En person som drabbats av den inflammatoriska tarmsjukdomen Mb Crohn är under ett svårt skov ofta i behov av sjukvårdskontakt. Skovet kan innebära blodiga diarréer flera gånger per dygn, buksmärta och feber. För att minska patientens lidande är det viktigt att sjukvårdskontakten blir positiv för patienten.   Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur patienter med Mb Crohn upplevde kontakten med vårdpersonal samt vilka faktorer som påverkade kontakten. Den metod som användes var en kvalitativ innehållsanalys som gjordes av text från sex bloggar skrivna av personer med Mb Crohn. En blogg kan beskrivas som en dagbok, publicerad via internet.   Resultatet visade att kontakten med vårdpersonal gav både positiva och negativa upplevelser. Faktorer som gjorde upplevelsen positiv var när personalen fanns tillgänglig samt gav möjlighet till delaktighet. Då personalen visade sig kompetent, engagerad och empatisk upplevdes trygghet och bekräftelse. Faktorer som gjorde upplevelsen negativ var när personalen gav fel eller bristfällig information och behandling, inte gav utlovade besked i rätt tid eller inte visade intresse för patienternas åsikter. Känslor som då upplevdes var otrygghet, maktlöshet, frustration och förlorad autonomi. De negativa faktorerna övervägde.   Slutsatsen av denna studie är att vårdpersonal kan utveckla sin förmåga i kontakten med patienter med Mb Crohn. Att vårdpersonal vid utbildningstillfällen reflekterar över informanternas erfarenheter i vårdsituationer, är förslag som kan leda till en bättre vård

The number of applications and the significance of ultrapure water are increasing over time in both traditional and high-tech industries. For ultrapure water treatment and production, two important types of equipments are the green technology with Electrodeionization modules (EDI), and the traditional ion exchange resins with Mixed Beds (MB). Unfortunately, it is a concern that the highly polluting MB technology produces a large volume of waste-water during the regeneration process, but still owns around 90% market share of all ultrapure water systems. By contrast, although EDI, a high-tech green product of the latest generation, has excellent market advantages and a promising future of totally replacing MB, it grabs only around 10% market share as of 2010. Perhaps, the technology and timing for EDI to be widely applied are still premature. It is also likely that most industrial consumers do not fully understand the real value and deep impact of EDI, and cling to MB under the conventional cost-price consideration. However, it is a global trend to be environmentally friendly. For example, in recent years the world¡¦s major automobile companies have invested in developing and manufacturing hybrid/electric vehicles that are equally functional yet more costly than traditional cars. Moreover, governments counteract general consumers¡¦ preference for low-price products by imposing more stringent standards for cars¡¦ emissions and energy consumptions with the aid of new laws and subsidies. If there is a lesson to be learned here, isn¡¦t EDI to the ultrapure water industry what hybrid/electric cars are to the automobile industry in terms of their developing trends and values? This thesis will examine a specific case, S company, which manufactures EDI. Through the analysis of the company, advantages of its products, and potential opportunities in its business environment, empirically it can be shown that EDI will inevitably become the mainstream in the future market by gradually replacing all traditional MB. Hopefully such an empirical conclusion would inspire and educate industrial manufacturers to make their future choices between EDI and traditional MB based not only on the operating efficiency, but also on which technology contributes more to environmental protection and earth sustainability during the development of an enterprise. It is also of hope that the perspective on system designs and usages could be more objective and unbiased. For instance, instead of always chasing low costs as the first priority in the pursuit of profits and development, enterprises could take into account social responsibilities, such as environment protection, energy conservation, and carbon reduction, and become pioneers in carbon footprint reduction.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:34:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:34:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Em testes físicos de reatores que são realizados na criticalização, após uma troca de combustível, por exemplo, como ocorre nos reatores PWR, é muito importante monitorar continuamente a reatividade durante o processo de criticalização. Medir a reatividade utilizando o método da Cinética Inversa é um processo bastante utilizado durante a operação de um reator nuclear, e é possível determinar a reatividade em tempo real baseado nas equações de cinética pontual. Essa técnica é aplicada com sucesso a altas potências, ou em núcleos que trabalham sem a existência de uma fonte externa, já que nesse caso o Termo Fonte na equação de cinética pontual pode ser desprezado. Para operações a baixas potências, a contribuição da fonte de nêutrons precisa ser levada em consideração, e isso implica em conhecer um valor proporcional à intensidade da fonte e, portanto esse valor precisa ser determinado. O Método dos Mínimos Quadrados em Cinética Inversa (Least Square Inverse Kinetics Method LSIKM) foi testado com modelo teórico e aplicado em experimentos no Reator Nuclear IPEN/MB-01 para a determinação do Termo Fonte com a utilização de um reatímetro que ignora o Termo Fonte em primeira instância. Após a determinação da Fonte S de forma consistente, seu valor foi inserido ao algoritmo de Cinética Inversa, e utilizando dados de detectores durante a criticalização, o reatímetro com Termo Fonte foi usado para medir a reatividade no domínio subcrítico, nos passos de criticalização, após experimento. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

En esta tesis doctoral se plantea la mejora de la capacidad de transmisión en las redes HDR-WPAN ( redes WPAN con elevada tasa binaria) empleando el estándar MB-OFDM (OFDM sobre múltiples bandas) en canales UWB con modulación adaptativa realizando una adaptación discreta de la tasa de bits transmitidos por subportadora. La tesis comienza con un análisis en el dominio del tiempo y de la frecuencia de los dos modelos de canal UWB propuestos en IEEE: IEEE 802.15.3a y 802.15.4a. El objetivo consiste en determinar la distribución estadística que mejor se aproxima a la amplitud de cada una de las subportadoras, para posteriormente definir la métrica a emplear en la evaluación del estado y dinámica del canal UWB. En la modulación adaptativa se requiere que el transmisor se adapte a la variabilidad del canal. El análisis se puede realizar de dos formas: - Asumiendo adaptación perfecta (estimación ideal), lo que implica que el transmisor siempre conoce la dinámica y estructura del canal. - Considerando un error (estimación imperfecta del canal) en la adaptación debido a la incertidumbre en el conocimiento del canal. El método de estimación del canal UWB empleado en la tesis se fundamenta en el conocimiento del coeficiente de correlación en potencia entre las subportadoras de datos y la subportadora piloto. A partir de la información sobre el estado del canal, u una vez definida la métrica que permite su evaluación, se calculan las prestaciones de la modulación adaptativa. Esta evaluación se realiza a través de expresiones cerradas para la capacidad media, la probabilidad de error de bit media y la probabilidad de bloqueo, así como la obtención de la distribución y estadísticos del error de estimación en el caso de estimación imperfecta del canal. Por otro lado, a partir de la distribución estadística de la amplitud de cada una de las subportadoras en frecuencia del canal UWB, se obtienen resultados respecto a la variación de potencia del canal en función del ancho de banda . / Llano Ramírez, G. (2010). Modelado en frecuencia del canal UWB y su aplicación en el análisis de técnicas de modulación adaptativa en sistemas MB-OFDM UWB para redes WPAN [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8429 / Palancia

No description available.

Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer worldwide, more than 2.26 million new cases occurred in women in 2020. Treatment for breast cancer is normally individualized to the patient based on the presence of different receptors, these receptors include HER2, progesterone, and estrogen. The presence of these receptors generally comes with an amenable prognosis, and a wide array of available treatments. There are types of breast cancers that do not have any of these receptors and tend to be much more aggressive. This type of cancer is called triple negative and represents about 10 percent of all breast cancer occurrences in the United States. The lack of receptors makes this type of cancer extremely difficult to treat and generally comes with a poor prognosis. In the present study, we used triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231, which is known to use actin remodeling to evade immunologic response. These cells were treated with two novel, structurally similar flavonoids, CT1 and CT3 derived from an ethnobotanically recognized species of Chromolaena. CT1 and CT3 are extracted from the leaves of Chromolaena tacotana and then isolated and purified by chromatography. These compounds are used to treat cancer cells, at different concentrations that include 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80mM. MTT assays are used to determine their effect on cell viability, and the mechanism of action was analyzed by immunoblotting and TUNEL.. CT1 has a significantly stronger inhibitory effect on MDA-MB231 cell viability as compared to CT3. Preliminary analysis of the mechanism of action of CT1 has revealed that it neither follows the canonical intrinsic apoptotic pathway nor the extrinsic pathway that involves the activated form of c-JUN. By up-regulating actin, triple negative breast cancer is able to evade immunologic response and cancer treatment. CT1, a novel flavonoid extracted from the leaves of Chromoleana tacotana has shown cytotoxic effects against triple negative breast cancer cells effectively bypassing the actin response. The mechanism of action is currently under study.

Havsnivån stiger i takt med den globala uppvärmningen vilket utsätter flera länder för översvämningar.  Myndigheter har räknat ut att Sveriges södra delar kommer drabbas hårdast av de förändrade havsnivåerna. Ett område i Skåne som pekats ut som speciellt utsatt för framtida översvämningar är Falsterbonäs.  För att förhindra framtida översvämningar från att skapa förödelse planerar Vellinge kommun att anlägga ett översvämningsskydd. Anläggningen planeras ske etappvis där det inledande skyddet kommer vara ett inre skydd som skyddar Falsterbonäsets tätortsbebyggelse. För att få tillåtelse av mark och miljödomstolen (MMD) att anlägga skyddet finns det regler om att en miljökonsekvensbeskrivning (MKB) skall upprättas och därför anordnades samråden enligt 6 kap. 4 § Miljöbalken (MB). Problematiken med denna lag är att den är snävt beskriven i MB och det är upp till den som använder lagen att tolka den. I denna studie undersöker vi hur Vellinge kommun tolkat samråden enligt 6. kap 4 § MB för att se hur kunskapsproduktionen kan ske i en samrådsprocess. Vi studerar även hur allmänheten och övriga aktörer har bemött och tagit vara på kunskapen. För att studera denna specifika samrådsprocess har datainsamlingen skett genom kvalitativa metoder som dokumentanalys, litteraturanalys och semistrukturerade intervjuer.  Vad denna studie kommer fram till är att Vellinge Kommun har gjort det som lagen kräver för att allmänheten ska kunna känna sig delaktiga i samråden. Vellinge kommuns försök till att involvera har dock lett till förvirring hos allmänheten då synpunkter har lämnats vid fel tillfällen. Möjligheten för verksamhetsutövare att själva tolka hur ett samråd ska uppföras kan både uppfattas som en frihet och som en begränsning. Frihet i att själva få möjlighet att utforma hur samrådsmötena ska gå till var de ska hållas. Begränsningen som kan upplevas är att allas åsikter inte får komma till tals då de är relevanta först i ett senare skede i processen.

Neste trabalho foram determinados experimentalmente os índices espectrais 28r* e 25d* e o fator de eficiência de contagem gama através da técnica de varredura gama de varetas combustíveis no reator nuclear IPEN/MB-01. A vantagem deste método experimental consiste no fato de terem sido eliminados a maioria dos fatores de correção advindos dos cálculos, permanecendo somente os fatores de rendimento médio de fissão e a fração de fissão no 235U na determinação do 25d*. Os experimentos foram efetuados com luvas de cádmio de diferentes espessuras: 0,55 mm, 1,10 mm e 2,20 mm. As incertezas experimentais inferiores a 1% e a excelente caracterização dos dados geométricos e materiais do reator IPEN/MB-01 permitem utilizar os resultados obtidos como benchmark para a validação de bibliotecas de dados nucleares. Sendo assim, foi utilizado o programa MCNP-5 com as bibliotecas de dados nucleares: ENDF/B-VI.8, ENDF/B-VII.0, JENDL-3.3 e JEFF-3.1. A comparação entre os valores advindos dos cálculos e os resultados experimentais mostrou que houve progressos sensíveis com as bibliotecas de dados nucleares atuais. Os desvios entre a comparação dos valores calculados e os resultados experimentais são inferiores a 2 %, sendo que o melhor desempenho foi obtido com a biblioteca de dados nucleares ENDF/B-VII.0 e a incerteza máxima na comparação dos resultados foi de -1,4 %, para as bibliotecas de dados nucleares JEFF-3.1 e JENDL-3.3. / In this work, the spectral indexes 28r* and 25d*, and gamma efficiency factor in the IPEN/MB-01 reactor were determined experimentally employing a rod scanning technique. In the case of 28r*, this method has the advantage of eliminating most of the correction factors derived from the calculations. Only the fission yield factor and the relative fission rate in the 235U remain in the determination of the 25d*. The experiments were performed with different thicknesses of cadmium sleeves: 0.55 mm, 1.10 mm and 2.20 mm. The final experimental uncertainty achieved in the experiment, less that 1 %, and the excellent geometrical and material data characterization of the IPEN/MB-01 reactor allow us to use the results as benchmark for validate calculation methods and related nuclear data libraries. The comparison between calculated values and experimental values was performed by employing the MCNP-5 code and the nuclear data libraries: ENDF/B-VI.8, ENDF/B-VII.0, JENDL-3.3 and JEFF-3.1. The results demonstrate that the difference among libraries is very small. Also, the comparison between calculated values and experimental values shows that there has been considerable progress in the recent nuclear data libraries. The best result is obtained with ENDF/B-VII.0 nuclear data library, and the highest discrepancy was obtained with JEFF-3.1 and JENDL-3.3 nuclear data libraries.

Neste trabalho foram determinados experimentalmente os índices espectrais 28r* e 25d* e o fator de eficiência de contagem gama através da técnica de varredura gama de varetas combustíveis no reator nuclear IPEN/MB-01. A vantagem deste método experimental consiste no fato de terem sido eliminados a maioria dos fatores de correção advindos dos cálculos, permanecendo somente os fatores de rendimento médio de fissão e a fração de fissão no 235U na determinação do 25d*. Os experimentos foram efetuados com luvas de cádmio de diferentes espessuras: 0,55 mm, 1,10 mm e 2,20 mm. As incertezas experimentais inferiores a 1% e a excelente caracterização dos dados geométricos e materiais do reator IPEN/MB-01 permitem utilizar os resultados obtidos como benchmark para a validação de bibliotecas de dados nucleares. Sendo assim, foi utilizado o programa MCNP-5 com as bibliotecas de dados nucleares: ENDF/B-VI.8, ENDF/B-VII.0, JENDL-3.3 e JEFF-3.1. A comparação entre os valores advindos dos cálculos e os resultados experimentais mostrou que houve progressos sensíveis com as bibliotecas de dados nucleares atuais. Os desvios entre a comparação dos valores calculados e os resultados experimentais são inferiores a 2 %, sendo que o melhor desempenho foi obtido com a biblioteca de dados nucleares ENDF/B-VII.0 e a incerteza máxima na comparação dos resultados foi de -1,4 %, para as bibliotecas de dados nucleares JEFF-3.1 e JENDL-3.3. / In this work, the spectral indexes 28r* and 25d*, and gamma efficiency factor in the IPEN/MB-01 reactor were determined experimentally employing a rod scanning technique. In the case of 28r*, this method has the advantage of eliminating most of the correction factors derived from the calculations. Only the fission yield factor and the relative fission rate in the 235U remain in the determination of the 25d*. The experiments were performed with different thicknesses of cadmium sleeves: 0.55 mm, 1.10 mm and 2.20 mm. The final experimental uncertainty achieved in the experiment, less that 1 %, and the excellent geometrical and material data characterization of the IPEN/MB-01 reactor allow us to use the results as benchmark for validate calculation methods and related nuclear data libraries. The comparison between calculated values and experimental values was performed by employing the MCNP-5 code and the nuclear data libraries: ENDF/B-VI.8, ENDF/B-VII.0, JENDL-3.3 and JEFF-3.1. The results demonstrate that the difference among libraries is very small. Also, the comparison between calculated values and experimental values shows that there has been considerable progress in the recent nuclear data libraries. The best result is obtained with ENDF/B-VII.0 nuclear data library, and the highest discrepancy was obtained with JEFF-3.1 and JENDL-3.3 nuclear data libraries.