Why have Eastern European states adopted flat tax policies? That is what this dissertation answers. This is a curious development given that flat tax policies were noticeably absent from the landscape of most of the world, including Eastern Europe. Fives cases of adoption are examined, including Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. I argue that two simultaneous processes occur in Eastern Europe that makes adoption viable. First, at the domestic level, the idea of the flat tax is held in esteem by a number of actors, specifically: elite carriers, tax and financial ministers, think tanks and right-wing political parties. They champion this idea to its adoption, or at the least, introduce the flat tax into the policy-making apparatus. Second, at the international level, policy diffusion of the flat tax is taking place. In other words, the experience of previous adopters impacts the decisions of future adopters. Examining both cognitive heuristics theory and rational learning I argue that there are "varieties of diffusion" during the diffusion of the flat tax. Additionally, though this dissertation concerns itself primarily with adoption, I also investigate two cases of non-adoption in Poland and Hungary. What is argued is "diffusion without adoption" occurs. The idea of the flat tax diffused, but the adoption was not politically, ideologically, and economically feasible. / Political Science

Since 1997, the retail industry of South Korea has suffered a decline in sales due to the nation's financial crisis. Because of the increase of price consciousness, discount stores have become the stores most attractive to South Korean consumers. The purpose of this study was to (a) compare the differences between South Korean and the U.S. consumers in demographics, shopping orientation, perception of the importance of store and product attributes, and store evaluation, satisfaction and patronage in discount stores and (b) examine the relationships among the six variables. In addition, South Korean consumers' preferences toward the strategies used in the U.S. discount stores were examined to determine whether these strategies could be adapted to South Korean discount stores. The proposed model suggests that consumers' shopping orientation affects their perception of the importance of store and product attributes. Consumers' perception of the importance of attributes affects how they evaluate a store. Consumers' evaluation of the store then influences their satisfaction with the store. If consumers are satisfied with the store, they choose to patronize the store. A total of 234 participants recruited at Wal-Mart were included in this study, 117 from South Korea and 117 from the U.S. Results showed that there were significant differences between the two countries in participants' occupation, marital status, age, education, the perception of the importance of attributes in discount stores, and store evaluation and satisfaction. When the relationships between variables were examined, results showed that the proposed model is partially supported. When South Korean participants' preferences toward the strategies used in the U.S. were examined, they showed high preferences toward some strategies. The implication of the results were discussed. / Master of Science

Foi desenvolvida uma nova metodologia de análise de extratos e partes de plantas medicinais, via espectrometria de massas (MS) com infusão direta de amostra, técnica analítica denominada fingerprinting ou \"impressão digital\" química. Essa abordagem, que envolve mínimo prepraro de amostra, foi aplicada visando detectar as condições e as épocas adequadas para cultivo e/ou coleta de produtos naturais, permitindo a obtenção de uma matéria-prima vegetal com princípios ativos e concentrações padronizadas, assim como auxiliar no reconhecimento e na compreensão das interações ecológicas do vegetal com seu ambiente. A metodologia analítica envolveu MS com fonte de ionização por electrospray (ESI) nos modos positivo e negativo e experimentos de fragmentação de íons de interesse (MS/MS) por inserção direta do extrato diluído e frações ativas de Maytenus ilicifolia, de extratos de Arrabidaea chica de diferentes acessos (origens geográficas), assim como óleos de Pterodon pubescens e as amêndoas e o pedúnculo de diferentes clones de Anacardium occidentale. A caracterização das amêndoas e pedúnculos de A. occidentale, assim como de seus respectivos clones por meio do perfil de seus constituintes químicos foi realizada com sucesso. Na extração da amêndoa empregando-se éter, foi possível caracterizar o perfil de triacilgliceróis (TAG) por ESI(+) e ácidos graxos livres por ESI(-). Na extração do suco do pedúnculo empregando-se isopropanol, foram detectados íons referentes aos ácidos anacárdicos por ESI(-). Foram avaliados os principais parâmetros que possibilitam a ionização por ESI, tais como voltagens do capilar, cone e do cone extrator, e a influência de cada um destes parâmetros no perfil obtido nos espectros de ESI(-) do suco. Para A. chica a metodologia mostrou-se eficiente na bioprospecção de antocianidinas e dentre os nove acessos analisados, foi possível indicar aquele que produziu maior quantidade de material corante em relação a biomassa. Também foram avaliadas metodologias de extração por tratamento enzimático, o qual ocasionou aumento da intensidade de agliconas, provavelmente devido à hidrólise das antocianinas. A ocorrência de hidrólise também foi observada na em diferentes metodologias de secagem das folhas, principalmente na secagem realizada ao sol com borrifação de água. Houve variação sazonal na produção de metabólitos secundários, como pudemos observar nos experimentos realizados com amostras coletadas de 2007 a 2009. Para M. ilicifolia, foi possível caracterizar uma série de compostos relacionados à atividade antiúlcera já conhecidos da literatura, como dulcitol, catequina e derivados e flavonóides glicosilados. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada ainda na avaliação do melhoramento agrícola de M. ilicifolia por comparação dos perfis dos compostos identificados. A metodologia desenvolvida para análise direta de P. pubescens mostrou-se eficiente na detecção e identificação de compostos bioativos, possibilitando a caracterização rápida e sem preparo de amostra do óleo da semente. Em conclusão, a técnica de fingerprinting MS permite de maneira rápida, informativa e com mínimo preparo que amostras, que produtos naturais sejam caracterizados e tenham sua qualidade monitorada. / A new analytical methodology for the analysis of medicinal plant parts and extracts via direct infusion mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed. This analytical approach, named chemical fingerprinting, involves minimal sample preparation and was applied in this work with the aim to detect optimal culture conditions, culture periods and harvest times for obtaining raw natural products with highest active principle and concentrations, as well as to understand and recognizing ecological interactions between plant and its surrounding environment. The analytical methodology included MS with electrospray ionization (ESI) in the positive (+) and negative (-) modes, as well as fragmentation of ions of interest (MS/MS) experiments. The diluted extract and active fractions of Maytenus ilicifolia, extracts of Arrabidaea chica from diverse geographic origins (accesses), as well as the oil from Pterodon pubescens and nuts of various clones of Anacardium occidentale were introduced by direct injection. Characterization of nuts and stems from A. occidentale, as well as of its respective clones by their chemical constituents has been successfully performed. After ether extraction of nuts, it was possible to characterize the triacylglycerols (TAG) by ESI(+) and free fatty acids by ESI (-). After extraction of stem juice with isopropanol, diverse ions were identified as anacardic acids by ESI(-). Also, parameters influencing to the ionization process, such as capillary voltage, cone voltage and cone extraction voltage, have been evaluated for the stem juice at ESI(-). For A. chica, the proposed methodology has been proven to efficiently bioprospect the anthocyanins, and among the nine accesses evaluated, it has been possible to identify the one producing higher amounts of dying material proportionally to the biomass. We also evaluated the enzymatic treatment extraction methodology, which resulted in the increase of aglycones content, probably due to anthocyanins hydrolysis. The occurrence of hydrolysis has been also observed when leaves have been water-sprayed while drying in the sun. Seasonal influence on the production of secondary metabolite has been observed in the samples collected on the experiments performed from 2007 to 2009. For M. ilicifolia, it has been possible to characterize a series of compounds related to the anti ulcer activity and already reported in the literature, such as dulcitol, catechin and derivatives and flavonoid glycosides. The proposed methodology has been applied in the evaluation of genetic improvement of M. ilicifolia by comparing the identified compounds profiles. The developed methodology aimed at direct analyzing P. pubescens has successfully detected and identified bioactive compounds of the seed oil, allowing the fast characterization. In conclusion, the proposed MS fingerprinting methodology allows in an informative, straightforward and with minimal sample preparation the chemical characterization and quality control of natural products.

O Brasil possui uma rica diversidade em espécies de plantas nativas cujo potencial bioativo, embora ainda pouco investigado, as coloca como alvos de pesquisa na área de produtos naturais. Dentre as espécies nativas estão o açaí-do-Pará (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) e o inajá (Maximiliana maripa Aubl. Drude), frutos processados visando, principalmente, a obtenção de polpa e óleo. Contudo, a extração mecânica do óleo por prensagem gera grande quantidade de um material residual denominado \"torta\", geralmente descartado no meio ambiente como resíduo ou destinado à alimentação animal. Considerando-se a busca por ingredientes ativos naturais em substituição aos sintéticos para aplicação industrial, e a necessidade de exploração científica de resíduos agroindustriais, este trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar a extração de compostos antioxidantes de tortas de açaí e inajá, e avaliar a composição fenólica dos extratos otimizados pela técnica de espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS), bem como suas atividades biológicas antioxidante, citotóxica e anti-inflamatória (in vitro) e antimicrobiana. Para tanto, a melhor condição de extração dos compostos antioxidantes foi determinada empregando-se um planejamento experimental com delineamento do tipo DCCR juntamente com a metodologia de superfície de resposta. A atividade antioxidante (variável resposta) foi determinada pelos métodos de sequestro do radical ABTS, FRAP e redução do reagente Folin-Ciocalteau, sob diferentes temperaturas de extração e concentrações de etanol (variáveis exploratórias). Encontrada a condição de extração ideal (70°C e 50% de etanol, v/v) foi realizada a caracterização fenólica por espectrometria de massas de alta resolução, que possibilitou a identificação de 20 compostos bioativos no extrato de torta de açaí e de 6 no de inajá, dentre os quais estão apigeninas, catequinas e derivados do ácido caféico. As atividades biológicas avaliadas foram: antioxidante, determinada pelos métodos de sequestro dos radicais livres sintéticos ABTS e DPPH, FRAP, redução do reagente Folin-Ciocalteau, além da desativação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (radical peroxila, ânion superóxido e ácido hipocloroso); anti-inflamatória, pela inibição da ativação do fator de transcrição NF-κB; e antimicrobiana, pela determinação da CIM e CBM. Os resultados indicaram que ambos os extratos apresentaram elevada atividade antioxidante, todavia, o extrato de torta de açaí destacou-se em comparação ao da torta de inajá. O extrato da torta de açaí não promoveu redução da viabilidade celular para a cultura de macrófagos RAW 264.7 nas concentrações de 1, 10 e 100 μg/mL, enquanto que no extrato de torta de inajá não foi verificada redução da viabilidade nas concentrações de 1, 10, 100 e 1000 μg/mL (p>0,05). Os extratos ainda apresentaram atividade anti-inflamatória, sendo os extratos das tortas de inajá e de açaí capazes de inibir a ativação de NF- κB em 40 e 100%, repectivamente. O extrato de torta de inajá não apresentou atividade antimicrobiana, ao passo que o de torta de açaí inibiu o crescimento de bactérias patogênicas em concentrações de 1250 e 2500 μg/mL. Este trabalho mostra o potencial bioativo desses resíduos, corroborando com potenciais aplicações tecnológicas de seus extratos em escala industrial. / Brazil has a rich diversity of native plant species which bioactive potential, although still unexploited, places them as research targets in the natural products area. Among these native species are açaí-do-Pará (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) and inajá (Maximiliana maripa Aubl. Drude), fruits processed mainly aiming the extraction of pulp and oil. However, the oil mechanical extraction by pressing results in great amounts of a residual material termed \"cake\", generally discarded in the environment or destined to animal feeding. Considering the search for natural active ingredients to substitute the synthetic ones for industrial application, and the need of scientific investigation of agroidustrial residues, this paper aimed to optimaze the extraction of antioxidant compounds from açaí and inajá cakes, and to evaluate the phenolic composition of the extracts by high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS), as well as their antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory (in vitro), and antimicrobial, activities. For this purpose, the best condition for extraction of the antioxidante compounds was determined by using an experimental design with a RCCD design together the response surface methodology. The antioxidant activity (dependent variable) was determined by the methods ABTS radical scavenging, FRAP assay and Folin-Ciocalteau reagent reduction, under different temperatures (°C) of extraction and ethanol concentrations (%, v/v) (independent variables). Established the best extraction condition (70°C and etanol 50%, v/v), the phenolic profile of the cakes extracts was characterized by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS, which made possible the identification of 20 bioactive compounds in açaí cake extract and 6 in inajá cake extract, among which are apigenins, catechins and caffeic acid derivatives. The following biological activities were analyzed: antioxidant, by ABTS and DPPH synthetic radicals scavenging assay, FRAP, Folin-Ciocalteau reagent reduction, and oxygen reactive species deactivation (peroxil, superoxide and hipochlorous acid radicals); anti-inflammatory, by the inhibition of the transcription factor NF-κB activation; and antimicrobial, by determining MIC and MBC. The results indicated that both extracts show high antioxidante activity, however, the açaí cake extract stood out compared to inajá cake extract. The açaí cake extract didn\'t decrease cell viability for RAW 264.7 macrophages culture in the concentrations 1, 10 and 100 μg/mL, while the inajá cake extract didn\'t decrease the cell viability in the concentrations 1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/mL (p>0,05). The extracts still exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, being the inajá and açaí cakes extracts capable to inhibit NF-κB activation in 40% and 100%, respectively. The inajá cake extract didn\'t show antimicrobial activity, while açaí cake extract inhibited the growing of pathogenic bacteria in concentrations of 1250 and 2500 μg/mL. This work confirms the bioactive potential of the residues, supporting possible technological applications of the extracts on an industrial scale.

Der monoklonale Antikörper SM5-1 wurde in Vorarbeiten mittels eines Immunisierungsprotokolls (Kooperation Prof. Guo, Cleveland, USA) von einer humanen Melanom-Zell-Linie gewonnen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde an nicht-melanozytären benignen Geweben, 16 Nävi, 84 nicht-melanozytären Tumoren sowie 745 Melanomproben das Färbeverhalten von SM5-1 mittels Immunhistochemie charakterisiert. SM5-1 wurde zunächst mit HMB-45 und anti-S100 an 250 primären und 151 metastasierten Melanomen und in einer zweiten Stichprobe mit Antikörpern gegen Melan-A/MART-1 (A103) und Tyrosinase (T311) an 101 primären und 243 metastasierten Melanomen verglichen. Es zeigte sich, dass SM5-1 für normale Zellen negativ ist. SM5-1, anti-S100 und HMB-45 färbten 100% der Nävi und 97 - 99% der 250 primären Melanome. Während SM5-1 und anti-S100 96% der 151 Melanommetastasen korrekt identifizierten, waren für HMB-45 nur 83% der Proben positiv. Alle HMB-45 negativen Metastasen reagierten mit SM5-1. Weder SM5-1 noch HMB-45 färbten nicht-melanozytäre Tumore, wohingegen der unspezifischere Antikörper anti-S100 21 von 84 dieser Tumore färbte. Insgesamt wurde beim primären und metastasierten Melanom für SM5-1 eine Sensitivität von 98%, für HMB-45 von 93% und für anti-S100 von 97% beobachtet. Im Vergleich der Antikörper SM5-1, A103 und T311 färbten SM5-1 92,4%, A103 82,9% und T311 71,2% der insgesamt 344 primären und metastasierten Melanome. SM5-1 zeigte innerhalb einer Tumorzellpopulation ein homogeneres Färbeverhalten und eine höhere Färbeintensität bei den 243 Melanommetastasen als A103 und T311. Der monoklonale Antikörper SM5-1 zeigte gegenüber den gebräuchlichen Antikörpern erhebliche Vorteile bei der immunhistochemischen Beurteilung des Melanoms, insbesondere bei dessen Metastasen. Somit kann er als Marker der ersten Wahl bei der immunhistochemischen Diagnostik von Melanomen empfohlen werden. Um die Rolle des durch SM5-1 erkannten Antigens zu verstehen, sind jedoch noch weitere Untersuchungen notwendig. / Antibodies such as HMB-45 and anti-S100 protein have been widely used as markers of malignant melanoma. Using a subtractive immunization protocol in preliminary works (cooperation Prof. Guo, Cleveland, USA), the monoclonal antibody SM5-1 was generated from a mouse model of human melanoma. The immunhistochemical staining of SM5-1 was studied in paraffin-embedded specimens of normal non-melanocytic tissue, melanocytic nevi of the skin (n = 16), non-melanocytic neoplasms (n = 84) and 745 melanomas. 250 primary melanomas and 151 metastases were compared with HMB-45 and anti-S100 staining. Further 101 primary melanomas and 243 metastases were compared with Melan-A/MART-1 (A103) and tyrosinase (T311). Staining of normal cells for SM5-1 was found to be negative. SM5-1, anti-S100 and HMB-45 reacted with nevi and 97 - 99% of 250 primary melanomas. Whereas SM5-1 and anti-S100 showed a high degree of positive staining in 96% of 151 metastases, only 83% reacted with HMB-45. All HMB-45-negative melanoma metastases were found to be positive for SM5-1. Whereas neither SM5-1 nor HMB-45 stained any of 84 specimens from non-melanocytic neoplasms, anti-S100 was positive in 21/84. Altogether SM5-1 has a sensitivity of 98%, HMB-45 of 93% and anti-S100 of 97% for primary and metastatic melanomas. SM5-1 stained 92,3%, A103 82,9% and T311 71,2% of 344 primary and metastatic melanomas. SM5-1 showed a stronger and more homogeneous reactivity as A103 und T311 in metastases (n = 243). All tested antibodies had a comparable staining intensity for primary melanomas (n = 101). The monoclonal antibody SM5-1 appears to have advantages for the immunhistochemical analysis of melanoma over currently available antibodies, especially for melanoma metastases. Therefore it is useful as a first line reagent in immunohistochemistry of melanoma. Further studies are needed to elucidate the exact nature of the antigen recognized by SM5-1.

Ce mémoire tente d’identifier la nature du lien entre les stratégies d’organisation syndicale et le résultat des campagnes de syndicalisation. À l’aide d’une étude du cas des campagnes d’organisation menées par les Travailleurs et travailleuses unis de l’alimentation et du commerce (TUAC) chez Wal-Mart au Québec, nous avons examiné l’impact que peuvent avoir différentes variables sur le succès d’une campagne. La littérature sur le renouveau syndical nous a permis d’identifier trois types de campagnes, soit la campagne traditionnelle, la campagne intégrale et la campagne de mouvement social, et nous a amenés à postuler que le type de campagne privilégié aura un effet sur l’impact de la campagne. Nos résultats nous permettent d’arriver à trois conclusions. Premièrement, nous notons deux tactiques relevant de la campagne traditionnelle ayant eu un impact positif sur le résultat des campagnes : l’utilisation de la technique du blitz et le recrutement de poteaux solides. Deuxièmement, le degré d’opposition patronale à la syndicalisation semble avoir un impact sur le degré de succès d’une campagne. Troisièmement, l’analyse des résultats nous permet de constater l’impact significatif du cadre juridique. L’un des éléments les plus importants est l’accréditation par décompte des adhésions comparativement à l’accréditation suite à un vote. / This research tries to identify the type of link between union organizing strategies and the result of the campaigns. Using the case of the United Food and Commerce Workers (UFCW) campaigns in Wal-Mart stores in Quebec, we examined the impact of different variables on the success of a campaign. A review of the literature on union renewal led us to identify three types of campaigns, the traditional campaign, the comprehensive campaign and the social movement campaign, and to postulate that the type of campaign has an effect on the impact of the campaign. Our results enable us to arrive to three conclusions. Firstly, we note that two tactics from the traditional campaign had a positive impact on the result of the campaigns: the use of the blitz technique and the significant involvement of employees in the campaigns. Secondly, the employer’s degree of opposition to unions seems to have an impact on the degree of success of a campaign. Thirdly, the analysis of the results demonstrates the impact of the legal framework. One of the most important elements is the card-check accreditation compared to the accreditation following a vote.

No description available.

Foi desenvolvida uma nova metodologia de análise de extratos e partes de plantas medicinais, via espectrometria de massas (MS) com infusão direta de amostra, técnica analítica denominada fingerprinting ou \"impressão digital\" química. Essa abordagem, que envolve mínimo prepraro de amostra, foi aplicada visando detectar as condições e as épocas adequadas para cultivo e/ou coleta de produtos naturais, permitindo a obtenção de uma matéria-prima vegetal com princípios ativos e concentrações padronizadas, assim como auxiliar no reconhecimento e na compreensão das interações ecológicas do vegetal com seu ambiente. A metodologia analítica envolveu MS com fonte de ionização por electrospray (ESI) nos modos positivo e negativo e experimentos de fragmentação de íons de interesse (MS/MS) por inserção direta do extrato diluído e frações ativas de Maytenus ilicifolia, de extratos de Arrabidaea chica de diferentes acessos (origens geográficas), assim como óleos de Pterodon pubescens e as amêndoas e o pedúnculo de diferentes clones de Anacardium occidentale. A caracterização das amêndoas e pedúnculos de A. occidentale, assim como de seus respectivos clones por meio do perfil de seus constituintes químicos foi realizada com sucesso. Na extração da amêndoa empregando-se éter, foi possível caracterizar o perfil de triacilgliceróis (TAG) por ESI(+) e ácidos graxos livres por ESI(-). Na extração do suco do pedúnculo empregando-se isopropanol, foram detectados íons referentes aos ácidos anacárdicos por ESI(-). Foram avaliados os principais parâmetros que possibilitam a ionização por ESI, tais como voltagens do capilar, cone e do cone extrator, e a influência de cada um destes parâmetros no perfil obtido nos espectros de ESI(-) do suco. Para A. chica a metodologia mostrou-se eficiente na bioprospecção de antocianidinas e dentre os nove acessos analisados, foi possível indicar aquele que produziu maior quantidade de material corante em relação a biomassa. Também foram avaliadas metodologias de extração por tratamento enzimático, o qual ocasionou aumento da intensidade de agliconas, provavelmente devido à hidrólise das antocianinas. A ocorrência de hidrólise também foi observada na em diferentes metodologias de secagem das folhas, principalmente na secagem realizada ao sol com borrifação de água. Houve variação sazonal na produção de metabólitos secundários, como pudemos observar nos experimentos realizados com amostras coletadas de 2007 a 2009. Para M. ilicifolia, foi possível caracterizar uma série de compostos relacionados à atividade antiúlcera já conhecidos da literatura, como dulcitol, catequina e derivados e flavonóides glicosilados. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada ainda na avaliação do melhoramento agrícola de M. ilicifolia por comparação dos perfis dos compostos identificados. A metodologia desenvolvida para análise direta de P. pubescens mostrou-se eficiente na detecção e identificação de compostos bioativos, possibilitando a caracterização rápida e sem preparo de amostra do óleo da semente. Em conclusão, a técnica de fingerprinting MS permite de maneira rápida, informativa e com mínimo preparo que amostras, que produtos naturais sejam caracterizados e tenham sua qualidade monitorada. / A new analytical methodology for the analysis of medicinal plant parts and extracts via direct infusion mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed. This analytical approach, named chemical fingerprinting, involves minimal sample preparation and was applied in this work with the aim to detect optimal culture conditions, culture periods and harvest times for obtaining raw natural products with highest active principle and concentrations, as well as to understand and recognizing ecological interactions between plant and its surrounding environment. The analytical methodology included MS with electrospray ionization (ESI) in the positive (+) and negative (-) modes, as well as fragmentation of ions of interest (MS/MS) experiments. The diluted extract and active fractions of Maytenus ilicifolia, extracts of Arrabidaea chica from diverse geographic origins (accesses), as well as the oil from Pterodon pubescens and nuts of various clones of Anacardium occidentale were introduced by direct injection. Characterization of nuts and stems from A. occidentale, as well as of its respective clones by their chemical constituents has been successfully performed. After ether extraction of nuts, it was possible to characterize the triacylglycerols (TAG) by ESI(+) and free fatty acids by ESI (-). After extraction of stem juice with isopropanol, diverse ions were identified as anacardic acids by ESI(-). Also, parameters influencing to the ionization process, such as capillary voltage, cone voltage and cone extraction voltage, have been evaluated for the stem juice at ESI(-). For A. chica, the proposed methodology has been proven to efficiently bioprospect the anthocyanins, and among the nine accesses evaluated, it has been possible to identify the one producing higher amounts of dying material proportionally to the biomass. We also evaluated the enzymatic treatment extraction methodology, which resulted in the increase of aglycones content, probably due to anthocyanins hydrolysis. The occurrence of hydrolysis has been also observed when leaves have been water-sprayed while drying in the sun. Seasonal influence on the production of secondary metabolite has been observed in the samples collected on the experiments performed from 2007 to 2009. For M. ilicifolia, it has been possible to characterize a series of compounds related to the anti ulcer activity and already reported in the literature, such as dulcitol, catechin and derivatives and flavonoid glycosides. The proposed methodology has been applied in the evaluation of genetic improvement of M. ilicifolia by comparing the identified compounds profiles. The developed methodology aimed at direct analyzing P. pubescens has successfully detected and identified bioactive compounds of the seed oil, allowing the fast characterization. In conclusion, the proposed MS fingerprinting methodology allows in an informative, straightforward and with minimal sample preparation the chemical characterization and quality control of natural products.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_fernando_roberto_lorencett.pdf: 1922701 bytes, checksum: 176438ac6b9623e90b6b9fa1185d4052 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-03 / Brazilian law imposes restrictions on the use of Permanent Preservation Areas (APP) for agriculture, is necessary to find economically viable alternatives and appropriate environmental legislation. Several family farms are at risk of becoming unviable, the constraints faced by virtue of its location next to rivers, areas of steep slopes or to their own water sources. In the Far-west region of Santa Catarina, various properties which are located at considerable APPs include spaces. Farmers face difficulties in getting the properties become economically viable to produce plots that are left over from the preservation of the PPAs. The objective of this study was to analyze the economic feasibility of growing fruit native APP or degraded areas. Determining the cost of production of the following native fruit species occurring in the region: Jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg), Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.), cherry (Eugenia involucrata DC.) Araticum and (Annona neosalicifolia H. Rainer). It was considered that the cost seeds and seedlings represent the total production cost for the analysis. We also analyzed the profitability of this type of cultivation compared to APP and profitability from two fruit (peach and orange) and an annual crop (soybean). It was found that these native fruit production is more feasible from seed, mainly due to the price of seedlings is high. The profitability of native fruit is bigger than the orange plantations, and smaller than the peach. The comparison with the soybean crop in the same area, considering the regional technology used showed greater viability in the native fruit. / A legislação brasileira impõe restrições à utilização de Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) para agricultura, sendo necessário buscar alternativas economicamente viáveis e adequadas à legislação ambiental. Diversas propriedades familiares estão em risco de se tornarem inviáveis, pelas restrições enfrentadas em virtude da sua localização próxima a rios, áreas de declive acentuado ou às próprias fontes de água. Na região Extremo-oeste de Santa Catarina, várias propriedades estão situadas em locais cujas APPs compreendem espaços consideráveis. Os agricultores enfrentam dificuldades em conseguir tornar as propriedades economicamente viáveis produzindo nas parcelas que restam em detrimento da preservação das APPs. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a viabilidade econômica do cultivo de frutíferas nativas em APPs ou áreas degradadas. Foram determinados os custos de produção das seguintes espécies frutíferas de ocorrência nativa na região: Jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg), Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.), Cereja (Eugenia involucrata DC.) e Araticum (Annona neosalicifolia H. Rainer). Considerou-se o custo que as sementes e as mudas representam no custo total de produção para a análise. Também foi analisada a rentabilidade deste tipo de cultivo em APP e comparada à rentabilidade proveniente de duas frutíferas (Pêssego e Laranja) e uma cultura anual (soja). Verificou-se que a produção destas frutíferas nativas é mais viável a partir de sementes, principalmente em virtude do preço das mudas ser elevado. A rentabilidade de frutíferas nativas é maior do que a cultura da laranja, e menor do que a do pêssego. A comparação com a cultura da soja em mesma área, considerando a tecnologia regional utilizada mostrou maior viabilidade nas frutíferas nativas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T13:55:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Yoshida Publio-dissertacao.pdf: 1433924 bytes, checksum: f76aaa29ff10b2a7e4052e7a161ab87e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-30 / The therapeutic activity of Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (raspa-de-Juá) has been demonstrated from some studies, such as, antifungal, antibacterial, antipyretic and antioxidant properties. The aim of this research was to evaluate the mutagenicity of glycolic extract of Z. joazeiro Mart. (GEZJ) barks using the micronucleus assay in bone marrow of mice (heterogenetic Swiss albinus Unib: SW). The interaction between GEZJ and the genotoxic effects of doxorubicin (DOX) was also analysed. Experimental groups were evaluated after 24-48 h of treatment with N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea (NEU) and DOX (positive controls), NaCl (a negative control) and GEZJ (250-2,000 mg.Kg-1). Anti-mutagenic assays were carried out using the GEZJ in combination with these positive controls (GEZJ+NEU and GEZJ+DOX). The frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) was significantly different (p < 0.05) between (i) the positive and negative control treatments, (ii) the positive controls and animals treated with GEZJ and (iii) animals treated with positive controls (NEU or DOX) and GEZJ combined with these positive controls. There was no mutagenicity (clastogenicity/aneugenicity) observed in GEZJ regardless of the dose and time, but a variable response was observed among genders of mouse. The anti-mutagenic effects of GEZJ suggest a potential protective mechanism against DOX-induced genotoxic effects. / A atividade terapêutica de Zizyphus joazeiro Mart. (Raspa-de-Juá) tem sido demonstrada a partir de algumas pesquisas, como por exemplo, propriedades antifúngica, antibacteriana, antipirética e antioxidante. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar a mutagenicidade do extrato glicólico da casca de Z. joazeiro Mart. (GEZJP) usando o ensaio do micronúcleo in vivo na medula óssea de camundongos heterogenéticos Swiss albinus (Unib:SW). A sua associação sobre os efeitos genotóxicos induzidos pela DOX também foi analisada. Grupos experimentais foram avaliados após 24-48h de tratamento com NEU e DOX (controles positivos), NaCl (controle negativo), e GEZJP (500-2.000 mg.Kg-1). Ensaios anti-mutagênicos foram realizados usando os controles positivos associados à GEZJP, separadamente. As freqüências de PCEs e PCEMNs, e a relação PCE/NCE por animal foram analisadas. Diferenças significantes (p < 0,05) foram observadas (i) entre as freqüências de PCEMNs dos tratamentos controles positivos e negativos, (ii) entre os tratamentos controles positivos (NEU/DOX) e experimentais mutagênicos (500-2.000 mg.Kg-1 de GEZJP), e (iii) entre os tratamentos controles positivos (NEU/DOX) e experimentais anti-mutagênicos (GEZJP+DOX ou GEZJP+NEU). Quanto à relação PCE/NCE, diferenças significativas não foram encontradas entre (i) os tratamentos controles negativos e anti-mutagênicos (i.e., GEZJP+DOX), e (ii) entre os tratamentos mutagênicos (GEZJP), controles positivos e anti-mutagênicos (i.e., GEZJP+NEU). Os resultados sugerem inexistência de mutagenicidade (mecanismos clastogênicos e/ou aneugênicos) do GEZJP, independentemente da dose e do tempo de tratamento, muito embora uma resposta variável tenha sido observada entre os gêneros (masculino e feminino). As relações PCE/NCE observadas sugerem toxicidade sistêmica do GEZJP, independentemente da dose, do tempo e do gênero do animal. Contudo, o GEZJP pode apresentar propriedades fitoquímicas contra os efeitos genotóxicos e/ou tóxicos induzidos pelo quimioterápico DOX.