This thesis purpose was to examine to what extent and why loan officers’ judgment influence mortgage credit decisions. A mixed method was used to collect primary data from loan officers’ at a Swedish commercial bank. Quantitative data were collected from 39 loan officers answering an identical mortgage application, and qualitative data were collected from interviews held with five loan officers. The findings showed a considerable inconsistency among the loan officers' mortgage credit decisions and that judgment plays a vital role in the decision-making process. The credit amount granted ranged from SEK 4.25 million to 5.6 million, whereas the charged interest rate ranged from 40 to 51 basis points across four fixed interest periods. Overall, the findings can be understood by loan officers’ lacked explicit rules controlling the relationship between assessing data presented in the mortgage application and which credit decisions they should make. The theoretical contribution of the thesis is to enhance our understanding of how loan officers make credit decisions and the role of judgment in the process. The research findings imply that households should expect large variations in offered credit amounts and interest rates, depending on which loan officer managing their loan application.

The problem with weak competition is the socially inefficient market it causes, but also the market power it gives firms to exercise. This thesis aimed to analyse whether the competition in the mortgage market had changed since 2013 compared to 2020. The market concentration on the Swedish mortgage market were calculated and the gross margins for the banks were compared to each other. The data used was the banks’ total mortgage lending and their listed interest rates. The results showed that the concentration had decreased and that the banks’ overall gross margins had increased. The conclusion made was that the competition was lower in 2020 than in 2013 and that more banks had entered the market, while smaller banks gained more market shares.

Según información publicada por la Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP en su Memoria Anual del 2016 (SBS: 2016), el saldo de los créditos directos del sistema financiero ascendió a S/ 271 672 000,00 que corresponde al 40% del Producto Bruto Interno (PBI) nacional correspondiente a tal ejercicio anual, monto que se deriva de las actividades desarrolladas por las 59 empresas de servicios múltiples que operan en el Sistema Financiero Nacional; cuya cartera crediticia estuvo compuesta de la siguiente manera: 64,9% se destinó a financiar actividades empresariales, 20,3% correspondió al segmento de consumo y 14,8% a créditos hipotecarios. Gran parte de las operaciones crediticias anteriores cuentan con garantías reales, siendo la hipoteca una de las más requeridas por la seguridad que brinda su permanencia y, por la posibilidad de utilizarla de manera amplia, considerando la costumbre de otorgar una cobertura general destinada a respaldar el conjunto de obligaciones contratadas. Sin embargo, diversas modificaciones legislativas han generado incertidumbre jurídica respecto de la contratación de hipotecas “sábana” destinadas a respaldar de manera general las obligaciones bancarias, cuya contratación fue tradicionalmente aceptada tal como funciona ordinariamente en otros sistemas legales. El presente trabajo es uno estrictamente jurídico, sobre la base de información bibliográfica, que analizará los antecedentes de la garantía hipotecaria, contrastará su utilización con ordenamientos jurídicos extranjeros y culminará sugiriendo una modificación legislativa que ordene los criterios para la aplicación de la denominada hipoteca “sábana”, con algunos añadidos que harían segura su utilización, en resguardo del cliente bancario. / According to information published by the Superintendency of Banking, Insurance and AFP in its Annual Report of 2016 (SBS: 2016), the balance of the credits of the financial system amounted to S / 271 672 000.00 corresponding to 40% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ) corresponding to the annual year, amount that derives from the activities developed by the 59 multiple service companies that operate in the National Financial System; whose credit portfolio was composed as follows: 64.9% went to finance business activities, 20.3% corresponded to the consumer segment and 14.8% to mortgage loans. A large part of the previous credit operations with a real guarantee, being the mortgage one of the most required for the security offered by its permanence and the possibility of using it in a broad manner, considering the custom of granting a general coverage destined to support the group of obligations contracted. However, several legislative amendments have been created by the current legislation on the contracting of "sheet" mortgages, which is traditionally accepted as it usually operates in other legal systems. This work is a strictly legal, based on bibliographic information, which analyzes the background of the mortgage guarantee, contrast its use with foreign legal systems and culminate in suggesting a legislative amendment that the criteria for the application of mortgage mortgage ", With some additions that would make its use safe, in the safeguard of the banking client. / Trabajo de investigación

The 2007-2009 recession negatively impacted the global economy, especially the real estate industry and multifamily rental properties. Obtaining credit became difficult, real estate lost 41% equity, 223 commercial banks failed, and 3.2 million homes were in foreclosure. Grounded in systems theory, the purpose of this causal comparative study was to examine the impact of mortgage lender type on the average ranking of 8 mortgage underwriting outcome measures. For the study, 44 accredited mortgage professionals completed an online-survey. The results of the analyses of variance indicated a statistically significant (p < 0.001) lender type effect on credit score and loan-to-value ratio. Further analyses on credit score indicated a significant (p = 0.006) relationship between Category A and B lenders, Category A and C lenders (p < 0.001), and Category B and C lenders (p < 0.001). Further analyses on loan-to-value ratio indicated a significant (p = 0.017) relationship between Category A and B lenders and also Category A and C lenders with (p < 0.001), but the difference between Category B and C lenders is not statistically significant with (p = 0.063). The implications for positive social change include economic growth and expansion, as access to financing increases. Tenants in multifamily rental properties might also benefit from economic growth as the standard of living could increase when landlords initiate capital spending and development.

The purpose of this study was to examine housing, demographic, and economic characteristics that are present in neighborhoods with high rates of mortgage default. In addition, the effect of minority percentage was studied in neighborhoods with high rates of default. Defaulted properties recorded in 2003-2004 in Weber County were geo-coded and assigned into one of 42 census tracts in Weber County. Descriptive statistics then profiled the characteristics of the census tracts. Correlations were used to determine which characteristics had statistical significance with mortgage default rates as well as minority percentage. Logistic regression was conducted to create a model describing the characteristics of neighborhoods that have high rates of default. The findings from the analysis show that mortgage defaults in Weber County occurred mostly in two well-defined housing markets. The first housing market is found in census tracts with low minorities, newer homes, higher priced homes, more use of second mortgages and home equity loans, more self-employed households, more dependents, and more vacant homes. The second housing market is described as census tracts with high minority percentages, fewer number of dependents, older and lower value of homes, and fewer second mortgages and home equity loans. The results show that the two housing markets that experienced mortgage default in 2003-2004 are different in their needs and possible prevention strategies. Educators can use this information to help target at-risk neighborhoods for education on horneownership and pre-purchase counseling, therefore strengthening communities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-tenn relation between household leverage through the use of mortgages, and changes in household weallh using the theoretical framework of the life cycle income hypothesis. The results of this sltldy are relevant to current positions regarding household leverage via mortgages. This study used the 1992 through 2002 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. The characteristics of leveraged and unleveraged households were compared in 1992 and 2002 as were changes during that period. The relation between household leverage and changes in assets and total resources over the period was modeled using robust regression analysis. Based on the results of independent 1 tests and chi-square tests, there were statistically significant differences between leveraged and unleveraged The general difference between the two groups was that greater proportions of leveraged households were working in 1992 and 2002 than unleveraged households. This observation was supported by differences in household income, work status trends, age of household head, total resources, and changes in total resources. Unleveraged households had statistically significantly higher assets than leveraged households; however, there was no statistically significant difference in the change in assets between the two groups. households. Retained or incurred mortgage debt during the study period, relative to not having mortgage debt, had a consistent negative effect on changes in assets and total resources. The initial leverage ratio and square of the initial leverage ratio were not statistically significant in either of the estimated regression models. The effect of eliminating mortgage debt, relative to not having mortgage debt, on changes in assets and total resources was not statistically different from zero. From the standpoint of maximizing resources, maintaining mortgage debt did not appear to be the best altemative for most households. However, for high-income and more risk-tolerant households, mortgage debt was beneficial and enhanced increases in assets and total resources. While the use of mortgage debt for investment capital had the potential to increase total resources, households may have derived greater satisfaction from using the mortgage proceeds for consumption, given their preferences and expectations. Implications for consumers, financial professionals, educators, and tax policymakers were drawn from the resu lts of the study.

The purpose of this study was to define and describe the nature of predatory mortgage lending in the state of Utah . Twelve professionals from the state who work in the mortgage lending market participated. Data consisted of interviewee comments and were analyzed qualitatively using a multi-step method of coding for concepts and themes. Through coding and analysis it was determined that the term predatory mortgage lend ing is defined as an act of abuse that is targeted towards a borrower with one or more vulnerable characteristics. It was al so found that users of this term do not always adhere to this strict definition, but rather use it as a catch-all term for any general mortgage abuse, rather than only for those that are targeted. The term is al so used when referring to instances of fraud, and nearly all other forms of unfair lending. To help increase the measurability of predatory lending, the interviews also gave descriptive detail in terms of its magnitude, underlying factors, commonly occurring practices, victim characteristics, impacts, and suggestions for reduction. Suggestions for reduction of predatory lending include increasing accountability of actors, both legally and by the industry itself bridging state and national jurisdictional gaps, and increasing fun ding for consumer education and neighborhood revitalization. Education was especially emphasized as a tool for preventing occurrences of predatory mortgage lending. not only in the form of pre-homebuyer education but especially in the form of financial education as a requirement in the public school s, beginning at a very young age.

Objectives: As social determinants of health, mortgage possessions (primarily foreclosures in the US context) and housing instability have been associated with certain mental and physical health outcomes at the individual level. However, individual risks of foreclosure and of poor health are spatially patterned. The objective of this study is to examine the extent to which area-specific social and economic characteristics help explain the relationship between mortgage possessions and obesity prevalence in 75 of the 100 most populous US metropolitan areas. Study design: This is a cross-sectional study. Methods: The study relies on three sources of data: the Selected Metropolitan/Micropolitan Area Risk Trends (SMART) project, RealtyTrac foreclosure data, and the American Community Survey. Focal social and economic characteristics include foreclosure rates, levels of racial residential segregation, and poverty. Obesity prevalence and several control measures for each metropolitan area are also used. Ordinary least squares regression, weighted using the SMART project data, is used, and statistical significance is set at 0.05. Results: The results suggest that mortgage possessions are independently associated with higher obesity prevalence and that foreclosures operate through the specific channel of racial residential segregation and its tie to the racial composition of a metropolitan area. Socio-economic status of an area, and not poverty, is related to foreclosures and obesity prevalence. Conclusion: Mortgage possessions not only are socio-economic but also have negative health consequences, such as obesity. The findings provide an empirical base for other researchers to uncover the relationships between segregation, mortgage possessions, and obesity at the individual level of analysis. The public health community should be engaged in addressing the issue of foreclosures in the US because the failure to engage may have broad financial and health consequences across large cities.

Real Estate law is the body of rules and regulations with legal codes that concern ownership, development and transactions. Real Estate has grown to be one of the main contributors to the nation's financial system. For decades, the housing market has been such an integral part of the economy. Unfortunately, in the beginning of the twenty-first century lax regulatory oversight led the nation to an economic collapse. Indeed, federal, state and local governments have become heavily involved in solving the downward spiral in the economy. This research focuses on the mortgage crisis in order to show how Real Estate law can in fact, restore the economy when the government has a balance between regulations and market discipline. The intent of this thesis was to study the occurrence of the mortgage crisis, the regulatory authorities and the legal effects of the housing market. Through the analysis of case law and statutes, data, previous recessions, and economic indicators, this thesis examines the key factors in our legal system that should drive reform in our economy. Results suggested that greater efforts to a regulatory structure generate a secure financial system. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is not only to solve our current mortgage crisis but also to mitigate or prevent future crises.

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