of altered expression of IL12R-<font face=\"symbol\">b2 and IL4R<font face=\"symbol\">a receptors of the cytokines IL-12 and IL-4, respectively. Taken together, our data suggest that the circuit p38MAPK/MSK1 plays a key role in the activation of human T cells maintained under Th1/2 differentiation conditions.

A doação de plaquetas por aférese é um procedimento automatizado que permite a obtenção deste hemocomponente em grande quantidade e com ato grau de pureza; deste processo obtém-se um subproduto chamado Câmara de Leucorredução (CLR) que é descartado ao final da doação. São permitidas até 24 doações/ano; porém as possíveis consequências de doações frequentes para esses doadores são pouco investigadas. Assim, foram identificados e quantificados os leucócitos de doadores de plaquetas frequentes e de 1ª vez. Também foi avaliada a viabilidade do uso das células mononucleares da CLR para pesquisas. Observou-se mais células na CLR que no sangue e que a frequência das populações é similar. O estado de ativação e a capacidade funcional (proliferação e produção de citocinas) foram similares entre CLR e sangue, assim como a taxa de apoptose espontânea. Entre doadores frequentes e de primeira vez não houve diferença no número de leucócitos, sugerindo que doações recorrentes não alteraram as populações leucocitárias. / Plateletpheresis is an automatized procedure to obtain high purity platelet for transfusions. From this procedure its possible to obtain a byproduct: The Leukoreduction system chamber (LRSC), which is discarded at the end of donation process. This type of donation allows 24 donation/year, but the consequences of frequent donations are poorly investigated. Therefore, we identified and quantified leukocytes of frequent and first time platelet donor. Also, was evaluated the viability, for research, of mononuclear cells recovery from LRSC. The total number of mononuclear cells was higher in LRSC than in peripheral blood samples, but the frequencies were similar in all the samples. Activation state and functional capacity (measured by cell proliferation and cytokine production) were similar in both, blood and LRSC mononuclear cells, as well as spontaneous apoptosis. Among frequent (6 or more donations in 1 year) and first time donor, there was no difference in the leukocyte total number, suggesting that frequent donation do not modify these cells.

Neuere Untersuchungen legen eine kardioprotektive Rolle für den Angiotensin AT2-Rezeptor nahe, welcher die Postinfarkt-Entzündungsreaktion vermindert, wobei der zelluläre Mechanismus noch wenig verstanden ist. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es deshalb, die potentielle Rolle des AT2-Rezeptors in der zellulären Immunantwort auf ischemische Herzverletzungen zu ergründen. Sieben Tage nach myokardialem Infarkt in Ratten wurde der AT2-Rezeptor mittels Immunfluoreszenzfärbung von Gewebeschnitten in einer CD8 T-Zellfraktion detektiert, die das Peri-Infarkt-Myokard infiltiert hatte. Wir haben eine Methode entwickelt, die es mittels kombinierter MACS und FACS Technilogie ermöglicht, CD8+AT2R+ T-Zellen aus dem Myokard zu isolieren und zu analysieren. Im Gegensatz zu den CD8+AT2R- T-Zellen, die in Kultur sowohl auf adulte als auch auf fötale Kardiomyozyten stark zytotoxisch wirkten, zeigten die CD8+AT2R+ T-Zellen keinerlei Zytotoxizität. Die CD8+AT2R+ T-Zellen zeigten eine erhöhte Expression von IL-10 und eine geringere mRNA Expression von IL-2 und IFN-gamma im Vergleich zu CD8+AT2R-T-Zellen. Weiterhin konnten wir zeigen, dass in vitro Stimulation des AT2-Rezeptors zur Hochregulation der IL-10-Expression von CD8+ T-Zellen führt. Entsprechend führt die in vivo Aktivierung des AT2-Rezeptors zur Vergrößerung der CD8+AT2R+ T-Zellpopulation und erhöhter IL-10-Produktion im ischemischen Myokard. Diese CD8+AT2R+ T-Zellen konnten auch in humanem periphärem Blut detektiert werden. Wir haben eine CD8+AT2+T-Zellpopulation definiert, welche sich während ischemischer Herzverletzung vergrößert und das Kardiomyocytenüberleben mittels kardioprotektivem IL-10 aufrechterhält. Somit konnten wir einen neuartigen AT2-Rezeptorvermittelten zellulären Mechanismus aufdecken, welcher die adaptive Immunantwort im Herzen moduliert. / One important aspect of cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction is the activation of an immune response, which removes death cardiomyocytes and initiates scar formation. On the other hand, activation and infiltration of immunocompetent cells are responsible for augmenting damage in non-infarcted areas. Emerging evidence suggests a cardioprotective role of the angiotensin AT2R by attenuating this post-infarct inflammatory reaction, albeit the underlying cellular mechanisms are not well understood. We aimed here at elucidating a potential role of the cardiac angiotensin AT2R in regulating the cellular immune response to ischemic heart injury. Seven days after myocardial infarction in rats, immunofluorescence staining of tissue sections showed that AT2R was detected in a fraction of CD8+ T cells infiltrating the peri-infarct myocardium. We developed a method that allowed the isolation and characterization of CD8+AT2R+ T cells infiltrating the myocardium via combined MACS and FACS technology. While the CD8+AT2R- T cells exhibited potent cytotoxicity to both adult and fetal cardiomyocytes in vitro, the CD8+AT2R+ T cells were non-cytotoxic to these cardiomyocytes. The CD8+AT2R+ T cells were characterized by upregulated IL-10 and downregulated IL-2 and INF-gamma gene expression when compared to CD8+AT2R- T cells. We further showed that IL-10 gene expression was enhanced in CD8+ T cells upon in vitro AT2R stimulation. In addition, in vivo AT2R activation leads to an increment of the CD8+AT2R+ T cells and IL-10 production in the ischemic myocardium. Moreover, the CD8+AT2R+ T cell population was also detected in human peripheral blood. We have defined a CD8+ T cell population that expresses AT2R and increases during ischemic heart injury. This population sustains cardiomyocyte viability by providing cardioprotective IL-1 via a novel AT2R-mediated cellular mechanism for modulating adaptive immune response in the heart.

L’allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) est un traitement standard pour hémopathies bénigne ou malignes et immunodéficience primaire. Cependant, sauf le GvHD et la rechute de la maladie, l’infection microbiologique notamment l’infection virale est la complication fréquente des allogreffes qui est souvent responsable de la morbidité et la mortalité. Ces infections surviennent souvent en l’absence de reconstitution immunitaire. Les traitements médicamenteux anti-viraux qui ne sont pas toujours efficace et avec une toxicité non inégligeable. Donc le traitement prometteux est l’immunothérapie cellulaire notamment celui-ci avec l’injection de lymphocytes T spécifiques anti-viraux (VSTs). A UTCT, la production de VSTs-ADV a été mis au point depuis 2010 et une protocole clinique avec VSTs-ADV est en cours. Donc mon travail est s’inscrit dans ce thème pour produire les VSTs-EBV afin de proposer une protocole clinique. Comme les lymphocytes T ont plusieurs sous-populations, chaque sous-population présente des caractères différentes et leur efficacité en immunothérapie est limité par leur caractère. Notamment avec la découverte de Lymphocytes T mémoire à cellules souches (TSCM) qui joue un rôle très important en immunothérapie anti-cancéreux ou anti-viraux, nous nous intéréssons à étudier la compostion de sous-populations de VSTs. A la fin, c’est toujours avantageux de produire le VSTs contre deux ou plusieurs virus simutanément avec une économie financielle et personnelle. Nous voulons produire le VSTs bispécifique. Dans ce travail, premièrement, nous montrons le résulat de la mise au point de la production de VSTs-EBV de grade clinique qui est confromé à la réglémentation européenne. 6 productions ont été réalisées avec un antigène synthétique préablement défini qui est compatible avec utilisation clinique. In vitro, ces VSTs-EBV montre une spécificité, efficacité et non toxicité. Deuxième, nous illustrons nos résulats sur l’étude déscriptive de sous-populations de VSTs-ADV et CMV. D’abord nous montrons la distribution de sous-populations de VSTs chez les donneurs saints (avant la séléction), puis nous analysons la distribution après séléction immunomagnétique et aussi après expansion in vitro avec cytokine IL-2. A la fin, nous montrons nos résultats préliminaires sur les 3 productions de VSTs bispécifique anti-ADV et anti-EBV. Et nous les comprarer avec les VSTs monospécifique au niveau de qualité de production et spécificité, efficacité et toxicité in vitro / Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the standard treatment for malignant or non-malignant hematological disorders or primary immunodeficiencies. However, microbiological infections especially viral infections are the major cause for morbidity and mortality for the patients after HSCT except the GvHD and disease relapse. It comes often in the period of absence of cellular immunity when the antiviral treatment is not always efficiency with an important toxicity. So the alternative treatment is adoptive cellular immunotherapy by infusion of virus specific T cells (VSTs) which has been shown efficacy in virus infections control after HSCT. In UTCT, they have produced the VSTs-ADV with a good procedure conforming to the European laws for clinical use and a clinic trial is in processing. So my work was to produce the VSTs-EBV with the same model aiming to promote a clinic trial in future. Furthermore, there are several subsets of T lymphocytes. Each subset has their own unique feature which decides their efficacy in viral infection control. Especially the discovery of stem cell like memory T cells (TSCM) with an important self-renewed ability which is critical in successful immunotherapy in viral infection or tumor control inspire us to study the distribution of subsets for VSTs. Finally, it’s advantageous to produce the VSTs targeted two or more virus in the same time with one production which is more economical. So we are interested in producing the VSTs bi-specific to ADV and EBV. Here, we present firstly our results of six production of VSTs-EBV with a synthesized antigen which is compatible with clinic use and is defined in advance. Also the specificity, efficiency in eliminating the virus and the non toxicity with a weak alloreactivity are confirmed in vitro after a short-term cell culture with IL-2. Then we showed the results obtained with the T cell subset study in producing the VSTs-ADV for clinical trial and VSTs-CMV for validation of clinical grade medium TEXMACS for cell culture in producing the VSTs. We describe the distribution of T cell subsets in healthy donors (Before selection), also after selection and after expansion in vitro with IL-2. Finally, we present the preliminary results of producing the VSTs bi-specific with three donors, in total 3 VSTs-ADV, 3 VSTs-EBV and 3VSTs-ADV/EBV are generated. The comparison between the bi-specific VSTs and mono-specific VSTs in aspect of specificity, efficiency to eliminate the viral infection and toxicity of presenting the alloreactivity in vitro showed advantage to produce the bi-specific VSTs with one selection in keeping the same specific, efficiency and weak toxicity as mono-specific VSTs

L’allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) est un des seuls traitements curatifs des hémopathies bénignes ou malignes et des déficits immunitaires primitifs. Cependant, les infections notamment virales ainsi que la réaction du greffon contre l’hôte comptent parmi les complications les plus fréquentes des allogreffes associées à une morbidité et une mortalité élevées. Les infections virales surviennent souvent en l’absence de reconstitution immunitaire spécifique dans un contexte d’immunosuppression liée à la GVHD elle-même ou à la prophylaxie ou au traitement de la GVHD. Les traitements médicamenteux anti-viraux préconisés présentent une efficacité inconstante dans ce contexte d’immunodéficience et ne sont pas dénués de toxicité. L’alternative thérapeutique prometteuse est l’immunothérapie adoptive cellulaire notamment celle qui consiste en l’injection de lymphocytes T spécifiques anti-viraux isolés par technique immunomagnétique (VSTs). Cependant, ces lymphocytes T peuvent être la cible des traitements immunosuppresseurs administrés pour la GVHD mais également par eux-mêmes être potentiellement la cause de la survenue ou de la réactivation d’une GVHD. Nous avons montré dans ce travail que l’efficacité des VSTs, qui repose sur leur expansion in vivo lors de la rencontre avec le virus circulant, est principalement permise par les sous-populations lymphocytaires les plus immatures, même si elles ne sont présentes qu’en faible proportion. Nous défendons dans ce travail le fait que l’efficacité des VST ainsi que leur persistance repose prioritairement sur la présence des sous-populations lymphocytaires T les plus immatures et ce quel que soit le degré de compatibilité HLA entre les VSTs et le receveur. De plus, leur sensibilité modérée aux corticoïdes, que nous avons étudiée in vitro, ne justifie pas la modulation de l’immunosuppression lors de l’injection des ADV-VSTs, comme observé in vivo dans le protocole clinique multicentrique de phase I/II que nous avons mené entre 2012 et 2015. En effet, ce protocole clinique ne rapporte aucune GVHD de novo après injection d’ADV-VSTs ; en revanche, la modulation de l’immunosuppression peut potentiellement être incriminée dans la réactivation de GVHD dans les semaines suivant l’injection des ADV-VSTs. La réalisation d’un essai comparatif de phase II permettra de prouver très clairement le rôle des VSTs dans la réactivation de GVHD. / Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is one of the only curative treatments for benign or malignant hematological diseases and primary immune deficiencies. However, viral infections and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are among the most frequent complications after HSCT associated with high morbidity and mortality. Viral infections often occur in the absence of specific immune reconstitution in the context of immunosuppression related to GVHD itself or to the prophylaxis or treatment of GVHD. The recommended anti-viral drug treatments have an inconsistent efficacy in this context of immunodeficiency and are not devoid of toxicity. The promising therapeutic alternative is adoptive immunotherapy, in particular the infusion of specific anti-viral T lymphocytes isolated by immunomagnetic technique (VSTs). However, these T lymphocytes may be targeted by immunosuppressive treatments administered for GVHD, but also may be the cause of the onset or reactivation of GVHD. We have shown in this work that the efficacy of VSTs, which is based on their in vivo expansion when they encounter the circulating virus, is mainly allowed by the most immature lymphocyte subpopulations, even in a small proportion. We argue in this work that the efficacy of VSTs and their persistence is mainly based on the presence of the most immature T lymphocyte subpopulations and this regardless of the degree of HLA compatibility between the VSTs and the recipient. Moreover, their moderate sensitivity to corticosteroids, which we have studied in vitro, does not justify the modulation of immunosuppression at the time of infusion of ADV-VSTs, as observed in vivo in the multicenter phase I / II clinical trial we conducted between 2012 and 2015. Indeed, this clinical trial does not report any de novo GVHD after ADV-VSTs infusion. On the other hand, modulation of immunosuppression may potentially be incriminated in the reactivation of GVHD within weeks of ADV-VST infusion. A Phase II comparative trial will bring the evidence of efficacy and will clearly determine the role of VSTs in the reactivation of GVHD

Mosquitos são os mais importantes vetores de patógenos humanos, transmitindo um amplo espectro de doenças infecciosas emergentes e reemergentes. Nesse cenário, o mosquito Aedes aegypti está entre as espécies mais relevantes. No presente estudo investigamos as atividades do extrato de glândula salivar (EGS) desse mosquito vetor na biologia das células dendríticas e dos linfócitos T. Nossos dados revelam que o EGS não interfere na diferenciação, maturação e função de células dendríticas murinas. Entretanto, componentes salivares desse mosquito possuem um efeito direto sobre linfócitos. O mecanismo de ação do EGS envolveu a apoptose de células T naïve, enquanto células de memória foram mais resistentes a essa atividade. Uma molécula com peso molecular acima de 400 kDa é provavelmente a responsável por esse efeito. Em conjunto, os resultados gerados por esse trabalho contribuem com a elucidação dos efeitos biológicos da saliva de Ae. aegypti na imunidade de seus hospedeiros e, conseqüentemente, seu papel na transmissão de doenças. / Mosquitoes are the most important vectors of human pathogens, transmitting a wide range of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. In this scenario, Aedes aegypti is a relevant mosquito species. In the present study, we have investigated the activities of the salivary gland extract (SGE) of this mosquito vector on the dendritic cell and T lymphocyte biology. Our data reveals that the SGE does not interfere on the differentiation, maturation and function of murine dendritic cells. However, salivary components of these mosquitoes have a direct effect on lymphocytes. The mechanism of action of SGE involved apoptosis of naïve T cells, while memory cells were more resistant to this activity. A molecule with molecular weight above 400 kDa is likely responsible for this effect. .Taken together, the results generated by this work contribute to the understanding of the biological effects of Ae. aegypti saliva on the host and, consequently, its role on the transmission of diseases.

A pandemia Hiv/ Aids já resultou em mais de 34 milhões de pessoas infectadas pelo vírus no mundo até o momento. Causada pelo HIV, de caráter crônico que evolui para um quadro clínico de imunodeficiência (Aids), pode tornar o indivíduo susceptível a infecções oportunistas potencialmente letais. Diferentes fatores foram identificados por ativar o sistema imune, incluindo genótipos do hospedeiro (HLAB-27, HLA-B57, CCR5delta32), co-infecções (GBV-C) e alguns fatores virais como a capacidade de replicação (fitness) e tropismo celular. O HIV-1 possui diversidade genética extensa e dinâmica. Considerando a variabilidade genética dentro do cenário da epidemia no Brasil, as clades do HIV-1 predominantes são B, F e C, além de formas recombinantes. Contudo, ainda não foi completamente estabelecido se essa diversidade genética possa influenciar o curso clínico da doença. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil de ativação celular induzido encontrado em indivíduos infectados por subtipos virais C e Não- C do HIV-1, durante o primeiro ano de infecção (analisando as fases recente e estabelecida). A análise comparativa dos dois grupos (subtipos C vs. Não-C), identificou no grupo do subtipo-C uma maior frequência de células T CD4+ totais ativadas, como também uma maior frequência e ativação nas subpopulações de células T CD4+ de memória, principalmente memória efetora e efetora terminal, na fase estabelecida. Em relação às células T CD8+, deparamos na fase estabelecida com uma maior frequência de células T CD8+ de memória efetora e ativação das mesmas no grupo do subtipo-C em relação ao grupo do subtipo Não-C. Investigamos também a presença de células T CD4+ que se diferenciaram em células T reguladoras, e foi encontrada uma frequência diminuída dessas células no grupo do subtipo C em relação ao Não- C tanto na fase recente como na fase estabelecida. Na análise comparativa das fases recente e estabelecida, o grupo do subtipo Não-C apresentou um declínio tanto na quantidade de células T CD4+ como na frequência de células T CD8+ ativadas após um ano de infecção. Com base nos resultados encontrados, os dois grupos apresentaram perfis de ativação e diferenciação celular diferentes no primeiro ano de infecção pelo HIV-1, o que aponta para diferentes histórias naturais quando comparamos infecção por clades virais distintas / The Hiv/ Aids pandemic has affected more than 34 million people worldwide, reaching men, women and children. Caused by the HIV virus, a chronic infection that develops into a clinical picture of immunodeficiency (Aids), it can make the individual susceptible to opportunistic infections and result in death. Different factors were identified by activating the immune system, including host genotypes (HLAB-27, HLA-B57, CCR5delta32), co-infections (GBV-C) and some viral factors such as fitness and cellular tropism. The HIV-1 presents an extensive and dynamic genetic diversity, favoring the production of variants with molecular differences. Considering the genetic variability within the scenario of the epidemic in Brazil, the predominant subtypes of HIV-1 are B, F and C. However, it has not yet been completely established if this genetic diversity can impact the clinical course of the disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the induced cellular activation profile found in HIV-1 C and non-C viral subtypes groups in the first year of infection (analyzing the recent and established phases). The comparative analysis of the two groups (subtypes C vs. Non-C) identified a higher frequency of activated CD4+ T cells in the C-subtype group, as well as a higher frequency and activation in CD4+ T-cell subsets of memory, mainly effector memory and terminal effector on the established phase. About CD8+ T cells, we found in the established phase a higher frequency and activation in the effector memory subset in the C- subtype group compared to the non- C subtype group. We also investigated the presence of CD4+ T cells differentiated into regulators T cells, and a decreased frequency of these cells was found in the subtype C group over non- C in both the recent and established phases. In the recent and established phase comparative analysis evidenced that the non-C subtype group presented a decline in both the number of CD4+ T cells and the CD8+ T-cell activated frequency after 1 year of infection, however, it presented a positive correlation between the viral load and frequency of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in both phases. Based on the results found, the two groups presented different activation and differentiation profiles in the first year of HIV-1 infection, which points to different natural histories when comparing infection with different viral clades

Les cellules dendritiques décrites depuis les années 60 ont instantanément capté l’intérêt des scientifiques qui ont pu mettre en évidence leur rôle indispensable dans l’initiation des réponses immunitaires adaptatives et leur ont attribué le surnom « d’adjuvant naturel ». De manière surprenante, les cellules dendritiques conventionnelles sont aussi indispensables dans le maintien de la tolérance et peuvent présenter naturellement ou acquérir une fonction suppressive. Parmi les mécanismes capables de contrôler les réponses de type Th1, l’enzyme indoléamine 2,3-dioxygénase (IDO) a particulièrement attiré notre attention. Cette enzyme initiant la première étape de dégradation du tryptophane et sa transformation en catabolites toxiques nommés kynurénines semble jouer un rôle primordial dans la tolérance envers les fœtus allogéniques et dans l’échappement des tumeurs à la réponse immunitaire. <p><p>Nous avons donc évalué le rôle de l’IDO exprimé par les cellules dendritiques conventionnelles dans la régulation de la réponse adaptative. L’ensemble des résultats in vitro révèle que l’expression d’IDO par les cellules dendritiques conventionnelles au cours de leur maturation n’influence celle-ci ni au niveau de l’expression des molécules MHCII et CD86 ni au niveau de leur capacité à induire la différenciation des lymphocytes Th1. De plus, dans des modèles d’immunisation in vivo par transfert de cellules dendritiques conventionnelles, l’expression d’IDO par ces dernières ne semble pas leur permettre de contrôler les réponses T CD4+ ou T CD8+. Cependant, nous avons constaté qu’en absence de lymphocytes T régulateurs naturels l’expression d’IDO par les cellules de l’hôte constitue un mécanisme important limitant la réponse Th1. <p><p>En cas d’inflammation ou d’infection, de profonds changements affectent le compartiment des cellules dendritiques où émerge une nouvelle sous-population qui se différencie à partir des monocytes inflammatoires du sang et qui portent le nom de cellules dendritiques inflammatoires. Alors que les cellules dendritiques conventionnelles forment une population hétérogène où chaque sous-population semble se spécialiser dans la différenciation d’un type particulier de lymphocyte T auxiliaire ou « helper », la littérature met en évidence une incroyable plasticité phénotypique des cellules dendritiques inflammatoires qui les rend capables de s’adapter au type d’infection auquel l’hôte est confronté en intervenant directement au niveau de la réponse innée mais aussi en participant à l’initiation et la régulation de la réponse T la plus adaptée. <p><p>Le modèle d’immunisation in vivo par transfert de cellules dendritiques inflammatoires présentant l’antigène OVA nous a permis de démontrer la capacité de ces cellules à promouvoir spécifiquement la différenciation de lymphocytes de type Th17. Dans le cadre d’une immunisation classique par un adjuvant, le défaut dans le recrutement des cellules dendritiques inflammatoires dans les souris CCR2-/- nous a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle indispensable des cellules dendritiques inflammatoires pour l’induction des réponses Th1 et Th17. Finalement, envisageant la possibilité d’une collaboration entre DCs conventionnelles et inflammatoires pour l’induction des réponses de type Th17, nous avons constaté que le transfert de cellules dendritiques conventionnelles présentant l’antigène KLH provoque in vivo le recrutement de cellules dendritiques inflammatoires au sein des ganglions drainant le site d’injection et que ces cellules dendritiques inflammatoires semblent nécessaires pour la différenciation des lymphocytes de type Th17.<p><p>La collaboration entre cellules dendritiques via le transfert d’informations pourrait être un évènement fréquent permettant de réguler la réponse immunitaire adaptative à trois niveaux principaux :au niveau quantitatif, en augmentant le nombre de cellules dendritiques présentant l’antigène, au niveau de la durée, en transmettant l’information aux cellules dendritiques inflammatoires colonisant les tissus desquels les cellules dendritiques conventionnelles disparaissent après activation/maturation et au niveau qualitatif, en combinant les propriétés intrinsèques des différentes sous-populations de cellules dendritiques afin de réguler la différenciation des lymphocytes T helper.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le syndrome de Sjögren primitif (SSp) est une maladie auto-immune (MAI) systémique ayant des caractéristiques communes avec le lupus érythémateux. Ces caractéristiques incluent des mécanismes physiopathologiques et des facteurs de predispositions génétiques. Notre équipe et d’autres groupes ont pu mettre en evidence une signature interféron (IFN) dans les glandes salivaires et les PBMCs de patients ayant un SSp. Cette découverte a permis de mettre en évidence de nouvelles voies à explorer dans la pathogénie du SLE et SSp en permettant la focalisation des recherches sur le rôle de l’immunité innée et de la voie IFN.Nous avons confirmé le rôle de 2 gènes importants dans le SSp, impliqués dans les voies des IFN. Le premier est IRF5 sur la voie IFN de type I et STAT4 sur la voie IFN de type II. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence une fonctionnalité de l’allèle à risque d’IRF5 (Polymorphisme Indel situé dans le promoteur). Concernant STAT4, son expression n’était pas altérée par le SNP associé à la maladie. Toutefois, l’ARNm de STAT4 était corrélé à l’expression des gènes IFN de type I. Les dérégulations épigénétique pourraient jouer un rôle important dans la pathogénie de nombreuses MAI, en particulier la méthylation de l’ADN qui est hautement liée à l’extinction de l’expression des gènes. Nous avons étudié la méthylation du promoteur d’IRF5 et nous n’avons pas trouvé de régulation de ce promoteur par le méthylation. Une analyse de la méthylation avec une approche globale du méthylome est en cours dans notre équipe et permettra d’identifier de gènes cibles d’une dérégulation épigénétique pouvant être impliqués dans les MAI.Nous avons essayé de comprendre la relation entre STAT4 et gènes IFN de type I. Ainsi, nous rapportons que l’IL-12 induit spécifiquement l’IFN de type I par intéraction entre deux partenaires cellulaires, les lymphocytes T CD4+ et les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes. Ces résultats pourraient expliquer l’implication des polymorphismes de STAT4 dans les MAI dépendantes de l’IFN de type I. Ces résultats suggèrent également que les MAI dépendantes des IFN de type I et II ne s’opposent pas. Elles seraient seulement le Yin et le Yang d’un facteur d’activation commun, STAT4, capable d’induire les IFNs de type I et II. / Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease (AID) that presents similar characteristics to systemic lupus erythematosus. These characteristics include pathophysiology and genetic factors. Our team and other groups have highlighted an interferon (IFN) signature in salivary glands and PBMCs from patients with Sjögren syndrome. This signature demonstrates new pathways in pSS and lupus, focusing research on innate immunity and in the IFN pathway.We have confirmed the implication of 2 genes in the pSS, and these genes are involved in the IFN pathway. The first gene is IRF5 which is in the type I IFN pathway and the second is STAT4 which is in the type II IFN pathway. We have shown a functional consequence of IRF5 at-risk allele. Regarding STAT4, the associated SNP did not altered STAT4 mRNA expression but was highly correlated with type I IFN genes expression.The epigenetic deregulation could play a triggering role in autoimmune diseases, particularly through DNA methylation which is highly implicated in the suppression of gene expression. We studied the methylation of IRF5 promoter and found no methylation. Our team is currently undertaking a global approach with methylome analysis. This methylome study will assess specific gene methylation patterns and will allow a better understanding of the role of these genes in autoimmune diseases.We further demonstrated that IL-12 specifically induces a type I IFN signature through a CD4+ T cells and pDCs crosstalk. These results could explain the implication of STAT4 polymorphism not only in type II IFN-dependent AIDs but also in type I IFN-dependent AIDs. Our data confirm that type I IFN- and type II IFN-mediated AIDs do not have to be opposed. They are only the yin and the yang of a common STAT4 activation which may induce secretion of both cytokines.