Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-02-02T12:02:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GracileneDosSantosAquinoPontes_DISSERT.pdf: 15314465 bytes, checksum: 08443c4598fd6bb9ee7c3a2fcde8a8d9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-02-07T15:40:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GracileneDosSantosAquinoPontes_DISSERT.pdf: 15314465 bytes, checksum: 08443c4598fd6bb9ee7c3a2fcde8a8d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-07T15:40:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GracileneDosSantosAquinoPontes_DISSERT.pdf: 15314465 bytes, checksum: 08443c4598fd6bb9ee7c3a2fcde8a8d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Implantes dent?rios s?o suportes ou estruturas de materiais biocompat?veis posicionados cirurgicamente no osso maxilar, abaixo da gengiva, para substituir ra?zes dent?rias, assegurando estruturalmente dentes artificiais ap?s a perda da denti??o. Desenvolveu-se um m?todo de ensaio, em laborat?rio, para analisar a resposta mec?nica de um parafuso met?lico implantado em um osso maxilar inanimado de um porco de cerca de doze meses de idade e imerso em um fluido com tr?s condi??es de pH: ?cido, b?sico e neutro. Uma solicita??o mec?nica de contato circunferencial c?clico para simular um processo mastigat?rio unidirecional foi utilizada para investigar a estabilidade dimensional da uni?o parafuso-osso em fun??o do n?mero de ciclos sob carga. Ap?s os ensaios com a presen?a de solu??o ?cida, b?sica ou neutra, analisou-se a estrutura porosa do osso maxilar su?no bem como da cabe?a do parafuso submetida ao contato metal-metal atrav?s de MEV e microan?lise por EDS. Os resultados das solicita??es triboqu?micas da uni?o parafuso-osso evidenciaram, na cabe?a do parafuso, a ocorr?ncia de desgaste abrasivo com forma??o de proa com presen?a de debris e, no osso, dano por fratura fr?gil com a presen?a de microtrincas em meio ? sua porosidade intr?nseca. As taxas de desgaste por perda m?ssica do parafuso desatarraxado ap?s cada ensaio demonstraram surpreendentemente serem menores quando resultantes dos ensaios com solu??o ?cida e b?sica, enquanto foram maiores as taxas de desgaste dos parafusos ensaiados em meio a uma solu??o neutra. O contato aqueceu em uma faixa que variou entre 0,50C at? 16,50C acima da temperatura ambiente. Assim, atribuiu-se ? a??o ?cida do fluido aquecido pelo atrito entre os contatos sobre o parafuso met?lico a forma??o de uma nanocamada passivada, respons?vel pelo menor desgaste medido. A velocidade de vibra??o global foi maior durante o running in, at? 104 ciclos, do que no regime permanente de ensaios, entre 104 e 105 ciclos, quando o contato j? se configurara como conforme. O NPS[dB], n?vel de press?o sonora seguiu esta tend?ncia. O pH do fluido continuou ?cido antes e ap?s os ensaios, embora haja migrado de 2, no in?cio, para 4, no final. Os demais permaneceram invari?veis. / Dental implants are material supports and structures biocompatible surgically positioned into the maxillary bone beneath the gums to replace tooth roots, ensuring structurally teeth substitutes after the loss of teeth. We have developed an approach in the laboratory to analyze the mechanical response of a metallic screw implanted in an inanimate jaw bone of a pig about twelve months of age and immersed in a fluid at three pH conditions: acidic, basic and neutral. A mechanical stress cyclic circumferential contact to simulate a unidirectional masticatory process was used to investigate the dimensional stability of the screw-bone junction in the number of cycles under load. After the tests on the presence of acidic, basic or neutral solution, it analyzed the porous structure of the pig maxillary bone and screw head subjected to metal-to-metal contact through MEV and EDS microanalysis. The results of tribochemical requests the screw-bone junction showed in the screw head, the occurrence of abrasive wear with bow training with the presence of debris and bone, damage by brittle fracture in the presence of microcracks in the midst of their inherent porosity. The wear rates of mass loss of undoing screw after each test showed surprisingly are lower when resulting from tests with acidic and basic solution, as were higher wear rates of the tested screws in the middle of a neutral solution. The contact heated in a band ranging from 0,5oC to 16,5oC above room temperature. Therefore, attributed to the acid action of the fluid heated by the friction between the contacts on the metal bolt the formation of a passivated nanolayer responsible for the lowest measured wear. The overall vibration velocity was higher during the running in, up to 104 cycles, than in steady-state tests, between 104 and 105 cycles, when the contact already configures as conformal. SPL [dB] Sound Pressure Level followed this trend. The pH of the acid fluid continued before and after the test, although there is migrated from 2 at the beginning, 4 at the end. The rest remained unchanged.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-03-28T19:32:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MiguelCabralDeMacedoNeto_TESE.pdf: 9317764 bytes, checksum: d6388f1f4587c23e99a96ddc982ae840 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-29T19:48:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MiguelCabralDeMacedoNeto_TESE.pdf: 9317764 bytes, checksum: d6388f1f4587c23e99a96ddc982ae840 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-29T19:48:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MiguelCabralDeMacedoNeto_TESE.pdf: 9317764 bytes, checksum: d6388f1f4587c23e99a96ddc982ae840 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-10 / O surgimento de materiais comp?sitos tem o objetivo de se encontrar propriedades especificas desejadas para determinadas aplica??es, como melhor resist?ncia mec?nica, materiais mais leves, economicamente vi?vel, materiais recicl?veis e etc.Nessa perspectiva estudou-se a viabilidade do uso da palha de a?o para a obten??o de um comp?sito de matriz polim?rica. Foram testadas tr?s formula??es, com 10%, 15% e 20% de fibras do comp?sito. Para a caracteriza??o do comp?sito foram determinadas propriedades t?rmicas (condutividade, capacidade t?rmica, difusividade e resistividade), mec?nicas (tra??o e flex?o) e fisioqu?micas (MEV, DRX, densidade, absor??o e degrada??o). O comp?sito, em suas tr?s formula??es, apresentou resist?ncia mec?nica superior a quase totalidade dos comp?sitos j? estudados no laborat?rio LMHES. Essa maior capacidade de resist?ncia mec?nica esteve associada a utiliza??o de um fibra met?lica. No que diz respeito as propriedades t?rmicas, o comp?sito estudado apresentou uma menor capacidade de isolamento t?rmico que os outros comp?sitos anteriormente estudados. O comp?sito apresentou maior viabilidade para a absor??o de umidade e resist?ncia mec?nica. o pior resultado deu-se para aplica??es t?rmica onde sua condutividade t?rmica est? acima da maioria dos comp?sitos polim?rico mostrados pela literatura, em fun??o da utiliza??o de uma fibra met?lica. Foram realizados ensaios mec?nicos, t?rmicos dentre outros, apresentando ?timos resultados devido as propriedades espec?ficas do comp?sito proposto como resist?ncia a flex?o, e boa resist?ncia ? absor??o de meios aquosos. As propriedades do comp?sito pode ser utilizado para a fabrica??o de estruturas que n?o requeiram significativa resist?ncia mec?nica na tra??o, como por exemplo, prot?tipos solares e e?licos, como fornos e fog?es solares e p?s de aerogeradores. / Composite materials arise from the need of finding desired properties for certain applications, such as better mechanical resistance, lighter materials, cost-effectiveness, recyclable material, etc. The difficulties of disposal, recycling or reuse are now environmental concerns and therefore subject matter of much research. In this perspective we studied the feasibility of using steel wool for obtaining a polymeric matrix composite. Three formulations were tested, 10%, 15% and 20% of composite fibers. For the characterization of the composite were determined thermal properties (conductivity, heat capacity, diffusivity and resistivity), mechanical properties (traction and bending) and physiochemical properties (SEM, XRD, density, absorption and degradation). The composite in its three formulations had higher mechanical strength compared to almost all composites that have already been studied in the laboratory LMHES. This greater mechanical resilience was associated with the use of a metallic fiber. Regarding the thermal properties, the composite studied had a lower thermal insulation than other composites studied previously. The composite showed higher viability for humidity absorption and mechanical resilience. The worst result was in thermal applications where its thermal conductivity is above of most polymeric composites found in the literature, due to the use of a metallic fiber. Some tests were made, such as mechanical, thermal, among other tests, showing excellent results because of the specific properties of the composites proposed, namely flexural strength, and good resistance to absorption in aqueous environment. The properties of such composite can be used to make structures that do not require significant mechanical resilience in traction, for instance in solar and wind prototypes, such as ovens and solar powered cookers and wind generator blades.

As neoplasias de glândula salivar (NGS) são tumores raros que despertam interesse por sua diversidade histopatológica e comportamento clínico. A compreensão da patobiologia assim como, dos mecanismos envolvidos no comportamento invasivo destas lesões é necessária para melhor entender a biologia das NGS e posteriormente delinear novas estratégias terapêuticas. A presente tese foi dividida em dois artigos. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi descrever os dados demográficos, clinicopatológicos e de prognóstico das NGS diagnosticados em um centro de atenção terciário. Para tal, foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva utilizando os dados de arquivos e de prontuários. Foram identificados 109 casos de NGS cuja média de idade dos pacientes foi de 46.47 anos e a relação homens:mulheres foi de 0.94:1. As glândulas salivares maiores foram mais acometidas (75.2%) e os tumores benignos os mais prevalentes (75.2%) sendo o adenoma pleomórfico o tumor benigno mais comum e o carcinoma adenóide cístico o principal maligno. O objetivo do segundo estudo foi analizar o padrão de expressão da via de sinalização do HGF/c-Me/PI3K em NGS e correlacionar com o perfi proliferativo e desfechos clínicos das lesões. Foram construídos microarranjos de tecido (TMAs) de 93 casos de NGs e as lâminas foram submetidas a análise imunoistoquímica para HGF, p-Met, p-Akt e Ki67. Foi observada maior expressão de HGF nos tumores benignos (p=0.04), enquanto que as protínas p-Met (p=0.03), p-Akt (p=0.00) e Ki-67 (p=0.00) foram mais expressas nos tumores malignos. Nas neoplasias malignas houve maior ativação da via HGF observada pela maior expressão do seu receptor fosforilado (p-Met) bem como, maior ativação da via do PI3k pela fosforilação de Akt (p-Akt) resultando em um maior perfil proliferativo. Pode-se concluir que a via de sinalização do HGF/c-Met/PI3k parece estar ativa nas NGS regulando a proliferação especialmente nas neoplasias malignas. / Salivary gland tumors (SGT) are rare yet interesting neoplasms due to their histopatological diversity and clinical behavior. Understanding the pathobiology as well as the mechanisms involved in the invasive behavior of these lesions is needed to better comprehend the biology of SGT and further delineate new therapeutic strategies. This thesis was divided in two papers. The aim of the first study was to describe the demographic, clincopathological and prognostic data of SGT diagnosed in a tertiary care center. For this purpose, a retrospective analysis using data from the archives and records was performed. One hundred and nine cases of SGT were identified. The patients mean age was 46.47 years and the male:female ratio was 0.91:1. The major salivary glands were the most affected (75.2%) and the benign SGT were more prevalent (78%) being pleomorphic adenoma the most common benign tumor and adenoid cystic carcinoma the most common malignant tumor. The objective of the second study was to analyze the expression pattern of HGF/c-Met/PI3K signaling pathway in SGT and correlate the findings with the proliferative profile and clinical outcomes of cases. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) of 93 cases of SGT were constructed; the slides were submitted to immunohistochemical analysis for HGF, p-Met, p-Akt and Ki-67. Increased expression of HGF was observed in benign tumors (p = 0.04), while p-Met (P = 0.03), p-Akt (p = 0:00) and Ki-67 (p = 0:00) were most expressed in malignant tumors. In salivary glands carcinomas there was a higher activation of the HGF pathway observed by the higher expression of its phosporylated receptor (p-Met) as well as the higher activation of PI3k pathway through Akt (p-Akt) phosphorilation, resulting in a higher proliferative profile. It can be concluded that HGF/c-Met/PI3K signaling pathway appears to be active in SGT regulating the proliferation specially in malignant tumors.

abstract: Rapid urbanization in Phoenix, Arizona has increased the nighttime temperature by 5°C (9 °F), and the average daily temperatures by 3.1°C (5.6 °F) (Baker et al 2002). On the macro scale, the energy balance of urban surface paving materials is the main contributor to the phenomenon of the Urban Heat Island effect (UHI). On the micro scale, it results in a negative effect on the pedestrian thermal comfort environment. In their efforts to revitalize Downtown Phoenix, pedestrian thermal comfort improvements became one of the main aims for City planners. There has been an effort in reformulating City zoning standards and building codes with the goal of developing a pedestrian friendly civic environment. Much of the literature dealing with mitigating UHI effects recommends extensive tree planting as the chief strategy for reducing the UHI and improving outdoor human thermal comfort. On the pedestrian scale, vegetation plays a significant role in modifying the microclimate by providing shade and aiding the human thermal comfort via evapotranspiration. However, while the extensive tree canopy is beneficial in providing daytime shade for pedestrians, it may reduce the pavement surfaces' sky-view factor during the night, thereby reducing the rate of nighttime radiation to the sky and trapping the heat gained within the urban materials. This study strives to extend the understanding, and optimize the recommendations for the use of landscape in the urban context of Phoenix, Arizona for effectiveness in both improving the human thermal comfort and in mitigating the urban heat island effect. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Design 2014

As neoplasias de glândula salivar (NGS) são tumores raros que despertam interesse por sua diversidade histopatológica e comportamento clínico. A compreensão da patobiologia assim como, dos mecanismos envolvidos no comportamento invasivo destas lesões é necessária para melhor entender a biologia das NGS e posteriormente delinear novas estratégias terapêuticas. A presente tese foi dividida em dois artigos. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi descrever os dados demográficos, clinicopatológicos e de prognóstico das NGS diagnosticados em um centro de atenção terciário. Para tal, foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva utilizando os dados de arquivos e de prontuários. Foram identificados 109 casos de NGS cuja média de idade dos pacientes foi de 46.47 anos e a relação homens:mulheres foi de 0.94:1. As glândulas salivares maiores foram mais acometidas (75.2%) e os tumores benignos os mais prevalentes (75.2%) sendo o adenoma pleomórfico o tumor benigno mais comum e o carcinoma adenóide cístico o principal maligno. O objetivo do segundo estudo foi analizar o padrão de expressão da via de sinalização do HGF/c-Me/PI3K em NGS e correlacionar com o perfi proliferativo e desfechos clínicos das lesões. Foram construídos microarranjos de tecido (TMAs) de 93 casos de NGs e as lâminas foram submetidas a análise imunoistoquímica para HGF, p-Met, p-Akt e Ki67. Foi observada maior expressão de HGF nos tumores benignos (p=0.04), enquanto que as protínas p-Met (p=0.03), p-Akt (p=0.00) e Ki-67 (p=0.00) foram mais expressas nos tumores malignos. Nas neoplasias malignas houve maior ativação da via HGF observada pela maior expressão do seu receptor fosforilado (p-Met) bem como, maior ativação da via do PI3k pela fosforilação de Akt (p-Akt) resultando em um maior perfil proliferativo. Pode-se concluir que a via de sinalização do HGF/c-Met/PI3k parece estar ativa nas NGS regulando a proliferação especialmente nas neoplasias malignas. / Salivary gland tumors (SGT) are rare yet interesting neoplasms due to their histopatological diversity and clinical behavior. Understanding the pathobiology as well as the mechanisms involved in the invasive behavior of these lesions is needed to better comprehend the biology of SGT and further delineate new therapeutic strategies. This thesis was divided in two papers. The aim of the first study was to describe the demographic, clincopathological and prognostic data of SGT diagnosed in a tertiary care center. For this purpose, a retrospective analysis using data from the archives and records was performed. One hundred and nine cases of SGT were identified. The patients mean age was 46.47 years and the male:female ratio was 0.91:1. The major salivary glands were the most affected (75.2%) and the benign SGT were more prevalent (78%) being pleomorphic adenoma the most common benign tumor and adenoid cystic carcinoma the most common malignant tumor. The objective of the second study was to analyze the expression pattern of HGF/c-Met/PI3K signaling pathway in SGT and correlate the findings with the proliferative profile and clinical outcomes of cases. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) of 93 cases of SGT were constructed; the slides were submitted to immunohistochemical analysis for HGF, p-Met, p-Akt and Ki-67. Increased expression of HGF was observed in benign tumors (p = 0.04), while p-Met (P = 0.03), p-Akt (p = 0:00) and Ki-67 (p = 0:00) were most expressed in malignant tumors. In salivary glands carcinomas there was a higher activation of the HGF pathway observed by the higher expression of its phosporylated receptor (p-Met) as well as the higher activation of PI3k pathway through Akt (p-Akt) phosphorilation, resulting in a higher proliferative profile. It can be concluded that HGF/c-Met/PI3K signaling pathway appears to be active in SGT regulating the proliferation specially in malignant tumors.

Le nettoyage laser Nd:YAG Q-switched (1064 nm) confère souvent aux surfaces nettoyées un aspect plus jaune que les autres techniques de nettoyage. Cet effet jaune peut conduire à l’obtention de contrastes de couleur inesthétiques si différentes techniques de nettoyage sont utilisées sur un même ensemble architectural, comme c’est le cas par exemple pour le portail des Valois de la basilique Saint-Denis près de Paris. Une des hypothèses émises pour expliquer le phénomène est que le jaunissement laser serait lié à la présence de résidus d’irradiation nanométriques formés par interaction du faisceau laser avec la salissure, en particulier les croûtes noires gypseuses communément observées sur les monuments en pierre. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, une méthodologie analytique multi-échelle allant jusqu’à l’échelle nanométrique a été développée pour observer et caractériser les composés néoformés responsables de la coloration jaune. Des éprouvettes de croûtes modèles à base d’hématite et de croûtes reconstituées à partir de croûte noire naturelle ont été élaborées. La croûte noire naturelle a été caractérisée pour déterminer les composés susceptibles de réagir au faisceau laser et donc de contribuer au jaunissement. Des oxydes de fer (hématite, magnétite, maghémite) et des cendres volantes silico-alumineuses issues de la combustion du charbon ont ainsi pu être mis en évidence. La nature chimique et structurale des produits de l’irradiation laser des éprouvettes a ensuite été examinée à l’aide d’un panel de techniques incluant entre autres la microscopie électronique à transmission (MET) couplée à la diffraction électronique et aux spectroscopies de rayons X par dispersion d’énergie (EDX) et de perte d’énergie des électrons (EELS). Des nanostructures cristallisées sous forme de nano-sphères et de nano-résidus ont ainsi pu être observées. La caractérisation de la composition chimique à l’échelle nanométrique a permis de révéler la présence de fer dans toutes les nanostructures. Une étude approfondie de la couleur a en outre permis de relier les propriétés colorimétriques du processus de jaunissement à la nature des nano-composés néoformés par irradiation laser. D’autre part, le portail des Valois de la basilique Saint-Denis a été le sujet d’une étude de cas qui est venue complémenter la recherche tout en ancrant l’étude dans la réalité du monde de la conservation des monuments historiques. Enfin des essais de remédiation ont démontré les potentialités de l’utilisation d’un rayonnement UV pour atténuer ou ne pas produire de jaunissement. In fine, ce travail a permis de démontrer que le phénomène de jaunissement laser observé à l’échelle macroscopique est intimement lié à des transformations de matière à l‘échelle nanométrique, induites par l’interaction du rayonnement laser avec les oxydes de fer et les cendres volantes présents dans les encrassements. / Nd:YAG Q-Switched laser cleaning of soiled stone at 1064 nm can sometimes result in yellower appearances than other conventional cleaning techniques. This yellowing effect can lead to unsightly colour contrasts if different cleaning techniques are used on the same architectural complex, as is the case for the Valois Portal of the Saint-Denis basilica near Paris. One argument made to explain the phenomenon is that the laser yellowing is linked to the creation of nano-sized irradiation residues through the laser beam interaction with soiling matter such as black gypseous crusts. In this study, a multi-scale analytical method extending to the nanoscale has been used to observe and characterize the neo-formed compounds accountable for the yellow discoloration. Samples of model crusts containing hematite and reconstituted crusts prepared with natural black crust have been synthetized. The natural black crust has been characterized in order to identify the compounds that may react under the laser beam and thus contribute to the yellowing effect. Iron oxides (hematite, magnetite and maghemite) and aluminosilicate fly-ashes originating from coal combustion have been discovered. The chemical and structural nature of irradiation products has then been investigated by several techniques including in particular transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with electronic diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and electron energy-loss (EELS) spectroscopies. Iron containing nanostructures crystallized in the form of nano-spheres and nano-residues have been evidenced and characterized. By studying thoroughly the colour, the colorimetric properties of the yellowing process have been linked to the nature of the neo-formed compounds. Furthermore a case study on the Valois Portal has completed the research while setting it within the reality of the conservation world. Finally experiments with UV light have shown the promising potentiality of this tool as a remedy to the yellowing effect. In summary, this study has demonstrated that the yellowing phenomenon observed at the macroscale is intimately linked to matter transformations occurring at the nanoscale, induced by the interaction between the laser beam and the iron oxides and fly-ashes found in black crusts.

Den här studien undersöker hur de populära komediserierna Vänner och How I Met Your Mother framställer representationer av genus och etnicitet. För att studera materialet användes Machin & Myers tillämpning av metoden kritisk diskursanalys (även förkortat CDA). Materialet begränsades till tre avsnitt av vardera serie, dvs sex avsnitt totalt. Med hjälp av ett tematiskt urval valdes avsnitten ut som bedömdes besitta scener och sekvenser av relevans för mina teman. Vad som är av vikt i mina teman är att undersöka vithet som norm, genus samt stereotyper som både gäller etnicitet och genus. I det teoretiska ramverk av teorier som bedömdes vara av relevans för studien var Richard Dyers teori om vithet som norm en utav de viktigaste. Även teorier om genus, representation och stereotyper ingår i det teoretiska ramverket för studien. Den tidigare forskningen som studien använder sig av har studerat liknande ämne som denna studie och applicerat på både samma serier samt andra serier. Resultatet av studien visade att båda serierna besatt vithetsnormer, samt att den dominerande maskuliniteten var den typ av maskulinitet som gavs mest plats. How I Met Your Mother porträtterade även asiater på ett rasistiskt sätt i ett av de studerade avsnitten.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier le comportement plastique du carbure de silicium dans le domaine fragile. A cette fin, des essais de déformation par micro et nanoindentation ont été réalisés sur des échantillons monocristallins de SiC (4H et 3C). Des couches homoépitaxiées de 4H-SiC de différents dopages électroniques ont été étudiées. Ces couches présentent des caractéristiques mécaniques différentes en fonction du dopage : le dopage de type p durcit le matériau par rapport au dopage de type n ou au matériau intrinsèque. De plus, l'analyse des courbes charge-enfoncement obtenue en nanoindentation montre que la nucléation des dislocations est plus difficile lorsque le matériau est dopé de type p par rapport au matériau dopé n ou intrinsèque. Ceci est confirmé par les microstructures de déformation observées en Microscopie Electronique en Transmission (MET). Les observations par MET montrent que les dislocations introduites à l'ambiante autour des empreintes sont parfaites et glissent dans les plans {0001} dans le 4H-SiC et dans les plans {111} dans le 3C-SiC. Elles sont orientées principalement le long de la direction vis. Les sites de nanoindentation à température ambiante des couches 4H homoepitaxiées ont été particulièrement étudiés. On met en évidence que les sites de nucléation des dislocations sont vraisemblablement situés dans les plans {1100}, les dislocations se développant par la suite dans le plan basal. La nature des cœurs des dislocations parfaites a été déterminée par la technique LACBED. Ces dislocations parfaites ont un cœur silicium en mode shuffle. Un changement de mécanisme de plasticité est observé par MET pour les échantillons indentés 800 / The aim of this thesis is to study the plastic behaviour of silicon carbide in the brittle domain. For this purpose micro and nanoindentation deformation tests were performed on single crystal specimens of SiC (4H and 3C). Homoepitaxial layers of 4H-SiC with different doping have been studied. These layers show different mechanical characteristics as a function of doping: p-type doping hardens the material as compared to n-type doping or intrinsic material. In addition, load-penetration depthcurves show that the nucleation of dislocations is more difficult in p-doped material as compared to intrinsic or n-doped material. This is confirmed by deformation microstructures observations using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). TEM observations show that dislocations introduced around the imprints at room temperature are perfect dislocations gliding in the {0001} plane in 4H-SiC and in the {111} plane in 3C-SiC. They are mostly screw oriented. Room temperature nanoidentation imprints of4H homoepitaxied layers have been extensively studied. It is evidenced that dislocation nucleation sites are likely to be located in {1100} planes and that dislocations bow out subsequently in the basal plane. The core nature of perfect dislocations has been determined using the LACBED technique. Those perfect dislocations have a silicon core in the shuffle mode. TEM observations on specimens indented at 800ºC indicate a change in plastic deformation mechanism. At this temperature, partial dislocations with large stacking faults are observed.

Des nanobâtonnets de trioxyde de tungstène peuvent être élaborés sur un substrat de mica de type muscovite à l’aide d’une méthode simple de dépôt en phase vapeur. La croissance de ces objets semble obéir à un mode de croissance de type Stranski-Krastanov. Les nanobâtonnets sont majoritairement constitués d’une phase hexagonale métastable qui a été mise en évidence par MET. Cette structure se forme à partir d’un bronze de tungstène interfacial de structure hexagonale, qui croît en épitaxie sur le mica. Ce bronze contient du potassium provenant du substrat. Pour les bâtonnets les plus épais, la phase hexagonale est surmontée d’une structure monoclinique. La stabilité thermique de la structure hexagonale est importante puisqu’après un recuit à 600°C cette phase subsiste alors que la morphologie en bâtonnets est détruite. Les processus stabilisants la structure hexagonale sont apparemment à dissocier de ceux conduisant à la morphologie en bâtonnets. Le potassium joue un rôle majeur lors de la croissance des nanobâtonnets de WO3. Des élaborations de nanophases d’oxyde de tungstène suivies in situ par photoémission ainsi que par EXAFS de surface sur des substrats volontairement dopés avec du potassium mettent en évidence la forte affinité de cet élément avec le tungstène. Celle-ci peut même entraîner la décomposition partielle d’une molécule telle que du carbonyle de tungstène juste physisorbée à température cryogénique. En outre, la présence du potassium conduit à des phases plus oxydées qu’en son absence. / Tungsten trioxide nanorods can be elaborated on muscovite mica substrate through simple vapor deposition method. Growth of rods seems to follow a Stranski-Krastanov model. Their crystallography was investigated by TEM and reveals the presence of hexagonal phase. Such a metastable structure occurs from an interfacial hexagonal tungsten bronze which grows epitaxially on the substrate. This bronze phase contains potassium atoms coming from mica. Concerning the thickest rods, a monoclinic phase grows on the top of the hexagonal one. The hexagonal structure is thermally very stable: after annealing at 600°C, this phase is still detected whereas the rod morphology is destroyed. This point seems to indicate that processes which stabilize the hexagonal structure are different than those which are responsible of the rod shape. Potassium plays a major role in the formation of hexagonal WO3 phase. Additional tungsten oxide phase were elaborated on other substrates containing potassium atoms. Elaboration was then followed in situ by photoemission and SEXAFS and high affinity between potassium and tungsten was evidenced. Such an affinity can cause partial decomposition of tungsten hexacarbonyl molecule simply adsorbed at cryogenic temperature on substrate. Moreover, potassium atom presence leads to more oxidized phases than when this alkali metal is absent.

M.A. / With the possible exception of the much-lauded Karolina Ferreira, most of Lettie Viljoen's novels are (unfairly) regarded as very complex and even incomprehensible. The main reasons being the lack of a satisfactory evaluation framework that can be used to address the interpretation problems in her texts successfully and a resulting tendency to approach her novels with conventional reading strategies and expectations. By situating Viljoen's literary work in a postcolonial context, however, basic premises of postcolonial theory and criticism can be used to develop an instrument that will be able to address these problems satisfactorily and improve readers' comprehension of her novels. Because most recent critical work on postcolonialism focuses mainly on literature produced in former British colonies, these premises should be revised and adapted to suit the South African situation in general and the Afrikaans literature specifically.