<p>The aim of the study was to describe immunization coverage for DPT, Polio and Measles among children of ages between 12 to 18 months in Kawempe Division and to investigate factors associated with immunization coverage. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 239 households with children aged between 12-18 months in five villages that were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Information on demographic and socio-economic factors and immunization status was obtained from mothers and caretakers. Immunization coverage and analysis of associations between immunization coverage and demographic and socio-economic factors were done.</p>

This thesis represents the first anthropological perspective to be offered on the nature of the Klondike Gold Rush population. In order to better understand the experience of the average gold rusher, morbidity and mortality patterns are examined for the residents of the Yukon Territory following the discovery of gold in the region (1898-1904). Infectious diseases such as measles, pneumonia, smallpox and typhoid fever are the primary focus of this study, however local factors such as the severe climate and the seclusion of the gold fields from the outside world also offers an interesting opportunity to examine the consequences of leading a particularly harsh and physically demanding lifestyle in an inhospitable environment.

This thesis represents the first anthropological perspective to be offered on the nature of the Klondike Gold Rush population. In order to better understand the experience of the average gold rusher, morbidity and mortality patterns are examined for the residents of the Yukon Territory following the discovery of gold in the region (1898-1904). Infectious diseases such as measles, pneumonia, smallpox and typhoid fever are the primary focus of this study, however local factors such as the severe climate and the seclusion of the gold fields from the outside world also offers an interesting opportunity to examine the consequences of leading a particularly harsh and physically demanding lifestyle in an inhospitable environment.

The Acute Linfoid Leukemias (ALL) represent one third of oncologic disease in childhood. Children, at the end of treatment, can present endangerment of immune response, secondary to the illness itself and the chemotherapy, so that it is important the evaluation of humoral immunity against vaccine antigens, with the purpose to establish suitable vaccination protocols. Despite being controlled by vaccination, there are registers of imported cases of measles in Brazil, originating of Europe and Asia, with risk of re-introduction of the illness, as well as recent outbreak of rubella in brazilian territory. With the objective to evaluate the persistence of the protection against measles and rubella in children with ALL previously immunized, as well as the response to one dose of reinforcement vaccine after the end of the chemotherapy, it was realized an study of transversal cut in patients with younger than 19 years, assisted by a service of Pediatric Oncology of reference in state of Sergipe. It was studied 83 patients carriers of ALL, of both genders, of which 30 were on chemotherapy treatment (maintenance phase), 29 had ended the treatment, presented hematologic recuperation, but had received any additional vaccine dose yet, and 24 had concluded the treatment and received a reinforcement dose of vaccine MMR there were at least 4 weeks. There were either evaluated 30 healthy children and with complete vaccination. Antibodies of IgG class against measles and rubella were dosed, considering protected those that present higher or equal values than 0,275 UI/mL and higher or equal than 10 UI/mL respectively for measles and rubella. Results showed that the minor frequency of patients protected against measles occurred at group of patients after the end of treatment and that had not received vaccine reforce (41,4%), while the highest frequency was in the group that received addicional dose (79,2%; p=0.005), similar percentage of the control group (73%; p=0,01). It was observed similar situation for rubella, but the difference was not statistically significant. Antibodies levels against measles and rubella of patients that ended the treatment and did not receive enforcement vaccination were significantly lower than the other 3 groups. For patients that ended the chemotherapy treatment for ALL the critic phase is immediately after the final of treatment, suggesting that patients are supposed to receive a dose of enforcement of the vaccine for measles and rubella as soon as highest hematologic recovery occurs. The vaccination enforcement dose seems to have been capable of re-activate the immunologic memory, suggesting that the same was not compromised for the illness or treatment. / As Leucemias Linfóides Agudas (LLA) correspondem a um terço das doenças oncológicas na infância. As crianças, ao final do tratamento, podem apresentar comprometimento da resposta imune, secundário à própria doença e à quimioterapia, sendo importante a avaliação da imunidade humoral contra antígenos vacinais, com a finalidade de estabelecerem-se protocolos de vacinação adequados. Ainda que sob controle com vacinação, há registros de casos importados de sarampo no Brasil, procedentes da Europa e Ásia, com risco de reintrodução da doença, bem como recente surto de rubéola em território brasileiro. Com o objetivo de avaliar a persistência da proteção contra sarampo e rubéola em crianças com LLA previamente imunizadas, bem como a resposta a uma dose de vacina de reforço após o término da quimioterapia, foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal em pacientes com idade inferior a 19 anos, atendidos em serviço de Oncologia Pediátrica de referência do estado de Sergipe. Foram estudados 83 pacientes portadores de LLA, de ambos os gêneros, dos quais 30 encontravam-se em tratamento quimioterápico (fase de manutenção), 29 haviam terminado o tratamento, apresentavam recuperação hematológica, mas ainda não haviam recebido nenhuma dose adicional de vacina, e 24 haviam concluído o tratamento e recebido uma dose de reforço de vacina tríplice viral há pelo menos quatro semanas. Foram também avaliadas 30 crianças saudáveis e com vacinação completa. Foram dosados anticorpos de classe IgG contra sarampo e rubéola, sendo considerados protegidos os que apresentavam valores superiores ou igual a 0,275 UI/mL e maiores ou igual a 10 UI/ml, respectivamente para sarampo e rubéola. Os resultados mostraram que a menor freqüência de pacientes protegidos contra sarampo ocorreu no grupo de pacientes após o término do tratamento e que não recebeu vacinação de reforço (41,4%), enquanto que a maior freqüência foi no grupo que recebeu dose adicional (79,2%; p=0,005), porcentagem semelhante ao grupo controle (73%; p=0,01). Observou-se situação semelhante para rubéola, porém a diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa. Os níveis de anticorpos contra sarampo e rubéola dos pacientes que terminaram o tratamento e não receberam vacinação de reforço foram significativamente inferiores aos dos outros três grupos. Para os pacientes que terminaram o tratamento quimioterápico para LLA a fase crítica é imediatamente após o final do tratamento, sugerindo que os pacientes devem receber uma dose de reforço das vacinas para sarampo e rubéola assim que ocorra a recuperação hematológica. A dose vacinal de reforço parece ter sido capaz de reativar a memória imunológica, sugerindo que a mesma não foi comprometida pela doença ou tratamento.

Orientador: Hyun Mo Yang / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T01:35:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galante_EliasTayar_M.pdf: 1751184 bytes, checksum: fa4bf1ac61a7a7ee70c6e12c3a60d504 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Neste trabalho realizamos um estudo da interação entre o vírus do sarampo e o sistema imunológico humano, do ponto de vista da dinâmica populacional. Sistemas dinâmicos, compostos por equações diferenciais ordinárias não lineares de primeira ordem, são usados para a modelagem dessa dinâmica populacional. Devido ao fato de a infecção pelo vírus do sarampo apresentar dois momentos distintos bem definidos, optamos pelo desenvolvimento de dois modelos matemáticos, um descrevendo a etapa inicial da infecção e outro descrevendo a segunda etapa ou frase sistêmica da infecção. Esses dois modelos são desenvolvidos nos dois primeiros capítulos. Obtivemos os pontos de equilíbrio trivial destes modelos e os classificamos quanto à estabilidade. Além disso, fazemos um estudo dos pontos de equilíbrio não trivial quanto à existência, unicidade e estabilidade. Apresentamos diversas simulações numéricas do comportamento de ambos os modelos, de acordo com certos conjuntos de parâmetros numéricos que respeitam os critérios de estabilidade. Nessas simulações podemos estudar variações de concentrações de vírus e de células conforme a resposta imunológica ou as taxas de infecção são mais expressivas ou não. No terceiro capítulo fazemos um estudo conjunto dos dois modelos, comparamos a eficiência da resposta imunológica celular com a humoral e tecemos algumas considerações sobre o sarampo relacionado à desnutrição. / Abstract: This work is a study of the interaction between the measles virus and the human immune system from the point of view of the population dynamics. Dynamical systems of first order non linear ordinary differential equations are used to model this population dynamics. Because of the fact that it is possible to observe two different and quite distinct moments in the infection by the measles virus, we chose to develop two different mathematical models in order to accurately describe the whole process of infection. The first model describes the early stage of the infection and the second model describes the second stage of the infection, the systemic phase. Both these models are developed and studied in the first two chapters. We have calculated the trivial equilibrium points of these models and we have studied their stability. More over, we have studied the non trivial equilibrium points and have determined its existence, uniqueness and stability. We show many graphics from numerical simulations of the behaviour of both models. In these simulations we have used a certain set of parameters which were chosen in accordance with the threshold condition (local stability criteria). In these graphics we can observe variations in the immune responses weaker or stronger. In the third chapter we have studied both models connected, we made a comparision between the cellular response and the humoral response effectiveness and, eventually, we made a few considerations about the relation between measles and malnutrition. / Mestrado / Biomatematica / Mestre em Matemática Aplicada

Magister Public Health - MPH / The aim of the study was to describe immunization coverage for DPT, Polio and Measles among children of ages between 12 to 18 months in Kawempe Division and to investigate factors associated with immunization coverage. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 239 households with children aged between 12-18 months in five villages that were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Information on demographic and socio-economic factors and immunization status was obtained from mothers and caretakers. Immunization coverage and analysis of associations between immunization coverage and demographic and socio-economic factors were done. / South Africa

Oncolytic measles virus is a promising cancer therapeutic in clinical trials which possesses multiple characteristics that are advantageous over traditional therapies. Currently, clinical oncolytic measles virus vectors are unmodified or express reporter transgenes that benefit its therapeutic efficacy. The next phase in its development will see genetically engineered vectors encoding transgenes that enhance its antineoplastic effects. To this end, preclinical research has focused on studying novel transgenes which favour viral replication, cytotoxicity, and the anti-cancer immune response. We sought to encode artificial micoRNAs targeting RIG-I as a strategy to interfere with innate immunity. Silencing RIG-I with multiple siRNAs yielded one which promotes measles virus syncytia formation through a mechanism that appears to be independent of RIG-I. The mechanism caused by the siRNA leads to enhanced measles virus cell-cell fusion and has peculiar characteristics which are not fully understood.

Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte das Ziel, die Korrelation zwischen der Avidität der Anti-Masern-IgG-Antikörper und deren In-Vitro-Neutralisationsfähigkeit zu untersuchen, sowie mittels Datenbankanalyse die Seroprävalenz von schützenden Antikörpern gegen Masern und den Impfstatus der Kinder- und Jugendlichen festzustellen. Die lineare Korrelation zwischen Neutralisationsfähigkeit und Avidität war in dieser Stichprobe schwach (ρ=0,240, p=0,006). Für hohe IgG Konzentrationen über 1000 mIU/ml fand sich eine mittlere Korrelation zwischen Avidität und Neutralisationstiter (ρ=0,612; p<0,001). Bei den untersuchten Jahren von 1997 bis 2013 zur Seroprävalenz (n=8611) wiesen im Durchschnitt 93,4 % der Patienten IgG-Konzentrationen im positiven Bereich (>200 mIU/ml) auf. In allen Jahrgängen lag der Anteil über 90 %. Zur Ermittlung des Impfstatus wurde eine Stichprobe 2- bis 18-Jähriger aus dem Jahr 2012 untersucht. Insgesamt hatten 81,1 % die erste Masernimpfung erhalten. Die zweite Masernimpfung erhielten noch 59,7 % der Kinder und Jugendlichen.

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