Cette thèse se propose d’étudier l’écriture des masculinités dans la fiction nord-irlandaise contemporaine. Le corpus est constitué de six romans publiés pendant la décennie qui suit le traité de paix de 1998 : Breakfast on Pluto de Patrick McCabe (1998), No Bones d’Anna Burns (2001), Fodder de Tara West (2002), The Ultras d’Eoin McNamee (2004), Little Constructions d’Anna Burns (2007) et The Truth Commissioner de David Park (2008). Les enjeux politiques et sociologiques spécifiques que cristallise la question de la masculinité dans le nord de l’Irlande se mesurent à l’aune des Troubles et du processus de paix. Une dialectique entre conformisme et subversion des codes de la virilité est à l’œuvre dans les romans étudiés dont les stratégies d’écritures mènent à une reconfiguration de la masculinité en « anti-virilité » pour révéler les composantes et mécanismes du stéréotype. L’analyse de la suprématie de la masculinité puis de la subordination de la féminité dans les romans à l’étude nous conduit à observer une orientation féministe queer. De cette reconfiguration particulière de la virilité et du dévoilement de la dimension genrée des rapports de pouvoir, émerge un contre-discours qui met en question le récit hégémonique de paix présent dans la sphère publique. Dans ces fictions, l’injonction à « tourner la page » et l’optimisme ambiant de cette rhétorique sont ébranlés par les diverses manifestations des scories du passé qui mettent en évidence un profond malaise dans le nord de Irlande aux lendemains des accords de paix. / This thesis explores the concept of masculinity in contemporary Northern-Irish fiction. My body of texts is constituted by six novels published in the decade after the Good Friday Agreement (1998): Breakfast on Pluto by Patrick McCabe (1998), No Bones by Anna Burns (2001), Fodder by Tara West (2002), The Ultras by Eoin McNamee (2004), Little Constructions by Anna Burns (2007) and The Truth Commissioner by David Park (2008). Because of the close links between masculinity, violence, national identity and the military, the issue of masculinity is of particular importance in the aftermath of the Troubles and of the peace process in Northern Ireland. In the novels, a dialectics between conformism and subversion of codes of manliness develops and reconfigures masculinity as ‘anti-virility’ in order to reveal the characteristics and functioning of the stereotype. The focus first on the supremacy of masculinity and then on the subordination of femininity in the novels leads us to notice a queer and feminist orientation in the writing strategies. This particular reshaping of masculinity and the unveiling of the gender order enable the emergence of a counter-narrative which challenges the hegemonic discourse about peace in the Northern-Irish public sphere. The aggressive incitement to make a fresh start and the pervasive optimism of this rhetoric are debunked by the lingering past residuals in the novels which ultimately display a profound malaise in the post-conflict Northern Ireland.

Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych) / Ulwaluko is a Xhosa word that refers to male circumcision, an initiation ritual performed to transform boys into men. The ritual is supposed to instill good moral and social values. Research has demonstrated that, the practice of Ulwaluko has undergone many changes primarily because of urbanization, acculturation and the emergence of back-door circumcision schools amongst other things. This has culminated in instances of moral decline such as criminal activity, drug abuse, risky sexual behaviour and inhumane behaviour among some of the initiates. There has been a recent upsurge in research on Ulwaluko in South Africa. However, lacking in this body of scholarship is a focus on how Ulwaluko constructs masculinities. This served as the motivation for my study. Given the above, my study explored the role of Ulwaluko in the construction of masculinity in men at the University of the Western Cape (UWC). Hegemonic masculinity (Connell, 1994; Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005) was used as a theoretical framework conceptualizing this study. The study utilised a qualitative framework and data was collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Seven participants aged from 19 to 32, consented to be part of the study. These were recruited using purposive sampling. The ethical considerations of the study adhered to the guidelines stipulated by UWC. Data was transcribed, and analysed using thematic decomposition analysis. The findings of this study indicate that Ulwaluko constructs masculinity in hegemonic ways. Through hegemony it establishes, maintains and retains control over young men, boys and women. It constructs an idealised masculine identity that is morally upright, faced with ritual challenges and burdened by a prescriptive set of masculine role expectations. This study also shows the self-reflexive, critical and imaginative engagement by men as they negotiated Ulwaluko‟s ideal masculinity. Such contestations resulted in the creation of rival masculinities. It also demonstrates how subject position(s) impact understandings and constructions of masculinities. This study provided a richer and more nuanced contextual understanding of the psychosocial realities of men who underwent Ulwaluko

Ce travail de thèse sur les masculinités du métier politique au temps de la paritéentend répondre à la question de la convertibilité des propriétés masculines en capitalpolitique, question d'autant plus intéressante à poser que ces masculinités sontproduites dans un contexte marqué par les critiques des manières masculinesd'endosser les rôles de représentant. Ces masculinités sont diverses. Leursproductions et leurs usages dépendent des propriétés sociales, politiques et sexuellesde ceux qui les incarnent. Surtout, ces identités masculines peuvent faire l'objet d'uneadaptation aux critères de légitimité liés à l'émergence d'un second individualisme –pourtant symboliquement associé au féminin. Elles contribuent alors à la légitimationdu personnel politique en général et des établis du champ politique en particulier. Danssa variante conservatrice-progressiste, le registre de la masculinité participe encore àla légitimation des ordres politique, social et sexuel dans leur ensemble ; il s'agit donclà d'une masculinité hégémonique au sens fort du terme. / This dissertation on professional politicians' masculinities in a context of parity aims atadressing the question of convertibility of masculine properties into political capitalwhile occuring in a context of criticism towards the masculine ways of assuming arepresentative role. Such masculinities are diverse. Their productions and uses dependupon the social, political and sexual properties of those who embody them. Above all,these masculine identities can be adapted to meet the legitimacy criteria related to theemerging second individualism - yet symbolically linked to femininity. They thencontribute to the legitimization of professional politicians in general and to thelegitimization of those who are members of the political establishment in particular. Inits conservative-progressive version, the use of masculinity still participates to thelegitimization of the political, social and sexual orders as a whole. This type ofmasculinity is an hegemonic masculinity in the strongest understanding of the term.

This survey is a study about the concept of the new man and masculinities. The basic question in this study is what consequences the discussion after Metoo has had for masculinity and whether we are now facing the creation of a new masculinity. In the light of an article about the new woman written by Aleksandra Kollontaj in the early 1900s and a book by Viktoria Saxby with the title Den nya mannen (the new man), published in 2019, this comparative study examines whether there is a new man among us. The theory in this study is taking the point of departure in different definitions of masculinities, as well as Metoo and comparing the mentioned article and book above. With the use of hegemonic masculinity and gender as theory, as well as discourse analysis as method, this study will try to come up with a result whether the new man is on a rise and how this will affect gender equality. The essence of the study is that the new man exists, he is missing and he is needed. / Denna undersökning är en studie om begreppet den nye mannen och maskuliniteter. Grundfrågan i studien är vilka konsekvenser diskussionen efter Metoo har haft för maskulinitet och om vi nu står inför skapandet av en ny maskulinitet. I ljuset av en artikel om den nya kvinnan skriven av Aleksandra Kollontaj i början av 1900-talet och en bok av Viktoria Saxby med titeln Den nya mannen (den nya mannen), publicerad 2019, undersöker denna jämförande studie om det finns en ny man bland oss. Teorin i denna studie tar utgångspunkt i olika definitioner av maskuliniteter, liksom Metoo och jämför den nämnda artikeln och boken ovan. Med användning av hegemonisk maskulinitet och kön som teori, samt diskursanalys som metod, kommer denna studie att försöka komma fram till ett resultat om den nya mannen ökar och hur detta kommer att påverka jämställdhet. Kärnan i studien är att den nya människan finns, han saknas och han behövs.

In 1997, 70% of British Armed Forces roles were opened to women. Women were still excluded from ground close combat (GCC) roles, where the primary purpose is to close in on and kill the enemy at short range, usually under 30 metres, using weaponry or hand to hand combat. Excluding women from GCC roles in the military was covered under Section 85(4) of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. In order to legally retain the exclusion, the European Community Equal Treatment Directive stipulated that a review of the role of women in certain ground close combat environments should be undertaken every eight years. In this study I will be using post-structural policy analysis to examine the ways the 2010 and 2016 reviews on women in ground close combat have constructed gender difference. The findings have shown that cohesion and physical capacity have been deemed essential to combat effectiveness, therefore in this study I argue that the subtexts of these “essential” factors of combat are actively limiting the potential for gender equality in the British Armed Forces.

The aim of this study was to understand how masculinities are constructed in criminal contexts, and how men handle the changes in their identity during the exit process, to show how the Swedish Prison and Probation Service and other actors in social work can support men during their exit from criminal behavior. The study uses narrative analysis as a method, specifically the category-content method. Empirically the study is based on six autobiographies by six different authors who all identify as either criminals or ex-criminals. The results show that the authors’ masculinities are primarily constructed through the act of acquiring and exhibiting material and social resources, as well as displaying courage, capacity for violence, and recklessness, while simultaneously hiding emotions which they regard as weaknesses. The men handle their changing identities due to exit processes by receiving support from friends and family, and by not leaving the criminal context entirely. One identified strategy some of the authors use in order to manage identity conflicts that we have identified is the use of their life story, and knowledge regarding crime, as a means to change young potential offenders’ life trajectories.

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Sedan resultatet av PISA-undersökningen 2012 publicerades handlar en övervägande del av skoldebatten om att finna åtgärder för att förbättra resultaten inom gymnasieskolan. Fenomenet rörande pojkars underpresterande har fått namnet “pojkkris”. Författarna till föreliggande studie avser att utmana bilden av ”den typiska killen” som underpresterar i kontexten för en rådande ”antipluggkultur”. Utifrån ett studie-och yrkesvägledarperspektiv är det aktuellt att undersöka vilka potentiella faktorer i en ”antipluggkultur” unga män upplever konstruerar identitet i förhållande till sin karriäridentitet. Syftet med föreliggande studie är således att undersöka hur en grupp högpresterande unga män ser på vad det är att vara en ”idealelev” vid det Naturvetenskapliga programmet. Vidare avser studien att undersöka vilka distinktioner de unga männen gör i relation till andra elevgrupper. För att tolka elevernas uppfattningar används sociologiska teorier. Begreppen fält och förmak avser förklara de unga männens syn på den omgivning de befinner sig i. De olika kapitalformerna, habitus, hegemonisk maskulinitet och begreppet distinktion används för att förklara informanternas identitetskonstruktion. För att besvara frågeställningarna används fokusgruppsintervjuer. De slutsatser som sammanfattningsvis görs är att unga mäns maskulinitetsideal i förhållande till hur en idealelev ska vara är komplex. Informanterna konstruerar bilden av en idealelev i termer av en man som får höga betyg i samtliga ämnen utan att behöva studera. Således kan det tolkas att de unga männen beskriver att en lyckad idealelev skall vara naturligt begåvade. / Since the results of the PISA-study 2012 were published, the majority of the current school policy has focused on measures to improve results in secondary schools. The phenomenon to boys underachievement has been named the "boy crisis". The thesis aims to challenge the image of the "typical guy" who underachieve in the context of an "anti-school culture”. Based on a guidance counsellor perspective it is necessary to observe the potential factors in an "anti-school culture" that young men experience constructing their identity in relation to their career identity. The author’s purpose is therefore to investigate a group of high-performing young men´s view of what it means to achieve the idealised image of a student. Sociological theories is used to interpret the students' perceptions. The concepts of fields and antichamber intends to explain the young men's views of their surroundings. The different capital forms, habitus, hegemonic masculinity and the concept of distinction is used to explain the informants' identity construction. Focus group interviews is being used in order to answer the research issues. The conclusive inference is that young men´s masculinity ideals, in relation to how an ideal student should be, is complex. The respondents construct the image of an ideal student in terms of a man who gets great results in all subjects without making an effort. In conclusion, it can be interpreted that the young men describe that a successful student should ideally be naturally talented.

Background: Public safety personnel (PSP) such as paramedics and police are exposed to traumatic situations which increases their risk for mental health issues. However, many PSP do not seek help in a timely manner. Peer support interventions have the potential to decrease stigma and increase treatment-seeking behaviours among PSP. However, little is known regarding how the organizational culture of public safety organizations (PSOs) may affect the implementation of a peer-based intervention. This study aims to understand the extent to which organizational culture, including masculinity contest cultures (MCC), within Canadian PSOs affects implementation of PeerOnCall, a new peer support app for PSP. Methods: A multiple case study design was adopted, integrating semi-structured interviews and a standardized MCC scale completed with organizational champions from three PSOs. Two to three champions from each PSO acted as key informants regarding their organizations. Interviews explored champions’ perceptions of how organizational culture might shape implementation. Interview data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Interview data were also triangulated with MCC scale data to understand the extent to which an MCC exists and is important to consider when implementing this app-based intervention. Results: Interviews with champions resulted in the construction of four themes. The first theme focused on external drivers of organizational culture shift, while the second theme focused on internal drivers. The third theme focused on how culture can create resistance to implementation. The fourth theme emphasized that culturally competent implementation strategies could overcome this resistance Most participants perceived their organization to have low-to-moderate levels of MCC. Discussion/Conclusions: Each organization had a unique and changing culture, as evidenced through its cultural artifacts, beliefs, and values. Understanding how culture shapes implementation of PeerOnCall can guide the creation of contextually relevant strategies that optimize implementation of PeerOnCall within PSOs. Recommendations for strategies and further study are provided. / Thesis / Master of Public Health (MPH) / This multi-site case study explores how first responder culture influences implementation of the PeerOnCall peer support app. Interviews and surveys were conducted with seven workplace champions from one police and two paramedic organization(s). Interviews explored organizational culture in general while surveys focused on masculinity contest culture specifically. It was observed that: external and internal drivers of culture shift have created a window of opportunity for PeerOnCall implementation; cultures of mistrust, skepticism & apathy, and hegemonic masculinity can create resistance to implementation; and culturally competent implementation strategies can overcome this. Traditional norms of masculinity appeared to be changing within the organizations. While public safety organizations’ cultures have been studied, this study links culture to the implementation of a specific intervention and offers nuance to the issue of masculinity contest cultures. Findings can inform the creation of culturally competent strategies that optimize the implementation of resources such as PeerOnCall among first responders.

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