Machine-to-Machine technology has been intensively researched recently which is believed to take the role of leading ICT industry development. Wireless Sensor Networks provide solution to integrate numerous numbers of machines who require features include low power, low cost, and flexible, which can be fulfilled by applying Zigbee technique. This thesis devotes an effort into Wireless Sensor Network development that a Multi- Tag System operating on 2.4-GHz wireless network is developed. A theoretical study about ZigBee protocol and its bottom layers IEEE 802.15.4 standard is provided to lay a foundation of the design work. The thesis also includes a practical usage of low cost TI CC2530 Systom-on-Chip, together with the illustration of software development inside the chip. The design work provides GUI Platform for users to register themselves into the network and central monitoring platform to track all users within the area. Both GUI platforms are developed based on VB IDE. The Multi-Tag Access System is suitable for attendee control functionality in big-scale conference, events, and lecture, which is also a prototype expecting more functionality to be added in the future.

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications are used for several purposes, forinstance to transmit information derived from measurements collected frommonitoring instruments. M2M communications also allow intelligent devices toexchange real-time data without human intervention. Through a literaturesurvey regarding M2M, Mobile Communications, and Communication Protocolsfor M2M, such as the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), we found thatthe CoAP-UDP model is more suitable for M2M systems, than the HTTP-TCPapproach. Additionally, CoAP supports a DTLS implementation to provide endto-end security to protect communications. Consequently, CoAP was the selectedtechnology that allowed us to achieve the goal of designing a low-cost, scalable,secure, and standard-based communication solution for the company supportingthe project: Solelia Greentech. This company is the largest provider inScandinavia of solar chargers for electrical vehicles. The development andexperimental implementation of this solution was also successfully accomplished.We created a prototype that is able to gather information from a pulse generator(e.g. smart meter), process the data, run a CoAP server, and transmit dataresources to CoAP clients through a secure DTLS channel. Furthermore, aperformance analysis of the system and other existing Web server alternativeswas performed. As a result of this process, we concluded that the CoAP serverwe developed reaches between four and seven times higher throughputs than thecompared systems. Therefore, this project represents a viable alternative forexisting solutions on the market. / Machine-to-machine (M2M) kommunikation används för flera syften, till exempel överföra information från mätningar som samlats in från övervakningsprogram instrument. M2M kommunikation gör det också möjligt att intelligenta enheter utbyter data i realtid utan mänsklig inblandning. Genom en litteraturstudie om M2M, mobil kommunikation, och kommunikationsprotokoll för M2M, såsom Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), fann vi att CoAP-UDP-modellen är mer lämpade för M2M-system, än HTTP-TCP strategi. Dessutom, CoAP stöder ett DTLS genomförande som bidrar med end-to-end säkerhet för att skydda kommunikation. Följaktligen CoAP var den valda tekniken som tillät oss att uppnå målet att utforma en billig, skalbar, säker och standardbaserad kommunikationslösning för företag som stödde projektet: Solelia Greentech. Detta företag är den största leverantören i Skandinavien av solar laddare för eldrivna fordon. Utveckling och experimentella genomförande av denna lösning var också lyckat fulländad. Vi skapade en prototyp som kan samla information från en pulsgenerator (t.ex. smarta mätare), process data, köra en CoAP server, och överföra dataresurser till CoAP-klient genom en säker DTLS kanal. En prestandaanalys av systemet och andra befintliga webbservern alternativ utfördes. Som en följd av denna process, vi drog slutsatsen att CoAP servern vi utvecklat når mellan fyra och sju gånger högre genomloppstid än de jämförda systemen. Därför Detta projekt är ett lönsamt alternativ för befintliga lösningar på marknaden.

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications is a field of research expected to grow in the following years. New business opportunities arise in this area, for instance the 50 Billion Project and the Future Internet Project at Ericsson. Thus new protocols and architectures need to be defined for the different scenarios where this technology is applicable. At the same time well known structured P2P networks, for instance by means of a Distributed Hash Table (DHT), present great synergy possibilities with M2M, in particular in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) Area. M2M scenarios in which sensors become more autonomous and self-reliant, independent from a centralized decision-making entity can benefit from the use of DHTs. This thesis aims at adapting current DHT (Distributed Hash Table) procedures to a M2M (Machine-to-Machine) environment. Moreover it will consist on implementing a layer for M2M communication on top of an existing DHT. We analyze the state of the art in both sensor and P2P technologies. Based on that, we explain the motivations to create such a layer and the its benefits. Following the design we implement a fully working prototype and prepare some use case scenarios. Finally, we draw conclusions from the experience and trace future paths of research for our project.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been an increasingly interest for both researchers and entrepreneurs. As WSN technologies gradually matured and more and more use is reported, we find that most of current WSNs are still designed only for specific purposes. For example, one WSN may be used to gather information from a field and the collected data is not shared with other parties. We propose a distributed hash table (DHT) based machine-to-machine (M2M) system for connecting different WSNs together in order to fully utilize information collected from currently available WSNs. This thesis specifically looks at how to design and implement a proxy for such a system. We discuss why such a proxy can be useful for DHT-based M2M systems, what the proxy should consist of, and what kind of architecture is suitable. We also look into different communication protocols that can be used in these systems and discuss which ones best suit our purposes. The design of the proxy focuses on network management and service discovery of WSNs, and security considerations as well as caching mechanisms in order to improve performance. A prototype is implemented based on our design and evaluated. We find it feasible to implement such a DHT-based M2M system and a proxy in the system can be necessary and useful. Finally, we draw conclusions and discuss what future work remains to be done.

Quality-of-Service (QoS) to users is a critical requirement of resource allocation in wireless networks and has drawn significant research attention over a long time. However, the QoS requirements differ vastly based on the wireless network paradigm. At one extreme, we have a millimeter wave small-cell network for streaming data that requires very high throughput and low latency. At the other end, we have Machine-to-Machine (M2M) uplink traffic with low throughput and low latency. In this dissertation, we investigate and solve QoS-aware resource allocation problems for diverse wireless paradigms. We first study cross-layer dynamic spectrum allocation in a LTE macro-cellular network with fractional frequency reuse to improve the spectral efficiency for cell-edge users. We show that the resultant optimization problem is NP-hard and propose a low-complexity layered spectrum allocation heuristic that strikes a balance between rate maximization and fairness of allocation. Next, we develop an energy efficient downlink power control scheme in a energy harvesting small-cell base station equipped with local cache and wireless backhaul. We also study the tradeoff between the cache size and the energy harvesting capabilities. We next analyzed the file read latency in Distributed Storage Systems (DSS). We propose a heterogeneous DSS model wherein the stored data is categorized into multiple classes based on arrival rate of read requests, fault-tolerance for storage etc. Using a queuing theoretic approach, we establish bounds on the average read latency for different scheduling policies. We also show that erasure coding in DSS serves the dual purpose of reducing read latency and increasing the energy efficiency. Lastly, we investigate the problem of delay-efficient packet scheduling in M2M uplink with heterogeneous traffic characteristics. We classify the uplink traffic into multiple classes and propose a proportionally-fair delay-efficient heuristic packet scheduler. Using a queuing theoretic approach, we next develop a delay optimal multiclass packet scheduler and later extend it to joint medium access control and packet scheduling for M2M uplink. Using extensive simulations, we show that the proposed schedulers perform better than state-of-the-art schedulers in terms of average delay and packet delay jitter. / PHD

By scanning the area for Bluetooth-signals, users can find and subscribe to Bluetooth-advertisements and thus estimate its current position. The position is used to identify what actions could be executed in the premises. This report explains the underlying technology and proposes a system architecture for a Android application that together with user authentication, WebSockets and API's could control doors, ventilation, lighting and other indoor devices wirelessly. This project was carried out in collaboration with ÅF Technology AB, Embedded Systems, where the goal was to conduct a pre-study and propose how to add contextual awareness to mobile devices, implement and evaluate a working system. / Genom att läsa av området på Bluetooth-signaler kan användare hitta och prenumerera på Bluetooth-annonseringar och därmed skatta sin position. Positionen används för att identifiera vilka handlingar som trådlöst kan uträttas i lokalen. Denna rapport förklarar bakomliggande teknik och föreslår systemarkitektur för en Android applikation som tillsammans med Autentisering, WebSockets och tillhörande API kan styra närliggande elektriska enheter, så som ventilation, dörrar och kaffemaskiner. Detta projekt utfördes tillsammans med ÅF Technology AB, Embedded Systems där målet är att genomföra en förstudie där möjliga teknologier, arkitektur, API:er samt hårdvara utvärderas som ligger till grund för implementering och utvärdering av ett fungerande system.

Environmental change is a fact in today’s society. Temperatures are increasing around the world. A reason for this is thought to be an increase in emissions of carbon dioxide and other hazardous substances.To reduce the load on the environment, it is important that each and every one of us works towards a greener planet. A simple and effective way to reduce the strain on the planet is by recycling. In this project, we have designed a product that will facilitate and streamline recycling.The product uses the microcontroller ATMega328P, whose task is to measure and inform about filling levels in recycling containers with the help of ultrasonic sensors. This data will then be transmitted with GPRS for further processing.The product has a transmitter and a receiver part. The transmitter part amplifies a PWM signal before it is transmitted. The ultrasonic waves reflect against an object before it gets picked up by the receiver part. The receiver part filters and amplifies the reflected signal which is then used to calculate the distance to the object. To make sure that it is the correct distance, the outdoor temperature is used for the calculations.It is a battery-powered product that is designed to withstand extreme temperatures and have a long battery life without allowing the price to be too high. The product is small, compact and discrete product because everything but the GPRS module sits on a 5x5 cm printed circuit board. The product is also cheap. The most expensive parts are the batteries. By making them easily exchangeable it allows for cheaper batteries to be used and therefore also makes the product as a whole cheaper.Through measurements of the needed data the product can streamline the logistics and management of recycling. The users of the product can through this gain an economical and environmental profit.KeywordsUltrasonic, sensor, low energy, battery, microcontroller, transistor amplifier, PCB, GPRS, sustainability, M2M, Internet of things. / Miljöförändringar är ett faktum i dagens samhälle. Det sker temperaturökningar runt om i världen. En anledning tros vara ett ökat utsläpp av koldioxid och andra miljöfarliga ämnen i naturen.För att minska belastningen på miljön är det viktigt att varje individ arbetar mot en grönare planet. Ett enkelt sätt att minska belastningen på planeten är genom att återvinna. I detta projekt har vi konstruerat en produkt som ska underlätta och effektivisera återvinning.Produkten använder mikrokontrollern ATMega328P, vars uppgift är att mäta och informera om fyllnadsnivåer i behållare med hjälp av ultraljudsensorer. Denna data sänds sedan ut med en GPRS-enhet för vidare behandling.I produkten finns en sändardel som förstärker en PWM-signal innan den sänds ut från produkten. Ultraljudsvågen reflekteras mot ett föremål och mottas sedan av mottagardelen i produkten, som sedan filtrerar och förstärker den reflekterade signalen. Produkten kan sedan beräkna avståndet till föremål genom en mätning och kalkylering av temperaturen på omgivningen och data från ultraljudsmätningen.Produkten är batteridriven och är anpassad för att tåla extrema temperaturer samt ha en lång batterilivslängd utan att priset rinner iväg. Produkten är liten, kompakt och diskret eftersom allt utom GPRS-modulen sitter på ett 5x5 cm kretskort. Produkten är också billig. Batterierna är de dyraste på produkten. Genom att göra batterierna utbytbara tillåter det för användande av billigare batterier, vilket också gör att produkten som helhet sjunker i pris.De noggranna mätningarna kan genom data som samlats in och distribuerats, effektivisera logistiken och hantering kring återvinning. Användarna av produkten kan genom detta tillhandahålla en ekonomisk och en miljömässig vinst.

A telecom industry is constantly looking for new ways to generate revenues by offering new and innovative services. Segmentation of customers by offering premium services to premium customers is a one way which has immense potential of revenue generation. Also, network and service providers are keen to provide specialized services with high quality and faster speed, with more emphasis on Quality of Experience (QoE), in order to enhance business revenue. The QoE concept offers several benefits to telecom operators as well as end-users, as it constantly monitors customer feedback and modifies services in order to delight customers. However, Net Neutrality is a current issue all over world and defined/re-defined in many ways, but many definitions overlooks practical difficulties and market realities. This demands in-depth analysis of Net Neutrality concept from regulatory and business point of view. Current business models for specialized services like Machine to Machine (M2M) communication and video streaming are not adequately designed to tackle regulatory issues such as Net Neutrality. Also the QoE concept needs to be tested on the level of Net Neutrality principles. This thesis discusses the business models incorporating QoE concept, along with analysing implications of Net Neutrality principles. The rules and regulations regarding Net Neutrality in Sweden are studied thoroughly in comparison with same principles in other countries like USA, India and countries from EU. The business models of M2M communication and video streaming services are presented and discussed considering effect of Net Neutrality regulations. Implications of Net Neutrality rules on specialize services, customized services, and zero-rating is presented. In order to have practical knowledge of telecom market and business strategies, several activities including brainstorming sessions with industrial experts and market surveys are carried out to generate meaningful conclusions. According to EU Net Neutrality rules specialized services, customized services and zero-rating services are allowed in Sweden with incorporating QoE. / Telekomindustrin letar ständigt efter nya sätt att generera intäkter genom att erbjuda nya och innovativa tjänster. Segmentering av kunder genom att erbjuda tilläggstjänster till premiumkunder är ett sätt som har enorm potential för intäktsgenerering. Även nätverk och tjänsteleverantörer är angelägna om att ge specialiserade tjänster med hög kvalitet och snabbare hastighet, med mer betoning på kvalitet på erfarenhet (QoE) begreppet, i syfte att öka företagens intäkter. Konceptet med QoE erbjuder flera fördelar för teleoperatörer samt slutanvändare, eftersom det ständigt övervakar kunder och modifierar tjänster för att glädja kunderna. Dock är nätneutralitet en aktuell fråga över hela världen och definierade/åter definieras på många sätt, men många definitioner saknar praktiska svårigheter och realiteter. Detta kräver en djupgående analys av nätneutralitet koncept från reglerings- och kommersiell synvinkel. Nuvarande affärsmodeller för specialiserade tjänster som maskin till maskin (M2M) kommunikation och video är inte lämpligt utformade för att hantera regleringsfrågor som nätneutralitet. Även QoE konceptet behöver testas på graden av nätneutralitet principer. Denna avhandling diskuterar affärsmodeller som innehåller QoE koncept, tillsammans med analys av konsekvenserna av nätneutralitet principer. De regler och föreskrifter om nätneutralitet som finns i Sverige studeras noggrant i jämförelse med samma principer i andra länder som USA, Indien och länder från EU. Affärsmodellerna för maskin till maskin (M2M) kommunikation och videostreamingtjänster presenteras och diskuteras. Inblandning av nätneutralitet regler på specialiserade tjänster, kundanpassade tjänster och noll presenteras. För att få praktisk kunskap om telekommarknaden och affärsstrategier, utfördes flera aktiviteter inklusive brainstorming med industri experter och marknadsundersökningar genomförs för att generera meningsfulla slutsatser. Enligt Eus regler gällande nätneutralitet är specialiserade tjänster, kundanpassade tjänster och zero-rating tjänster är tillåtna i Sverige med integration av QoE.

Attacks against mobile systems have escalated over the past decade. There have been increases of fraud, platform attacks, and malware. The Internet of Things (IoT) offers a new attack vector for Cybercriminals. M2M contributes to the growing number of devices that use wireless systems for Internet connection. As new applications and platforms are created, old vulnerabilities are transferred to next-generation systems. There is a research gap that exists between the current approaches for security framework development and the understanding of how these new technologies are different and how they are similar. This gap exists because system designers, security architects, and users are not fully aware of security risks and how next-generation devices can jeopardize safety and personal privacy. Current techniques, for developing security requirements, do not adequately consider the use of new technologies, and this weakens countermeasure implementations. These techniques rely on security frameworks for requirements development. These frameworks lack a method for identifying next generation security concerns and processes for comparing, contrasting and evaluating non-human device security protections. This research presents a solution for this problem by offering a novel security framework that is focused on the study of the “functions and capabilities” of M2M devices and improves the systems development life cycle for the overall IoT ecosystem.

<p>Detta examensarbete är ett utvecklingsarbete av demonstrationsutrustning för enkel visning av fördelarna med M2M-tekniken vid insamling av mätdata och automatisk övervakning. Arbetet består av en praktisk del, som utgörs av demonstrationsväskan, och en mer teoretisk del, som utgörs av demonstrationsprogrammet. </p><p>Programmet har utvecklats till att med ett mätkort kopplat till en PC samla in mätvärden (spänningar), dessa skickas sedan som ett SMS med ett GSM-modem till en mottagare. Mottagaren kan vara en serviceman som vill ha felmeddelanden från utrustning inom dennes ansvarsområde, mottagaren kan även vara en server som rymmer en databas vilken används för att spara viktiga mätvärden för längre tid, t.ex. loggning av elförbrukning hos något kraftbolags kund. </p><p>Det hela har alltså resulterat i ett färdigt och väl fungerande program, som utför just det som är uppdraget ovan. Mätresultatenhar tillräcklig noggrannhet för detta uppdrag om att demonstrera fördelarna med M2M-tekniken, och mätresultatet kommer även fram till mottagaren i sin rätta form. </p><p>Detta betyder att M2M Communication AB nu kan demonstrera vinsten med M2M-tekniken för potentiell kund på ett enkelt och förklarande sätt. Integrerat i demonstrationsutrustningen har nu också företaget fått en enkel och självklar utrusning för att i praktiken se hur nya givare och annan utrusning fungerar ihop med ComHost 300 som är företagets primära produkt. </p> / <p>The goal with this master thesis is to develop a simple equipment to show the advantage of using M2M-technic when collect measured data and when using automatic monitoring of alarm and sensors. The thesis is divided in two parts, a practical part that corresponds to a case with sensors and equipment. The case is used to collect measure data to be used when demonstrating the theoretical part, which corresponds to the software program. The software program is developed to measure voltage with the data acquisition card, and then send them as a SMS text message via the GSM network. For this tasks the software also have to control the GSM-modem. This text message is either sent to a computer for logging in a database, or to the service department who owns the equipment measured. </p><p>This work has ended up in well function software that can be installed on a PC-system with a Windows 2000(tm) operation system. The accuracy on the measured data is good enough for the task to demonstrate the function of the M2M-technic. The text message is also arrive to the receiver as expected. </p><p>The result of this master thesis ends up giving the company M2M Communication AB the possibility to demonstrate the M2M-technic on a simple and explaining manner for a potential customer. Integrated in the new equipment the company also has been given a possibility to test new sensors and signal sources in a real world M2M test.</p>