L'encapsulation de protéines pose de nombreuses difficultés liées à leurs propriétés physicochimiques, leur sensibilité aux conditions environnementales et opératoires. La structure 3D spécifique de chaque protéine étant directement liée à son activité biologique, un contrôle de l'intégrité protéique est indispensable pour assurer l'efficacité et la sécurité des systèmes formulés. Dans cet optique, l'encapsulation par émulsion multiple a été appliquée à une protéine modèle : la myoglobine (Mb). Le but de cette thèse a été l'étude du procédé d'encapsulation à travers 3 objectifs. Le premier fut d'étudier l'influence de paramètres de formulation sur les propriétés des particules obtenues et sur la conformation de la Mb. Les mesures en spectrométrie UV/Vis. et le calcul des principaux rapports d'absorbance ont constitué une méthode de contrôle fiable et rapide. Le second fut de valider la pertinence et de montrer les limites de cette méthode en la comparant à une seconde méthode utilisant des mesures conductimétriques. Enfin, l'étape de solidification des particules par élimination du solvant ainsi que le changement de solvant ont été étudiés.. Des microsphères creuses de 15μm avec un rendement d'encapsulation de 36% ont pu être obtenues tout en maintenant la conformation native de la Mb. L'emploi de polymère de masse moléculaire élevée et un taux d'élimination de solvant trop rapide sont 2 paramètres altérants significativement la protéine. Ces travaux ouvrent la voie au développement de transporteurs d'O2 utilisables par exemple dans le cas de pathologies musculaires / Protein encapsulation results in several problems related to their physicochemical properties, their sensitivity to environmental conditions and operating procedures. The specific 3D structure being directly linked to their biological activity, monitoring of protein integrity is crucial to ensure the efficacy and security of formulations. In this context, the multiple emulsion method was applied to a model protein: myoglobin (Mb). The aim of this thesis was to study the encapsulation process through 3 objectives. The first was to study the influence of formulation parameters on the particle properties and the conformation of Mb. Measurements by UV/Vis. spectrometry and calculation of key absorbance ratios established a reliable and rapid method for protein monitoring. The second was to validate the pertinence and show the limits of this method by comparing it to a second one using conductimetry measurements. Finally, the particle solidification by solvent removal and the solvent exchange were studied. The process maintains the Mb native conformation in Hollow microspheres of 15μm in diameter and an encapsulation efficiency of 36% were obtained, while keeping intact the Mb native conformation. The use of high molecular weight polymer and a fast solvent removal rate are 2 parameters inducing significant protein alteration. This work paves the way for the development of O2 carriers for muscular diseases for example

Introdução: As estatinas são drogas amplamente utilizadas na prevenção primária e secundária de doenças cardiovasculares, por reduzirem o nível de colesterol. Porém alguns pacientes podem apresentar elevação da creatinofosfoquinase (CPK) e sintomas musculares relacionados ao seu uso. Além da CPK, outros marcadores de dano muscular podem apresentar alterações. Este estudo analisou a concentração dos marcadores bioquímicos, CKMB e anidrase carbônica III (CAIII) e sua relação com a presença de miosite. Métodos: Foram selecionados pacientes em tratamento com estatinas e com elevação da CPK. Foram realizadas as determinações de CKMB e CAIII e analisadas as variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais destes pacientes. Resultados: Cerca de 10% dos pacientes em tratamento com estatina apresentaram elevações de CPK acima 1x o limite superior de normalidade (LSN). Desses, 50,4% apresentaram sintomas musculares, definido como miosite. O uso de sinvastatina [OR=2,24 (IC95%:1,47-3,42)], o índice de massa corpórea > 28 Kg/m2 [OR=1,06 (IC95%: 1,01-1,10)] e a CKMB > 1xLSN [OR=1,59 (IC95%: 1,02-2,49)] apresentaram-se como preditores independentes para a ocorrência de miosite. A CKMB aumentada foi observada em 36,2% dos pacientes (7,17±4,4 ng/mL). Os pacientes com e sem miosite apresentaram valores semelhantes de CAIII (211,3±93,4pg/mL vs 204,0±84,6pg/mL; p=0,549). Pacientes diabéticos apresentaram elevações significantes de CKMB em relação aos não diabéticos (4,8±4,6ng/mL vs 3,5±2,4ng/mL; p=0,0006) e não apresentaram diferenças quanto à presença de miosite. Conclusão: A CKMB apresentou alteração em parte dos pacientes tratados com estatinas e foi um preditor independente para a presença de miosite. A CAIII não foi considerada um bom marcador de dano muscular na população deste estudo / Introduction: Statins are drugs widely used in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, due to the decreasing effect on cholesterol level. However, some patients may present elevated levels of creatine phosphokinase (CK) and muscle symptoms related to statin use. In addition to CK, other markers of muscle damage may present changes. This study analyzed the concentration of biochemical markers, CKMB and carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) and related them to the presence of myositis. Methods: Patients on statin therapy and CK elevation were selected. CKMB and (CAIII) assays were performed and the clinical and laboratory variables of these patients were analyzed. Results: About 10% of the patients receiving statin therapy (6692) presented CK elevations above 1x upper reference limit (URL). Muscular symptoms, defined as myositis, were presented in 50.4% of these patients. Use of simvastatin [OR=2,24 (IC95%:1,47-3,42)], a body mass index > 28 kg / m2 [OR = 1.06 (95% CI: 1.01-1, 10)] and a concentration of CKMB > 1x URL [OR = 1.59 (95% CI: 1.02-2.49)] presented as independent predictors for the occurrence of myositis. Increased CKMB was observed in 36.2% of patients (7.17 ± 4.4 ng / mL). Patients with and without myositis had similar CAIII values (211.3 ± 93.4pg / mL vs 204.0 ± 84.6pg / mL, p = 0.549). Diabetic patients showed significant elevations of CKMB compared to non-diabetic patients (4.8 ± 4.6 ng / mL vs. 3.5 ± 2.4 ng / mL, p = 0.0006) and did not present differences regarding the presence of myositis. Conclusion: CKMB level changed in part of the patients treated with statins and this enzyme was an independent predictor for the presence of myositis. CAIII was not considered a good marker of muscle damage in the studied population

Os experimentos com refletores nucleares de material pesado foram realizados no reator IPEN/MB-01 utilizando-se chapas de aço inoxidável, de aço carbono ou de níquel, num total de 32 chapas de cada material, inseridas adequadamente na face oeste do núcleo do reator. As chapas têm cerca de 3 mm de espessura. A largura e comprimento axial foram suficientes para cobrir todo o núcleo ativo do reator. Tais experimentos foram realizados com cada tipo de material refletor individualmente. Para cada etapa de colocação de chapas foram efetuadas medidas da reatividade devido à inserção destas no núcleo; bem como da posição crítica das barras de controle com BC1 e BC2 igualmente retiradas. Pôde ser observado que o aumento da absorção de nêutrons e consequente diminuição da moderação de nêutrons dominaram toda a física do problema quando foram inseridas poucas chapas de material refletor (cerca de 5 chapas para o aço inoxidável e aço carbono, e 3 chapas no caso do níquel). Na sequência, a reflexão de nêutrons tornou-se importante superando a absorção neutrônica; a reatividade aumentou até ultrapassar a situação sem chapa (excesso de reatividade zero) obtendo-se um acréscimo (ganho líquido) de reatividade com as 32 chapas inseridas (cerca de 162 pcm no caso do aço inoxidável, 37 pcm para o aço carbono e 295 pcm para o níquel). Portanto, observou-se que o núcleo refletido tornou-se mais reativo do que o núcleo sem material refletor. Resultados experimentais inéditos de medidas de reatividade foram obtidos com refletores de níquel. No que concerne a esse tipo de experimento não existe experimento similar na literatura internacional ao realizado no reator IPEN/MB-01. A análise teórica empregando o MCNP-5 e a biblioteca de dados nucleares ENDF/B-VII.0 evidenciou os aspectos físicos de absorção e reflexão de nêutrons nas chapas de material refletor considerados; entretanto apresentou uma discrepância quando a reflexão de nêutrons rápidos domina o fenômeno físico do transporte de nêutrons. Essas tendências foram encontradas independentemente do tipo de refletor pesado empregado nos experimentos. / Experiments with heavy-material nuclear reflectors were performed in the IPEN / MB-01 reactor using stainless steel, carbon steel or nickel plates, in a total of 32 plates of each material, properly inserted in the western face of the reactor core. The plates are about 3 mm thick. The axial width and length were sufficient to cover the entire active core of the reactor. Such experiments were performed with each type of reflective material individually. For each step of placement of plates were made measures of reactivity due to the insertion of these in the core; as well as the critical position of the BC1 and BC2 control rods also removed. It could be observed that the increase in neutron absorption and consequent decrease in neutron moderation dominated the whole physics of the problem when a few reflective material plates were inserted (about 5 plates for stainless steel and carbon steel and 3 plates for nickel). Subsequently, neutron reflection has become important overcoming neutron absorption; the reactivity increased until it exceeded the situation without plate (excess of zero reactivity) obtaining an increase (net gain) of reactivity with 32 inserts inserted (about 162 pcm in the case of stainless steel, 37 pcm for carbon steel and 295 pcm for nickel). Therefore, it was observed that the reflected core became more reactive than the core without reflective material. Unpublished experimental results of reactivity measurements were obtained with nickel reflectors. As for this type of experiment, there is no similar experiment in the international literature compared to the IPEN/MB-01 reactor. The theoretical analysis using the MCNP-5 together with nuclear data library ENDF/B-VII.0 evidenced the physical aspects of neutron absorption and reflection in the reflective material plates considered; however, it presented a discrepancy when the reflection of fast neutrons dominates the physical phenomenon of the transport of neutrons. These trends were found independently of the type of the heavy reflector employed in the experiments.

Under de senaste trettio åren, har antalet flerspråkiga individer ökat i Sverige betydligt. Antalet flerspråkiga barn i behov av en noggrann språklig undersökning är därmed stort. Det råder dessutom en generell brist på språkliga bedömningsmaterial för flerspråkiga barn i Sverige. Somalier utgör en stor del av den flerspråkiga gruppen i Sverige, vilket motiverar behovet av ett språkligt instrument för denna population. En översättning till somaliska av föräldraskattningsformuläret The Swedish Communicative Development Inventory (SCDI-III) har därför skapats. SCDI-III är en anpassning av MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (MB-CDI) och är utformat för att via föräldraskattning undersöka tal- och språkförmågan hos barn mellan 2;6–4;0 år. Ett antal språkspecifika korrigeringar har gjorts från svenska SCDI-III till den somaliska versionen för en bättre anpassning till det somaliska språket. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att pröva den somaliska översatta versionen av SCDI-III. Totalt tio somalisktalande vårdnadshavare inkluderades i studien. Deltagarna rekryterades via barnavårdscentraler, förskolor samt genom privata kontakter. Resultatet i föreliggande studie visar att deltagarnas inlämnade frågeformulär var ofullständigt ifyllda. Ingen samstämmighet avseende vilka sektioner av instrumentet som inte besvarades kunde iakttas. Dessutom noterades inga korrelationer mellan bakgrundsvariablerna och hur vårdnadshavarna svarade. På grund av det låga deltagarantalet, i kombination med ovan nämnda faktorer, kan inga slutsatser om huruvida instrumentet är användbart för gruppen somaliska vårdnadshavare i Sverige dras. Sannolikt behöver instrumentet revideras och prövas igen, innan det kan användas kliniskt. / Over the last thirty years the number of multilingual individuals has significantly increased in Sweden. Consequently, there are several multilingual children in need of a detailed language assessment. At the same time, there is a general lack of tools for assessing speech and language in multilingual children in Sweden. People from Somalia are a substantial part of the multilingual community in Sweden, which motivates a need for a language assessment tool for this population. A translation of the parent-report instrument The Swedish Communicative Development Inventory (SCDI-III) to Somali has been made. The SCDI-III is an adapted version from the MacArthurBates Communicative Development Inventory (MB-CDI). The instrument is designed to investigate the speech and language ability of children between 2;6–4;0 years via parental reports. In order to develop a better adaption to the Somali language, a number of language-specific revisions have been made from the Swedish SCDI-III to the Somali version. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the Somali translated version of SCDIIII. A total of ten Somali-speaking caretakers were included in the study. The participants were recruited through child-care centers, preschools and private contacts. The results of the present study show that the participants' submitted questionnaires were incomplete. No common patterns as to which sections that were incomplete could be identified, nor could any correlations between any of the background information items and incomplete sections be found. Due to the low number of participants, in combination with the above-mentioned factors, no conclusions can be drawn as to whether the instrument is applicable for the group of Somali caretakers in Sweden or not. The instrument is likely in need of a revision, and a thorough pre-test before it can be implemented clinically.

Aujourd'hui, le format « Quadrature Phase Shift Keying » avec multiplexage de polarisation (DP-QPSK) opérant à 100 Gbps est devenue un standard pour la transmission WDM longue distance. Une alternative au format DP-QPSK permettant d’atteindre des débits de 100 Gbps et plus (400 G & 1Tbps) est l’ « Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing » (OFDM). Mais, des interrogations subsistent quant à sa robustesse aux effets non linéaires. Dans cette thèse nous avons étudié le potentiel de la technologie OFDM pour la transmission WDM longue distance à 100 Gbps. Le traitement du signal est détaillé ainsi que la mise en œuvre du transmetteur et récepteur OFDM cohérent. Nous présentons aussi les résultats expérimentaux de la transmission obtenus dans plusieurs configurations. Dans l’une de ces configurations, le canal modulé avec le format DP-OFDM coherent (Co-DP-OFDM) est multiplexé avec 40 canaux modulés en DP-QPSK à 100 Gbps. Les canaux ont ensuite été transmis sur 1000 km de fibre G.652 sans gestion de dispersion chromatique. Dans une autre configuration, les canaux Co-DP-OFDM et Co-DP-QPSK sont combinés avec 78 canaux 10 Gbps NRZ-OOK et transmis sur 1000 km de fibre G.652 avec gestion de dispersion. Nous avons montré que le Co-DP-OFDM et Co-DP-QPSK ont des performances similaires après une transmission de 1000 km sur une ligne sans gestion de dispersion, et nous avons aussi montré que la transmission de ces formats sur une infrastructure de fibre deployée est possible à condition de réduire de 5 dB la puissance des canaux 10 Gbps NRZ-OOK par rapport aux canaux à100 Gbps. Ces résultats sont précieux pour la prochaine génération de systèmes WDM à 400 Gbps ou 1 Tbps. / Today the 100 Gbps coherent dual polarization quadrature phase shift keying (Co-DP-QPSK) is standardized as the industrial solution for long-haul WDM transmission. Another alternative format to DP-QPSK that permits also to reach a data rate of 100 Gbps and beyond is the coherent orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) format. However a doubt exists over the ability of OFDM to be as efficient as QPSK for long-haul WDM transmission due to its supposed higher sensitivity to nonlinear effects . In this thesis, we have investigated the potential of Co-DP-OFDM for 100 Gbps WDM transport. The digital signal processing algorithms are detailed as well as the various experimental set-ups required to carry out and validate the 100 Gbps transceiver. We also present the transmission results obtained with several configurations. In one of these configurations, the 100 Gbps Co-DP-OFDM channel is multiplexed with forty 100 Gbps DP-QPSK channels and all these channels are transmitted over 1000 km of DCF-free G.652 fiber, while in another configuration, the Co-DP-OFDM and Co-DP-QPSK channels are combined with seventy eight 10 Gbps NRZ-OOK channels and transmitted over 1000 km of dispersion managed G.652 fiber line. We have demonstrated that OFDM and QPSK have nearly the same performance after a transmission over 1000 km, and also we have demonstrated that the transmission of these two formats over legacy fiber infrastructure is possible under the condition of decreasing by 5 dB the 10 Gbps NRZ-OOK channel power with respect to the 100 Gbps channels. The results presented in this thesis are very valuable when considering the next generation of 400 Gbps or 1 Tbps for WDM systems.

Lors du développement d’un nouvel avion, la phase précédant l’obtention du certificat de navigabilité est basée sur de nombreux essais au sol ou en vol. Dans le domaine spatial, le lancement est l’une des phases les plus critiques pour les systèmes et des essais au sol particulièrement rigoureux sont donc réalisés afin de vérifier que la charge utile ne sera pas endommagéeDes milliers de capteurs de pression ou de jauges de contrainte sont ainsi utilisés par les industriels du secteur pour ce type d’essais. Mais tous ces éléments sont aujourd’hui connectés par des fils, ce qui engendre des contraintes de temps, de coût et de limitation du nombre de capteurs. Leur remplacement par des réseaux de capteurs sans fil est une solution évidente qui permet également d’augmenter le nombre de points de mesure. Cependant, il n’existe aujourd’hui aucun protocole permettant de répondre aux attentes et besoins des professionnels de l’aéronautique et du spatial. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont ainsi vocation à répondre aux besoins d’un canal de communication très haut débit, basse consommation, à faible puissance d’émission, fiable et autorisant un grand nombre de nœuds. Un prototype de couche physique basée sur un système OFDM ultra large bande a été réalisé, testé et validé, et permet d’atteindre un débit de plus de 200 Mbits/s. / To evaluate a system's compliance with its specified requirements, Hardware System Testing is conducted on the complete and integrated system. This phase is essential in all industry branches, especially in the very regulated and critical aerospace world. In the final phase of the development of an airplane, flight test equipment gathers and analyzes data during flight to evaluate the flight characteristics of the aircraft and validate its design, including safety aspects. One of the most critical tests is the measure of the pressure around the wings during flight. All new aircrafts are computer designed with the use of virtual wind tunnels. So very accurate measures have to be done on the aircraft to validate the model before the aircraft can be industrially produced. In the case of satellites, vibration and mechanical stress are two critical phenomena a satellite endures during launch. This is leading to the necessity for accurate ground tests using strain gauges or thermal sensors before allowing a launch. All such systems used by aircraft and satellite manufacturers today are wired systems. Sensors put around the wings or inside the satellite compartments are wired to a concentrator inside the cabin or the operator’s room. Although good performances are observed in terms of measurement accuracy, these systems have strong drawbacks. The two most important ones are the weight and the cost of both the systems and their installation. An additional drawback concerning its use on aircrafts is due to the installation of a system that increases the weight of the aircraft and immobilizes it during many weeks due to the routing of every cable inside the wings. The cost and the complexity of such systems don’t allow a great number of measurement points. The replacement of conventional measurement networks by wireless sensor networks is not an obvious solution. Despite the great interest in wireless sensor networks in the recent years, the technological barriers are still very numerous and there is currently no protocol to meet the expectations and needs of aviation professionals. The work presented in this thesis aims to meet the needs of a high-speed, low power consumption, low emission and reliable communication layer. Measurements have been performed in real conditions using commercial devices based on the protocol MB-OFDM/Wimedia, the most common standard that approach the need expressed, and have served to define the basis of the study and have helped to select best development tracks. Measurements have demonstrated also the specificity of the propagation channel. In order to reduce the time between the choice of algorithms and their testing in real conditions, it became necessary to use a design flow called Specification - Exploration – Improvement based on automatic synthesis tools. This development cycle has identified specific material needs for the design of the demonstrator.The physical layer is based on an OFDM system and UWB to achieve a data rate of over 150 Mb/s. A fully functional demonstrator, implemented on FPGA and composed of four communicating nodes was presented and has been used to validate the physical layer. Finally first steps to develop a digital ASIC are presented to achieve the goal of low power consumption

Phospholipid coated, inert gas filled microbubbles (MBs) are currently in widespread use in medical applications for the enhancement of diagnostic ultrasound images, and they are promising candidates for use in the area of targeted drug/gene delivery and uptake. As phospholipid coated MBs were developed for use with diagnostic ultrasound, their behaviour under acoustic loading is well investigated, however much less is known about their response to direct mechanical loading, which will potentially prove important as the range of uses of MBs expands. This is particularly true of the existing commercially available MB products. In this thesis, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the mechanical behaviour of three types of commercially produced phospholipid coated MBs, Definity®, BR14 and Sonovue®, at small deformations. Force spectroscopy was used to produce force-deformation (F-Δ) curves showing how the MBs deform under mechanical loading. Definity® MBs were deformed with tipless cantilevers at high deformations (though still less than 30% of the initial height of the MB); BR14 and Sonovue® MBs were probed with both tipless and tipped cantilevers to investigate both whole-bubble deformation and also shell indentation. BR14 was limited to low deformations; Sonovue® included both low and high deformations. The F-Δ curves were used to evaluate MB stiffness and also in combination with up to four mechanical models to predict the Young’s modulus of the MBs. The suitability of Reissner, Hertz, Elastic Membrane and De Jong theories for the prediction of the Young’s modulus of the MBs was explored. In the case of Definity® MBs no correlation between MB size and stiffness was observed; however an unexpected size dependence was observed in the Young’s modulus values, possibly due to variations in the thickness of the phospholipid shell. The membrane stretching component of elastic membrane theory was found to be the most applicable model on these MBs in this higher deformation regime. However, in this regime, gas compressibility could play a role and this is not included in the model. We studied the mechanical properties of BR14 MBs at very low deformations using ‘soft’ cantilevers. In this regime, gas compressibility should play a minimal role and there are several mechanical models which may be used. These MBs demonstrated decreasing stiffness with increasing diameter, and little variation in Young’s modulus with diameter. Hertz and De Jong theories showed more realistic Young’s modulus values (compared to other models) with little observable trend. Sonovue® MBs were used for a more comprehensive study of the small and very small deformation regimes using ‘soft’, ‘hard’ and tipped cantilevers. They showed no definitive trend in MB stiffness with MB diameter. Hertz and De Jong theory were again found to be most suitable. Analysis of curves acquired with tipped cantilevers indicated that the stiffness of a localised area of the shell membrane is similar to the overall stiffness of the MB and that the apparent Young’s modulus of the membrane according to the Hertz theory is also similar to that of the MB as a whole. Generally, considering all systems, Reissner theory was found to produce large overestimates of Young’s modulus, exceeding expected values by several orders of magnitude. Hertz and De Jong theories produced underestimates, though by a much smaller margin. Elastic membrane theory worked well and produced realistic Young’s modulus values only at relatively high deformation (the stretching term) in spite of the fact that gas compressibility is not taken into account. The suitability of the models is therefore very dependent on the deformation regime of the experiment. It seems that there is scope for better models at low deformation taking into account the soft shell of the MB and possibly its specific structure. Precise structural information of the MB shells does not exist; it is not trivial to attain and should certainly be a topic of future work with additional instrumentation.

Genetinių veiksnių, lemiančių žmogaus fizinį pajėgumą, analizė Tapimas didelio meistriškumo sportininku yra sudėtingas procesas, kuriam įtakos turi ne tik aplinkos ar psichologiniai veiksniai, tačiau ir genetiškai nulemtos fizinio pajėgumo savybės. Fizinis pajėgumas- sudėtinė kiekybinė paveldima savybė, kurios fenotipus įtakoja daug genų bei aplinkos veiksnių. Daugeliu atvejų morfologinės ir funkcinės sportininko savybės yra siejamos su vieno nukleotido polimorfizmais tam tikrame gene. Skirtingi to paties geno aleliai gali turėti skirtingą poveikį asmens fiziniam vystymuisi ir darbingumui. Maksimalus deguonies suvartojimas (MDS) apibūdina žmogaus fizinį pajėgumą tai yra didžiausią žmogaus kūno gebėjimą transportuoti ir panaudoti deguonį didėjant krūviui treniruočių metu. MDS yra lemiamas daugelio fiziologinių veiksnių vieni svarbiausių iš jų yra širdies ir kraujagyslių, kvepavimo sistemų veikla bei ją įtakojantys genetiniai veiksniai. Šio darbo tikslas- parinkti ir įvertinti AGTR1, AGTR2, AGT, AMPD1, MB, ACTN3 genų žymenų įtaką žmogaus fiziniam pajėgumui remiantis Lietuvos didelio meistriškumo sportininkų ir kontrolinės grupės analize. Buvo pasirinkti AGTR1 c.1166A>C, AGTR2 c.*501A>C, AGT c.620C>T, AMPD1 c.34C>T, MB c.174G>A, ACTN3 c.1747C>T polimorfizmai. Darbe ištirta kontrolinė grupė, sudaryta iš 250 gimininiais ryšiais nesusijusių asmenų bei didelio meistriškumo Lietuvos sportininkų grupės (149 sportininkai) sudarytos pagal sportininkų kvalifikaciją ir jų propaguojamą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The analysis of the genetic factors that influence human physical capacity Although the making of an elite athlete is complex and includes a range of environmental and behavioral factors, genetic predisposition to athleticism is also important. Physical capacity is a typical quantitative complex inheritable, the phenotypes of which are influenced by multiple genes as well as environmental factors. In most of the cases the morphological and functional parameters of an athlete are associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms of a particular gene. Different alleles of the same gene can have distinct effect on a person’s physical development and working capacity. VO2 max (also maximal oxygen consumption, aerobic capacity) is the maximum capacity of an individual's body to transport and utilize oxygen during incremental exercise, which reflects the physical fitness of the individual. There are many physiological factors that combine to determine VO2max among the most important of which are the functions of the cardiovascular, pulmonary systems and the underlying genetic factors. The aim of this study was to choose and asses the influence of the AGT, AGTR1, AGTR2, AMPD and ACTN3 genetic variants on human physical performance by the analysis of Lithuanian elite athletes and the control group. The AGTR1 c.1166A>C, AGTR2 c.*501A>C, AGT c.620C>T, AMPD1 c.34C>T, MB c.174G>A, ACTN3 c.1747C>T polymorphisms were chosen for the research. The study involved the analysis of the elite... [to full text]

Orientador: Maria Lucia Gomes Lourenço / Resumo: Ambulatorial electrocardiographic monitoring, or Holter method, has been shown to be an effective tool in veterinary medicine to detect early heart lesions, not only to monitor the electrical activity of the heart, but also to control the autonomic nervous system of this organ. It is also known that the main infectious diseases of dogs, such as canine distemper and canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) cause considerable lesions in the heart, proven by histopathological examination. It has already been proven the occurrence of myocarditis in the CME, leading to frequent presence of changes in the generation and conduction of the cardiac electrical impulse. The present study analyzed the electrical activity of the heart during 24 hours, focusing on the prevalence of arrhythmias, heart rate variability study and the biomarkers concentration of dogs with chronic CME (sick group) compared to healthy animals (control group). Forty-five percent of the animals in the diseased group had a high frequency of arrhythmias during the study. The mean concentration of cardiac troponin I and creatinokinase MB (CK-MB) was significant (0.24 ng / mL ± 0.5; 229 ± 205 IU / mL) compared to the control group (0.042 ± 0.07 ng / ML, 126 ± 46.12 IU / mL). The standard deviation of the mean of all NN (SDNN) intervals and the percentage of adjacent RR intervals with a duration difference greater than 50 milliseconds (pnn50%) were also extremely significant (83 ± 65 and 14.56 ± 20) when compared to Healthy... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2013-03-14T20:10:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_AvaliacaoMarcadoresInjuria.pdf: 8154334 bytes, checksum: 3dc986140877c9a843badfb9d76d7b96 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-03-18T17:10:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_AvaliacaoMarcadoresInjuria.pdf: 8154334 bytes, checksum: 3dc986140877c9a843badfb9d76d7b96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-18T17:10:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_AvaliacaoMarcadoresInjuria.pdf: 8154334 bytes, checksum: 3dc986140877c9a843badfb9d76d7b96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos dos mecanismos de injúria celular que produzem lesão no coração do macaco Cebus apella expostos durante 120 dias consecutivos com doses diárias de 1,5 mg de metilHg, através de alterações detectadas no marcador bioquímico de lesão miocárdica CK-MB, nos achados histopatológicos assim como pela técnica de imuno-marcação de células apoptóticas. Para tanto foram relacionados os perfis séricos da CK-MB, CK total, AST, ALT, uréia, creatinina e bilirrubina total com os achados histopatológicos e imunohistoquímicos no processo de acometimento do músculo cardíaco durante a exposição ao metilHg, comparando com o grupo controle. O método utilizado para dosagem e análise das substâncias bioquímicas séricas e para a dosagem de mercúrio no sangue foi o cinético ultravioleta e espectrometria de absorção atômica, respectivamente; para análise histopatológica utilizou-se a técnica de Hematoxilina Eosina e para detecção dos perfis apoptóticos o método APOPTAG. Foram obtidas consideráveis informações que permitem correlacionar as alterações bioquímicas, histopatológicas e os perfis apoptóticos ao mecanismo do acometimento cardíaco nos três animais expostos ao metilHg comparando-os com o grupo controle. Verificou-se que de todas as substâncias bioquímicas analisadas, houve apenas acentuado aumento sérico da enzima CK-MB, enquanto que na histopatologia observou-se lesão celular reversível por acúmulo de água nos três órgãos analisados (coração, fígado e rim). Destaca-se também a observação de uma nítida marcação células apoptóticas no tecido cardíaco, hepático e renal dos animais expostos, evidenciando-se maior número de células positivas nas células dos túbulos renais, ressaltando que não se observou infiltrado inflamatório em torno destes elementos descritos em nenhum dos tecidos analisados e ausência das referidas lesões nos tecidos dos três animais controle. Concluiu-se que a enzima CK-MB, a degeneração hidrópica e o mecanismo de apoptose podem ser indicadores de lesão miocárdica na exposição aguda ao metilHg, cuja etiopatogenia pode estar relacionada a descompensação mitocondrial pelo comprometimento maciço na bomba de Na+ / K+ e Ca++. Fazendo-se necessário um maior aporte de estudos experimentais que venham esclarecer com precisão a etiopatogenia, o mecanismo de agressão e injúria celular em indivíduos expostos a doses tóxicas de metilHg. / This study aimed to examine effects of the mechanisms of injury producing cellular damage in the heart of the monkey Cebus apella exposed for 120 consecutive days, with daily dose of 1.5 methyl Hg, by changes detected in biochemical markers of myocardial injury CK - MB, the histopathological findings as well as the technique of immunolabeling of apoptotic cells. For that, we related to the serum profiles of CK-MB, total CK, AST, ALT, urea, creatinine and total bilirubin with the histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in the involvement of the heart muscle during exposure to methyl Hg, and compared with a control group. The method used for determination and analysis of the serum and the determination of mercury in blood was the kinetic ultraviolet; atomic absorption spectroscopy, respectively; for histopathological analysis used the technique of Hematoxylin and Eosin; and for detection of apoptotic profiles the method APOPTAG. Was obtained information that correlate the biochemical changes, histopathologic profiles and apoptotic mechanism of cardiac involvement in three animals exposed to methyl Hg, when compared with control group. Among all substances of biochemical analysis were found that there was only marked increase of serum CK-MB enzyme, whereas, the histopathologic analysis showed reversible cell damage by accumulation of water in the three organs examined (heart, liver and kidney). It is also the observation of a clear labeling of apoptotic cells in heart, liver and kidney tissues of exposed animals, showing a higher number of positive cells in cells of renal tubules. Emphasizing that there was no inflammatory infiltrate around these tissues described and analyzed, and was there absence of such lesions in tissues of three control animals. It was concluded that the enzyme CK-MB, the hydropic degeneration and the mechanism of apoptosis may be indicators of myocardial injury in acute exposure to methyl Hg whose pathogenesis could be related to mitochondrial decompensation because massive commitment of the Na + / K + and Ca + + pumps. Requiring a greater intake of experimental studies that can clarify the exact pathogenesis, the mechanism of cellular injury and aggression in individuals exposed to toxic doses of methyl Hg.