This thesis deals with the problem of banks in connection with mortgage loans and mortgage bonds. Its main aim is the research and analysis ot the market with mortgage bonds and mortgage loans in the Czech and Slovak Republic. The work also takes into concern the so discussed integration of European mortgage markets. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first two chapters are theoretical and are focused on the legislature and the feature of bonds and mortgage bonds. One of the components is the problem of mortgage banks and mortgage loans. The practical section is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is focused on the position of mortgage banks in the Czech and Slovak Republics in the framework of the bank´s sector in the given country. The banks are evaluated on the basis of economic criteria including balance sheets, net profit, initial capital, capital feasibility, number of branches and number of employees. The final part of this section is the evaluation and comprison of the Czech and Slovak bank sectors and their comparison with the European Union. The second chapter deals with entities conducting in the field of mortgage banking and the evaluation of their position in the framework of the Czech and Slovak Republic. The third chapter evaluates the present state and predicts further developments of the bank market in the area of mortgage bonds and mortgage loans. The problem of the integration of mortgage markets in the European Union is included.

Many analysts believe that problems in the United States housing market initiated the 2007-2009 global financial crisis. In this regard, the subprime mortgage crisis (SMC) shook the foundations of the financial industry by causing the failure of many iconic Wall Street investment banks and prominent depository institutions. This crisis stymied credit extension to households and businesses thus creating credit crunches and, ultimately, a global recession. This thesis specifically discusses the SMC and its components, causes, consequences and cures in relation to subprime mortgage origination, data as well as bank bailouts. In particular, the SMC has highlighted the fact that risk, credit ratings, profit and valuation as well as capital regulation are important banking considerations. With regard to risk, the thesis discusses credit (including counterparty), market (including interest rate, basis, prepayment, liquidity and price), tranching (including maturity mismatch and synthetic), operational (including house appraisal, valuation and compensation) and systemic (including maturity transformation) risks. The thesis introduces the IDIOM hypothesis that postulates that the SMC was largely caused by the intricacy and design of subprime agents, mortgage origination that led to information problems (loss, asymmetry and contagion), valuation opaqueness and ineffective risk mitigation. It also contains appropriate examples, discussions, timelines as well as appendices about the main results on the aforementioned topics. Numerous references point to the material not covered in the thesis, and indicate some avenues for further research. In the sequel, the banks that we study are subprime interbank lenders (SILs), subprime originators (SORs), subprime dealer banks (SDBs) and their special purpose vehicles (SPVs) such as Wall Street investment banks and their special structures as well as subprime investing banks (SIBs). Furthermore, the primary subprime agents that we consider are house appraisers (HAs), mortgage brokers (MBs), mortgagors (MRs), servicers (SRs), trustees, underwriters and credit enhancement providers (CEPs). Also, the insurers involved in the subprime market are originator mortgage insurers (OMIs) and monoline insurers (MLIs). The main components of the SMC are MRs, the housing market, SDBs/hedge funds/money market funds/SIBs, the economy as well as the government (G) and central banks. Here, G either plays a regulatory, bailout or policymaking role. Most of the aforementioned banks and agents are assumed to be risk neutral with SOR being the exception since it can be risk (and regret) averse on occasion. The three main aspects of the SMC - subprime mortgage origination, data and bailouts - that we cover in this thesis and the chapters in which they are found are outlined below. In Chapter 2, we discuss the dynamics of SORs' capital, information, ratings, risk and valuation under mortgage origination. In particular, we model subprime mortgages that are able to fully amortize, voluntarily prepay or default and construct a discrete-time model for SOR risk and profit incorporating costs of funds and mortgage insurance as well as loan losses. Furthermore, a constrained optimal valuation problem for SORs under mortgage origination is solved. In addition, we show how high loan-to-value ratios curtailed the refinancing of subprime mortgages, while low ratios imply favorable house equity for subprime MRs. Chapter 2 also explores the relationship between Basel capital regulation and the SMC. This involves studying bank credit and capital under Basel regulation. Further issues dealt with are the quantity and pricing of subprime mortgages as well as credit ratings under Basel capital regulation. A key problem is whether Basel capital regulation exacerbated the SMC. Very importantly, the thesis answers this question in the affirmative. Chapter 3 contains subprime data not presented in Chapters 2. We present other mortgage data that also have connections with the main subprime issues raised. In Chapter 4, a troubled SOR's recapitalization by G via subprime bank bailouts is discussed. Our research supports the view that if SOR is about to fail, it will have an incentive not to extend low risk mortgages but rather high risk mortgages thus shifting risk onto its creditors. Here, for instance, we analyze the efficiency of purchasing toxic structured mortgage products from troubled SORs as opposed to buying preferred and common equity. In this regard, we compare the cases where SORs' on-balance sheet mortgages are fully amortizing, voluntarily prepaying (refinancing and equity extraction) and involuntarily prepaying (defaulting). If bailing out SORs considered to be too big to fail involves buying assets at above fair market values, then these SORs are encouraged ex-ante to invest in high risk mortgages and toxic structured mortgage products. Contrary to the policy employed by G, purchasing common (preferred) equity is always the most (least) ex-anteand ex-post-efficient type of capital injection. Our research confirms that this is true irrespective of whether SOR volunteers for recapitalization or not. In order to understand the key results in Chapters 2 to 4, a working knowledge of discrete-time stochastic modeling and optimization is required. The work presented in this thesis is based on a book (see [103]), 2 peer-reviewed international journal articles (see [51] and [105]), 2 peer-reviewed chapters in books (see [104] and [110]) and 4 peer-reviewed conference proceedings paper (see [23], [106], [107] and [109]). / Thesis (Ph.D. (Applied Mathematics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Many analysts believe that problems in the United States housing market initiated the 2007-2009 global financial crisis. In this regard, the subprime mortgage crisis (SMC) shook the foundations of the financial industry by causing the failure of many iconic Wall Street investment banks and prominent depository institutions. This crisis stymied credit extension to households and businesses thus creating credit crunches and, ultimately, a global recession. This thesis specifically discusses the SMC and its components, causes, consequences and cures in relation to subprime mortgage origination, data as well as bank bailouts. In particular, the SMC has highlighted the fact that risk, credit ratings, profit and valuation as well as capital regulation are important banking considerations. With regard to risk, the thesis discusses credit (including counterparty), market (including interest rate, basis, prepayment, liquidity and price), tranching (including maturity mismatch and synthetic), operational (including house appraisal, valuation and compensation) and systemic (including maturity transformation) risks. The thesis introduces the IDIOM hypothesis that postulates that the SMC was largely caused by the intricacy and design of subprime agents, mortgage origination that led to information problems (loss, asymmetry and contagion), valuation opaqueness and ineffective risk mitigation. It also contains appropriate examples, discussions, timelines as well as appendices about the main results on the aforementioned topics. Numerous references point to the material not covered in the thesis, and indicate some avenues for further research. In the sequel, the banks that we study are subprime interbank lenders (SILs), subprime originators (SORs), subprime dealer banks (SDBs) and their special purpose vehicles (SPVs) such as Wall Street investment banks and their special structures as well as subprime investing banks (SIBs). Furthermore, the primary subprime agents that we consider are house appraisers (HAs), mortgage brokers (MBs), mortgagors (MRs), servicers (SRs), trustees, underwriters and credit enhancement providers (CEPs). Also, the insurers involved in the subprime market are originator mortgage insurers (OMIs) and monoline insurers (MLIs). The main components of the SMC are MRs, the housing market, SDBs/hedge funds/money market funds/SIBs, the economy as well as the government (G) and central banks. Here, G either plays a regulatory, bailout or policymaking role. Most of the aforementioned banks and agents are assumed to be risk neutral with SOR being the exception since it can be risk (and regret) averse on occasion. The three main aspects of the SMC - subprime mortgage origination, data and bailouts - that we cover in this thesis and the chapters in which they are found are outlined below. In Chapter 2, we discuss the dynamics of SORs' capital, information, ratings, risk and valuation under mortgage origination. In particular, we model subprime mortgages that are able to fully amortize, voluntarily prepay or default and construct a discrete-time model for SOR risk and profit incorporating costs of funds and mortgage insurance as well as loan losses. Furthermore, a constrained optimal valuation problem for SORs under mortgage origination is solved. In addition, we show how high loan-to-value ratios curtailed the refinancing of subprime mortgages, while low ratios imply favorable house equity for subprime MRs. Chapter 2 also explores the relationship between Basel capital regulation and the SMC. This involves studying bank credit and capital under Basel regulation. Further issues dealt with are the quantity and pricing of subprime mortgages as well as credit ratings under Basel capital regulation. A key problem is whether Basel capital regulation exacerbated the SMC. Very importantly, the thesis answers this question in the affirmative. Chapter 3 contains subprime data not presented in Chapters 2. We present other mortgage data that also have connections with the main subprime issues raised. In Chapter 4, a troubled SOR's recapitalization by G via subprime bank bailouts is discussed. Our research supports the view that if SOR is about to fail, it will have an incentive not to extend low risk mortgages but rather high risk mortgages thus shifting risk onto its creditors. Here, for instance, we analyze the efficiency of purchasing toxic structured mortgage products from troubled SORs as opposed to buying preferred and common equity. In this regard, we compare the cases where SORs' on-balance sheet mortgages are fully amortizing, voluntarily prepaying (refinancing and equity extraction) and involuntarily prepaying (defaulting). If bailing out SORs considered to be too big to fail involves buying assets at above fair market values, then these SORs are encouraged ex-ante to invest in high risk mortgages and toxic structured mortgage products. Contrary to the policy employed by G, purchasing common (preferred) equity is always the most (least) ex-anteand ex-post-efficient type of capital injection. Our research confirms that this is true irrespective of whether SOR volunteers for recapitalization or not. In order to understand the key results in Chapters 2 to 4, a working knowledge of discrete-time stochastic modeling and optimization is required. The work presented in this thesis is based on a book (see [103]), 2 peer-reviewed international journal articles (see [51] and [105]), 2 peer-reviewed chapters in books (see [104] and [110]) and 4 peer-reviewed conference proceedings paper (see [23], [106], [107] and [109]). / Thesis (Ph.D. (Applied Mathematics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Households generally have little or no possibility to unload their real estate risk, which constitutes a large part of  their total portfolio risk. The aim of this study is to analyze a way for households to unload this risk through a socalled index-linked mortgage financed by a fund. The study examines how such a mortgage could be structured, and how it will affect  he bank, the borrower and the fund investor compared to a conventional mortgage. The ominal loan value and therefore also the interest payments of the studied index-linked  ortgage will vary according to the HOX Flats Stockholm Index. Through linear optimization, the structure is optimized from a borrower’s perspective but is subject to a set of constraints on the bank’s and the fund’s profitability and risk levels. The optimal structure is tested through a scenario analysis for different outcomes of apartment price developments and also  hrough a sensitivity analysis to test the effect of shifting conventional mortgage rates. The esults show that the interest rate payment burden will consistently be lower for the index-linked mortgage than for the conventional mortgage. The borrower is insured against house price drops but have to give up some of the upside potential on the property investment if house prices increase. The fund gets a satisfactory payoff in relation to the real estate  arket movement while it is somewhat protected when house prices decline. The bank issuing the mortgages will always experience a profit, but the conventional mortgage is more profitable  or negative index scenarios. Furthermore, the probability of default decreases for the index- inked mortgage holder when prices drop as the loan to value ratio (LTV) always remains  elow 100 percent for index decreases up to 40 percent. The structure is appropriate for  owincome households who will have difficulties paying back the loan when apartment prices  rops. This study contributes to theory in hedging of real estate risk, mortgage risk and  inancial innovation. / Hushåll har generellt få möjligheter att försäkra sig mot husprisrisk som idag utgör en stor del av hushållens totala portföljrisk. Denna studie undersöker en möjlighet för hushåll att försäkra sig mot sådan risk genom ett så kallat index-länkat bolån som finansieras genom en fond. Studien kontrollerar hur ett index-länkat lån kan struktureras och hur det påverkar banken, låntagaren och fondinvesteraren i jämförelse med ett traditionellt bolån. Lånets nominella värde och därmed även räntebetalningarna som är kopplade till lånet varierar enligt förändringar i HOX Flats Stockholm Index. Lånestrukturen optimerats genom linjär optimering med hänsyn till låntagarens lönsamhet och med bivillkor på bankens och fondens risktagande respektive lönsamhet. Den optimerade strukturen testas genom scenarioanalys för olika utfall av lägenhetsprisutveckling samt genom en känslighetsanalys av den  raditionella bolåneräntan. Resultaten visar att den månatliga betalningsbördan för räntebetalningarna alltid kommer att vara lägre för hushåll som håller ett index-länkade bolånet än för de som innehar ett vanligt lån. Det index-länkade lånet innebär att bolånetagare får ge upp en viss del av vinsten då bostadspriser stiger i förhållande till ett vanligt bolån men ger ett skydd mot förluster vid en nedgång i bostadspriser. Fonden visar sig kunna ge en god avkastning i relation till indexets utveckling och ger ett visst skydd mot fall i bostadsmarknaden. Banken som ger ut indexlänkade bolån kommer alltid att gå med vinst, dock är vanliga bolån mer lönsamma vid nedgång i huspriser. Fortsättningsvis minskar risken att ”defaulta” för hushåll med det index-länkade bolånet då huspriser faller eftersom strukturen innebär ett loan to value ratio (LTV) under 100 procent upp till en prisnedgång på 40 procent. Resultatet visar att index-länkade lån passar låginkomsttagare och hushåll som ommer att ha svårt att betala tillbaka sitt lån om bostadspriserna faller. Studien bidrar till teori inom husprisriskförsäkring samt till teori inom finansiell innovation

Магистерская диссертация посвящена вопросам развития рынка ипотечного кредитования. Целью исследования является разработка и оценка эффективности ипотечного продукта для банка, позволяющего снизить процентные риски, не создавая дополнительных кредитных рисков. Также в работе исследуются факторы спроса и предложения на рынке жилой недвижимости; ключевые драйверы развития банковского кредитования в сегменте ипотеки. В качестве научной новизны предложен методический инструментарий для анализа ипотечной деятельности банков и проведена оценка экономической целесообразности внедрения плавающей ставки по ипотечным кредитам. / The master's thesis is devoted to the development of the mortgage lending market. The purpose of the study is to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a mortgage product for a bank that allows reducing interest rate risks without creating additional credit risks. The paper also examines the factors of supply and demand in the residential real estate market; the key drivers of the development of bank lending in the mortgage segment. As a scientific novelty, the methodological instruments for analyzing the mortgage activity of banks are proposed and the economic feasibility of introducing a floating rate on mortgage loans is evaluated.

「退休」對於大多數人未來生活而言，可能會面臨嚴重的財務難題，因為退休之後可能沒有第二個機會能獲得正常的收入，而卻必須面臨退休生活之開支以及老年醫療看護之問題，因此在工作階段對於退休金的規劃設計適當與否愈顯重要，以解決老年人退休生活的經濟安全。而目前退休金籌措之來源，除有政府提供之社會保險、企業所提撥之退休金、個人所購買之商業年金保險、存款、投資收入之外，在英美等國市場上發展出一種為老年人退休生活融資的工具──反向房屋抵押貸款(Reverse Mortgage)，使老年人得以利用其房屋融資、為其取得生活所需之金錢支柱之同時，而仍保有房屋之所有權，直到老年人死亡、自願搬離或者出售房屋，而在貸款期間，並不需償還任何金錢予貸款人。 英美各國之所以發展反向房屋抵押貸款商品之主要原因，係因面臨戰後嬰兒潮之族群屆至退休年齡，使政府社會補助系統日益沉重；而且在平均餘命增加所產生一連串健康照護等問題，致退休金系統之保障可能不足情況下，於1980年代開始蓬勃發展反向房屋抵押貸款。而我國由於人口老化快速、生育率逐漸下降、退休所得適足度不足以及自有住宅率高等前提下，有發展反向房屋抵押貸款之潛力。 本研究將以美國反向房屋抵押貸款市場為基礎，分析其主要內容和借貸雙方之間的權利義務。由於台灣目前之退休市場上，還未開發反向房屋抵押貸款此種商品，若要發行此種商品，對於政府、金融機構或者是消費者，勢必是一項新的考驗，而且可能面臨以下幾個問題：反向房屋抵押是否為我國所承認之抵押權？若非，應如何因應？若反向房屋抵押貸款為我國所承認之抵押權，則抵押人之權利義務應如何調整，以保障抵押權人之利益？反向房屋抵押貸款之特性於我國適用時，借貸雙方之權利義務是否有調整之必要？若是，應如何為之？ 本研究僅針對反向房屋抵押貸款於我國發行之可行性，並未針對應由何機構發行此種商品為宜，而僅就現行民法規定作初步分析，探究反向房屋抵押貸款於我國適用時有無衝突之可能。另再比較美國及其他發行反向房屋抵押貸款之國家，相關之規範或制定內容之發展經驗，對我國具有相當之啟示且可發揮相當程度之指標性作用，可供我國未來金融實務發展上之借鏡與參考，希冀有助於我國發行反向房屋貸款時達到最佳效益。

by Cheung Hoi Yin. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-61). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.vii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Asia Economic Turmoil --- p.1 / Importance of Risk Management --- p.2 / Literature Review --- p.3 / Methodology --- p.8 / Data --- p.9 / Chapter II. --- CREDIT RISK --- p.12 / Introduction --- p.12 / What Is A Mortgage --- p.14 / Credit Risk of Residential Mortgage --- p.16 / Banking System in Hong Kong --- p.17 / Chapter III. --- BRIEF REVIEW OF OTHER RISKS IN BANKING … --- p.19 / Interest Rate Risk --- p.19 / Liquidity Risk --- p.20 / Capital Risk --- p.22 / Market Risk --- p.23 / Off-Balance Sheet Risk --- p.24 / Chapter IV. --- FINDINGS --- p.26 / Outstanding Mortgage Balance --- p.26 / Gross New Loans Made --- p.26 / Property Price Movement --- p.27 / Unemployment and Underemployment Rate --- p.30 / Delinquency Ratio --- p.31 / Loan-To-Valuation Ratio --- p.33 / Lending Policy of Authorized Institutions on Mortgage Lending --- p.33 / Chapter V. --- WILCOXON RANK TEST --- p.35 / Chapter VI. --- CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.38 / GRAPH & TABLE --- p.41 / Graph --- p.41 / Table --- p.53 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.59

This thesis deals with current issues relating to the mortgage market. The aim of the thesis is to analyse factors which influence the mortgage market in the Czech Republic and to describe their influence on the quantities of mortgages within last 10 years (2002-2011). The theoretical part introduces basic concepts related to the mortgage market, the legislation and chosen factors that could have an influence on the quantities of mortgages. Among these factors were chosen GDP, the rate of unemployment, the inflation rate and the interest rate of mortgage loans. One part deals with mortgage crises which came into existence in the USA in 2007 and had an impact on economics of other countries. In practical part there is an introduction into development of chosen factors and then there is finding out whether these factors influence the quantity of mortgages.

In Peru, there are legal figures that, despite ofbeing abolished, continue having real effects. Such is the case of the "open mortgage”, which survives in our legal system.In this article, in regard to a recent judicial decision by the Peruvian Supreme Court, the author explains the figures of the “open mortgage” and the “ordinary mortgage”, showing their differences and warning of the inadequacy of equating their jurisprudential treatment. / En el Perú, existen figuras legales que, pese a estar derogadas, continúan teniendo efectos en la realidad. Tal es el caso de la “hipoteca sábana”, la cual pervive en nuestro sistema legal.En este artículo, a propósito de una reciente decisión judicial de la Corte Suprema del Perú, el autor explica las figuras de la “hipoteca ordinaria” y de la “hipoteca sábana”, mostrando sus diferencias, y advierte sobre lo inadecuado de equiparar su tratamiento jurisprudencial.

The thesis deals with the analysis of mortgage products, their supply on the market and their development in the Czech Republic. In the introduction the mortgage loan is defined and legally defined. In the second chapter describes how mortgage loans are divided and what the current situation on the market of these products. Another section is devoted to mortgage bonds as a security that is closely related mortgage loans. In conclusion, the author decided to look for a mortgage with a macroeconomic perspective. Work includes several tables and graphs, on which issues more clearly described. The annex contains an application for a mortgage loan, announcement of Wüstenrot hypoteční banka a. s. about the issue of mortgage bonds and the method of calculating tested hypotheses.