Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease affecting the central nervous system. Although research on the diagnosis and treatment of this serious illness has made significant advances, the MS etiology remains unknown. Although there is still much to be found in the MS pathogenetic mechanisms, understanding the mechanisms of immune-mediated damage to the central nervous system (CNS) components of MS allows not only the introduction of new drugs that positively modulate inflammatory inflammation but also the understanding of immune- mediated diseases affecting the CNS in a broader sense. Methods The Ph.D. thesis is a general introduction followed by an annotated set of author's publications on proteomics, lymphocytic population in MS and disability. Study 1: Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome was conducted to find changes in the low molecular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) segment and to determine what native peptides and how much they are in cerebrospinal fluid among patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and relapsing-MS (RR MS) compared to a healthy population. Study 2: Lymphocytes in the treatment with interferon beta-1b targeted individual...

Le MSRV (Multiple Sclerosis Associated Retro Virus) fait partie de la famille de rétrovirus endogènes humains HERV-W. Une protéine d'enveloppe provenant du MSRV est retrouvée chez la plupart des patients atteints de sclérose en plaque (SEP). Cette protéine (Env-ms) a des propriétés pro-inflammatoires sur les cellules immunitaires et pourrait donc jouer un rôle dans la pathogenèse de la SEP en exacerbant la diapédèse leucocytaire observée dans le système nerveux central (SNC) des patients. Cette étude vise principalement à analyser les effets de Env-ms sur la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) au niveau moléculaire et fonctionnel. Nous avons pu démontrer que l'enveloppe recombinante du MSRV était capable de stimuler plusieurs paramètres inflammatoires sur un modèle humain de BHE in vitro, la lignée HCMEC/D3. En effet, Env-ms induit une surexpression d'ICAM-1, une protéine impliquée dans l'adhésion des leucocytes aux cellules endothéliales, d'une manière dose dépendante ainsi qu'une production dose dépendante de cytokines pro-inflammatoires comme l'IL-6 et l'IL-8. De plus, par une approche utilisant des siRNAs, nous avons pu montrer que Env-ms était reconnue par le récepteur TLR4, un récepteur de l'immunité innée exprimé par les cellules endothéliales. Nous avons aussi montré par des essais fonctionnels que Env-ms stimulait de manière significative l'adhésion de cellules immunitaires activées à la monocouche de cellules endothéliales. Enfin, nous avons aussi mesuré les effets de Env-ms sur des cultures primaires de cellules endothéliales HUVEC et nous avons pu montrer que les propriétés pro-inflammatoires de la protéine d'enveloppe étaient similaires à celles observées sur le modèle HCMEC/D3 Ces résultats appuient l'hypothèse selon laquelle le MSRV pourrait être impliqué dans la pathogenèse de la SEP ou bien dans le maintien d'un niveau d'inflammation élevé favorisant le désordre immunitaire observé chez les patients. Le MSRV pourrait également jouer un rôle dans d'autres maladies inflammatoires chroniques. / The MSRV (Multiple Sclerosis Associated Retro Virus) belongs to the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W family. An envelope protein originating from the MSRV was found in most patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This protein (Env-ms) has pro-inflammatory properties on several immune cells and could therefore play a role in the MS pathogenesis by promoting the leukocyte diapedesis observed in the central nervous system of patients. Our study aims to analyze the effects of Env-ms on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at a molecular and functional level. We have demonstrated that the recombinant MSRV envelope was able to strongly stimulate several inflammatory parameters on a human BBB in vitro model, the HCMEC/D3 cell line. Indeed, Env-ms induced overexpression of ICAM-1, a major mediator of leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, in a dose-dependent manner and a strong dose-dependent production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. Furthermore, using a silencing approach with siRNAs, we have shown that Env-ms was recognized via the TLR4 receptor, a pattern recognition receptor of innate immunity present on endothelial cells. Indeed, the knock down of TLR4 abolishes the pro-inflammatory effects of Env-ms. We have also shown using functionnal assays, that the treatment of brain endothelial cells with Env-ms significantly stimulated the adhesion of activated immune cells to the monolayer of endothelial cells. We also assessed the effects of Env-ms on primary endothelial cells HUVECs and we observed that the pro-inflammatory properties of the envelope protein were similar to those observed on HCMEC/D3. These findings support the hypothesis that MSRV could be involved in the pathogenesis of MS disease or at least in maintenance of inflammatory conditions thus fueling the auto-immune disorder. The MSRV could also play a role in other chronic inflammatory diseases.

Bakgrund: Multipel skleros, MS, är en autoimmun, neurologisk, kronisk sjukdom som påverkar hela centrala nervsystemet. Sjukdomsförloppet ser annorlunda ut från person till person och är relativt oförutsägbart. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa erfarenheter av sexualitet hos vuxna patienter med Multipel skleros samt vilka faktorer som kan påverka denna. Metod: Metoden för uppsatsen var en integrerad litteraturöversikt, baserad på tio artiklar varav åtta kvantitativa och två kvalitativa. Resultat: Resultatet summeras i tre olika teman Fysiska symtom, Depression och Påverkan på relationer och sexualliv. Resultatet visade att personer med MS ofta upplevde någon form av sexuell problematik vad gäller både fysiska, psykiska och sociala aspekter. Mellan 44–82,5 % av deltagarna som inkluderats i studierna som ingår i denna litteraturöversikt led av sexuell dysfunktion, SD. Flera deltagare uppgav att SD påverkade deras sexualliv negativt. Diskussion: Diskussionen är uppdelad i två delar: metoddiskussion där metoden för arbetet diskuteras och resultatdiskussion där resultatet diskuteras huvudsakligen utifrån Callista Roys adaptionsmodell. Aspekter av betydelseför sjuksköterskans möte med patienter med MS belyses också. / Background: Multiple sclerosis, MS, is an autoimmune, neurological, chronic disease that affects the whole central nervous system. The course of the disease is different from one person to another and therefore is unpredictable. Aim: The aim was to highlight the experiences of sexuality in adult patients with multiple sclerosis and the factors that may affect it. Method: The method of the essay was an integrated literature review, based on ten articles of which eight quantitative and two qualitative. Results: The result is summarized in three different themes Physical Symptoms, Depression and The impact on relationships and the sex life. The result showed that persons with MS often experienced some form of sexual problems in terms of physical, mental and social aspects. Between 44–82.5 percent of all participants in all studies included in this literary review had sexual dysfunction, SD. Several participants stated that SD had a negative impact on their sex life. Discussion: The discussion is divided into two parts: method discussion where the method for this essay will be discussed and result discussion where the results will be discussed based on Callista Roy’s adaptation model. Also, aspects of the importance for nurses when meeting patients with MS are highlighted.

Syfte: Var att beskriva MS-patienters erfarenheter före, under och efter graviditet. Hur MS-sjuksköterskan kan stötta och vägleda MS-patienter i frågor som kan uppstå före, under och efter graviditeten utifrån evidensbaserad kunskap. Vidare granskades den metodologiska aspekten gällande urvalet/urvalskriterierna i litteraturstudiens utvalda artiklar. Metod: Litteraturstudien hade en beskrivande design. Artikelsökning gjordes i databaserna Pubmed, PsycInfo, och Cinahl samt manuell sökning utifrån de granskade artiklarna i litteraturstudien. Artiklarna (n=18) var 1 antal kvalitativa, och 17 antal kvantitativa. Resultat: Kvinnorna vågade ofta inte ta upp ämnet graviditet, behandling, amning och sin sjukdom med sin läkare. Studier visade att kvinnor som fick någon form av beslutsstöd fick ökad kunskap om graviditet vid diagnosen MS och en ökad självsäkerhet angående sitt beslut att vilja starta en familj jämfört med kvinnor som inte fick detta stöd. Det var viktigt att vara öppen och diskutera fördelar och nackdelar med den behandling som kvinnan har och att missfall och defekter hos ett barn även kan ske i en “normal” graviditet. Slutsats: MS-patienten har samma möjlighet att bli gravid och genomgå en normal graviditet och förlossning som frisk kvinna. Är patienten välinformerad om sin sjukdom och frågor rörande sin sjukdom ökar chansen för en lyckad tid före, under och efter graviditeten. Riktlinjer behövs utarbetas för kvinnor med MS inför graviditet. MS-sjuksköterskan behöver ha en god medicinsk kunskap om sjukdomen och de olika behandlingsalternativ som finns för att kunna ge en god omvårdnad och stöd till kvinnan under denna period. / Aim: Was to describe MS patients' experiences before, during and after pregnancy. How the MS nurse can support and guide MS patients in issues that may occur before, during and after pregnancy based on evidence-based knowledge. Furthermore, the methodological aspect of the selection / selection criteria in the selected articles of this literature study was examined. Method: Literature study with descriptive design. Articles (n=18) were retrieved from Pubmed, PsycInfo,  and Cinahl, as well as manual search based on the reviewed articles in the literature study. The items (n = 18) were 1 number of qualitative, and 17 number of quantitative. Result: Women did not often dare to address the subject of pregnancy, treatment, breastfeeding and their illness with their doctor. Studies showed that women receiving some form of decision aid increased their knowledge of pregnancy and got  an increased self-esteem regarding their decision to start a family compared with women who did not receive this support. It is important to be open and discuss the pros and cons of the treatment and that miscarriage and birth defects also can occur in a "normal" pregnancy. Conclusion: The MS patient has the same opportunity to conceive and undergo a normal pregnancy and childbirth as a healthy woman.  If the patient is well informed about her illness and questions about her illness, the chance of a successful time before, during and after pregnancy increases. Guidelines are needed for women with MS prior to pregnancy. The MS nurse needs a good medical knowledge of the disease and the different treatment options available to provide good care and support for the woman during this period.

Chez les patients atteints de sclérose en plaques (SEP), l'inflammation induit une demyélinisation et une mort neuronale. La capacité de remyélinisation, hétérogène chez les patients, est intimement corrélée à la sévérité des symptômes. Les raisons de cette hétérogénéité ne sont pas connues, principalement car ce mécanisme n'a jamais été étudié dans un contexte expérimental approprié. Afin d'y remédier, nous avons développé un nouveau modèle en combinant une démyélinisation focale chez des souris nude à une greffe de lymphocytes (LT) provenant de donneurs sains ou de patients SEP. Cette modèle nous a permis de reproduire l'hétérogénéité de remyélinisation. En comparant le profil de sécrétion des patients selon leur capacité de réparation, nous avons mis en évidence des différences dans celui-ci, qui induisait selon le cas une activation bénéfique ou délétère des microglies ayant pour conséquence une différentiation efficace ou entravée des cellules précurseur d'oligodendrocytes. Cette capacité hétérogène des LT à répondre à une stimulation est partiellement expliqué par le background génétique du patients : les patients porteurs de variants associés à des gènes impliqués dans la fonction des LT folliculaires et des LT CD4+ naïfs induisaient un défaut de remyélinisation lorsque greffés dans une lésion démyélinisée, et ce en dirigeant l'activation microgliale vers un phénotype délétère. En résumé, les LT dirigent l'activation microgliale lors de la remyélinisation et sont donc au moins partiellement responsables de l'échec ou de la réussite de ce mécanisme. La façon dont ils réagissent à la démyélinisation est au moins en partie due au patrimoine génétique du patient. / Inflammation in the central nervous system leads to demyelination and neurodegeneration in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). MS severity is closely correlated with the efficacy of myelin repair, a process whose effectiveness is very heterogeneous among patients. The reasons of this heterogeneity are largely unknown, mainly because it has never been addressed in a humanized pathological context. To tackle this question, we developed a new model combining focal demyelination in nude mice and graft of MS or healthy donor (HD) lymphocytes (LT). We were able to reproduce partially remyelination heterogeneity. Comparing the secretory profile of patients LT according to their repair capacities, we highlighted an heterogeneous cytokine response leading to a differential microglial (MIG) activation and ultimately an efficient or inefficient maturation of precursor cells during remyelination. To decipher why LT from patients display an heterogeneous response, we hypothesized that the genetic variants known for MS susceptibility could also drive disease severity by influencing LT functions. We found that the interaction of variants associated with genes responsible for T Folicular Helper and naïve Th0 cells functions induce the secretion by patient LT induce a pro-inflammatory activation in MIG, leading to remyelination failure.LT orchestrate MIG activation and are therefore responsible for the success or failure of remyelination. Capitalizing on patients with high repair capacities to understand the cellular and molecular actors leading to successful remyelination in pathological conditions seem to be a key approach to develop therapeutical targets.

Thesis (M.Sc (Radiography))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects the central nervous system (CNS) and is characterized by multiple demyelinating lesions. It is in this context that a need arises for reliable biomarkers such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which could lead to the early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention when maximum potential impact is possible. This study examines the impact of MRI as a marker and the sequences that give the best images to aid in evaluation of disease progression (which can indirectly be seen as disability) and the early diagnosis of MS which will, in turn, lead to more effective management of the disease. METHOD: Sixteen subjects underwent a neurological examination, the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), blood tests for iron parameters and a 3Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan. In a study of MS, 11 had MRI data that could be analysed by using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Subjects were divided according to the EDSS score (8 of the subjects had an EDSS score of ≤ 3 while 3 subjects had scores of ≥ 6). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), the fused Proton Density and Fluid Attenuation Recovery (FLAIR) was utilised to compute the lesion numbers and standard laboratory procedures were used to measure other biochemical markers (serum iron, % transferrin saturation, ferritin, haemoglobin) in subjects with disability and simultaneously assess the disease process. RESULTS: The FA of white matter tracts (WMTs) as a parameter of myelin integrity was lower in subjects with MS only in those who had high EDSS scores. An association between FA and iron parameters, especially percentage transferrin saturation (% Tf) sat were observed, which suggests that iron availability to the WM may be a requirement for optimal myelin functionality. CONCLUSION: The FA of WMTs as a parameter of myelin integrity was lower only in those MS subjects who had high EDSS scores. Subjects who had EDSS scores < 3 (i.e. who had a “benign” disease outcome) had FA values similar to control values and this finding was not related to their age or disease duration. The association found between FA and iron parameters, especially % Tf sat, suggests that iron availability to the WM may be a requirement for optimal myelin functionality. Results also suggest that serum iron concentration, ferritin and % Tf sat had an effect on myelination. The lack of association between FA and Hb suggests that the iron in this protein is not available for WM function.

The thesis investigates problems of walking and balance disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis and the effect of group Pilates lessons. The theoretical part provides an overview of the current knowledge about the disease - etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, types and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the possibilities of therapy. The Pilates method, its history and principles of exercise are described. The aim of the practical part was to evaluate the effect of the Pilates program on walking and balance in MS patients. The group included 32 patients, 21 in the experimental group and 11 in the control group. The experimental group participated on the 10 - week Pilates program. Standardized gait and balance functional test were used for objective assessment; patient outcome measurements were used for subjective evaluation of exercise effect. More detailed gait parameters were obtained using the GAITRite instrument. Measurements were performed before and after therapy. Significant change - improvement (p < 0.05) was observed in some values of balance parameters, walking parameters and even in some subjective questionnaires. Therefore, we suggest, that group exercise lessons supervised by experienced instructor may be beneficial exercise therapy for people with MS and mild disability....

Introdução: Esclerose múltipla (EM) é uma doença de caráter geralmente progressivo na qual a inflamação e a desmineralização da substância branca do sistema nervoso central resultam em vários sinais e sintomas neurológicos. É considerada uma doença de incapacidade, sendo que os pacientes podem apresentar distúrbios de marcha e sintomas motores que afetam a Qualidade de Vida (QV). Os imunomoduladores (betainterferons (ß-INF) 1A, 1B e acetato de glatirâmer (AG)) reduzem a frequência e a gravidade dos surtos e se espera que proporcione uma melhora sintomática, diminuição da frequência e gravidade das recorrências, consequentemente o número de internações. Estes medicamentos, dentre outros, são fornecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde (Protocolos Clínicos e Diretrizes Terapêuticas – EM). É uma doença de alta relevância, no Brasil ainda existem poucos trabalhos de avaliação da QV desta patologia e o MSQOL-54 é um questionário específico bastante utilizado pela comunidade científica internacional. Objetivos: O objetivo principal foi a tradução e validação do MSQOL-54 para o português do Brasil e o secundário de avaliar QV na coorte gaúcha de EM. Métodos: Os pacientes com em tratamento foram recrutados de uma amostra de conveniência de pacientes atendidos no Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre e da Secretaria do Estado (SES-RS). Para coleta de dados foram utilizados: Formulário Sociodemográfico, MSQOL-54-Português, WHOQOL-Bref, Escala de Depressão de Beck e a Escala Expandida do Estado de Incapacidade (EDSS). Exceto o EDSS que foi aplicado por um neurologista, os demais questionários foram aplicados por pesquisadores treinados. Para análise de reprodutibilidade o MSQOL-54-Português foi aplicado em dois momentos distintos (teste-reteste). Resultados: Os 100 pacientes que participaram do estudo levaram em média 19 minutos para responder o MSQOL-54. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach dos Componentes Saúde Física (CSF) e Mental (CSM) foi 0,85 e 0,80; respectivamente e entre as 12 escalas a variação foi de 0,63-0,94. O BDI teve boa correlação com CSF e CSM (MSQOL-54 Português), moderada (r=-0,61) e forte (r=-0,78), respectivamente. O WHOQOL-Bref apresentou correlação moderada com o CSF em quase todos seus domínios, forte com o CSM e com os demais, (r=-0,252), na função cognitiva (r=0,214) e no LDF (r=-0,220). O EDSS teve uma correlação moderada no domínio saúde física (r=-0,545), fraca no CSF fraca com a LDM (=-0,240) e com a função cognitiva (=-0,198). O resultado da comparação entre as médias dos escores das escalas do MSQOL-54 dos indivíduos em tratamento com ß-INF ou AG, somente o domínio função social apresentou diferença significativa, pacientes que utilizaram o ß-INF apresentaram escore médio mais elevado em relação ao AG. Conclusão: Os resultados permitem considerar satisfatória a adaptação do MSQOL-54-Português, tendo sido eficaz a avaliação da QV relacionada à saúde dos pacientes com EM. Em comparação com o artigo original em inglês a validação do MSQOL-54 na versão brasileira pode ser aceita. / Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of progressive character generally in which the inflammation and the demineralization of the white matter from the central nervous system result in several signals and neurological symptoms. It is considered as an incapacitating disease, in which patients may present motion disorders and motor symptoms that affect the Quality of Life (QL). The immunomodulatory drugs (interferons beta (ß-INF) 1A, 1B and glatiramer acetate (GA)) reduce the frequency and the severity of the surges and it is expected that they provide a symptomatic improvement, decreasing frequency and severity the recurrences, and consequently the number of hospitalizations. It is a disease of high relevance, in Brazil there are still few evaluation studies on the QL of this pathology and the MSQOL-54 is a specific questionnaire much used by international scientific community. Objectives: The main objective is to evaluate QL in the cohort of MS from Rio Grande do Sul region. 1) Performing the cultural adaptation of MSQOL-54 translated for Portuguese and validating it. 2) Evaluating the outcome of QL under the different alternatives of MS treatment. Methods: The patients under treatment were recruited from a convenience sample of patients attended at Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) and from the State’ Secretariat. For the data collection, it was used: a sociodemographical form, Portuguese MSQOL-54 questionnaires, WHOQOL-Bref, Beck’s Depression Inventory and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Except to the EDSS, which was applied by a neurologist, the other forms were applied by trained researchers. For the reproducibility analysis, the MSQOL-54 was applied in two distinct moments. Results: The 100 patients who participated in the study took an average of 19 minutes to answer the MSQOL-54. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the components “physical health” (PHC) and “mental health” (MHC) were of 0.85 and 0.80 respectively and among the 12 scales the variation was from 0.63 up to 0.94. BDI had good correlation with PHC and MHC (MSQOL-54 Portuguese), moderate (r=-0.61) and strong (r=-0.78) respectively. WHOQOL-Bref presented moderate correlation with PHC in almost all domains, a strong one with MHC and a moderate one with the others. EDSS had a moderate correlation in physical health domain (r=-0.545), weak in PHC (r=-0.252), in the cognitive function (r= 0.214) and in PPL (r=-0.220). In diagnosis time the correlation was weak with LDM (=-0.240) and with the cognitive function (=-0.198). Considering that in June 2012 there were 947 patients registered in the States Secretariat who received these drugs’ there direct monthly cost with MS drugs US$ 1,075,016.70. Not considering deaths or new cases, the annual cost was US$ 12,900,200.00. Conclusion: The results indicate that the adaptation of MSQOL-54 Portuguese is satisfactory, being effective the quality of life evaluation related to the health of patients with MS. In comparison with the original essay in English, the validity of MSQOL-54 in Brazilian version can be accepted.

Introdução: A Esclerose Múltipla (EM) é uma doença autoimune desmielinizante que afeta drasticamente a capacidade motora, cognitiva, e sensitiva dos pacientes. Acreditase que o Retrovírus Endógeno Humano da família W (HERV-W) possa ter um papel na patogênese da doença. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o transcriptoma desses indivíduos, e analisar os loci do HERV-W diferencialmente ativos. Materiais e Métodos: PBMC e soro de pacientes com EM em surto (GS), em condições avançadas (GA) e indivíduos saudáveis (GC) foram coletadas. Amplicons de envelope de HERV-W foram sequenciados em Ion Torrent e o RNAm foi sequenciado na plataforma Illumina HiSeq2500. Além da análise do HERV-W, análises de interação gênica foram feitas e citocinas inflamatórias e quimiocinas foram testadas. Resultados: Foram analisados 23 indivíduos com EM (16 GS e 7 GA) e 36 do GC. Os pacientes com EM apresentam 3x mais expressão de HERV-W do que os indivíduos controle. O sequenciamento de amplicon revelou que os grupos com EM apresentavam mais loci ativos do que o GC. Apesar limitações decorrentes de variações entre corridas, o transcriptoma demonstrou que o HERV-K11 era diferencialmente expresso no GS, e no GA, 19 HERVs estavam diferencialmente expressos. Loci novos e já descritos como ativos em outros estudos foram encontrados no presente trabalho. O perfil de interação gênica do GS demonstrou um caráter inflamatório, confirmados pela dosagem de citocinas, onde IL-6, IL-1?, TNF-?, IFN-? estavam elevadas nos indivíduos do GS. Já os indivíduos do GA apresentavam um perfil não inflamatório com vias de reparo neuronal inativadas. Conclusões: Os pacientes com EM apresentam maior nível de expressão e maior diversidade de expressão de HERV-W do que o GC. Apesar os perfis semelhantes de expressão, há loci diferencialmente expressos dependente do grupo estudado. Os pacientes com EM apresentam perfis distintos de expressão gênica onde os indivíduos GS apresentam um perfil inflamatório e no GA, um perfil neurodegenerativo. / Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease which drastically affects motor, cognitive and sensitive capability of the patients. It seems that Human Endogenous Retrovirus W family (HERV-W) may play a role in MS pathogenesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the transcriptome of these individuals and to analyze the HERV-W loci differentially expressed. Materials and Methods: PBMC and serum samples were collected from MS patients in relapsing conditions (GS), MS patients in advanced conditions (GA) and healthy individuals (GC). HERV-W Env amplicon was sequenced in Ion Torrent and mRNA was sequenced in illumina HISeq2500 platform. Besides HERV-W analysis, genic pathways analysis was performed and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were tested. Results: A total of 23 MS patients (16 from GS and 7 from GA) and 36 from GC were enrolled in the study. MS patients presented 3-fold higher expression than healthy individuals. Amplicon sequencing revealed that MS groups presented more active loci than GC. Despite the limitations due to variations between sequencing runs, the transcriptome revealed that HERV-K11 was differentially expressed in GS, and 19 HERVs were differentially expressed in GA. New HERV-W loci and other loci that were reported as active loci previously are described here. The genic pathway analysis revealed that individuals from GS presented an inflammatory profile, also confirmed by cytokines dosage, where IL-6, IL-1?, TNF-?, IFN-? were significantly higher in GS. In the other hand, individuals from GA presented a non inflammatory profile with neuronal repair pathways inactivated Conclusions: MS patients present higher level and diversity of HERV-W expression than GC. Regardless the similar profile of HERV-W expression in MS groups, there are differentially expressed HERV-W loci depending of each MS group. MS patients present distinct genic expression profile, where GS presented an inflammatory pathway with vascular permeability, whereas GA presented a neurodegenerative profile

Introdução: Esclerose múltipla (EM) é uma doença de caráter geralmente progressivo na qual a inflamação e a desmineralização da substância branca do sistema nervoso central resultam em vários sinais e sintomas neurológicos. É considerada uma doença de incapacidade, sendo que os pacientes podem apresentar distúrbios de marcha e sintomas motores que afetam a Qualidade de Vida (QV). Os imunomoduladores (betainterferons (ß-INF) 1A, 1B e acetato de glatirâmer (AG)) reduzem a frequência e a gravidade dos surtos e se espera que proporcione uma melhora sintomática, diminuição da frequência e gravidade das recorrências, consequentemente o número de internações. Estes medicamentos, dentre outros, são fornecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde (Protocolos Clínicos e Diretrizes Terapêuticas – EM). É uma doença de alta relevância, no Brasil ainda existem poucos trabalhos de avaliação da QV desta patologia e o MSQOL-54 é um questionário específico bastante utilizado pela comunidade científica internacional. Objetivos: O objetivo principal foi a tradução e validação do MSQOL-54 para o português do Brasil e o secundário de avaliar QV na coorte gaúcha de EM. Métodos: Os pacientes com em tratamento foram recrutados de uma amostra de conveniência de pacientes atendidos no Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre e da Secretaria do Estado (SES-RS). Para coleta de dados foram utilizados: Formulário Sociodemográfico, MSQOL-54-Português, WHOQOL-Bref, Escala de Depressão de Beck e a Escala Expandida do Estado de Incapacidade (EDSS). Exceto o EDSS que foi aplicado por um neurologista, os demais questionários foram aplicados por pesquisadores treinados. Para análise de reprodutibilidade o MSQOL-54-Português foi aplicado em dois momentos distintos (teste-reteste). Resultados: Os 100 pacientes que participaram do estudo levaram em média 19 minutos para responder o MSQOL-54. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach dos Componentes Saúde Física (CSF) e Mental (CSM) foi 0,85 e 0,80; respectivamente e entre as 12 escalas a variação foi de 0,63-0,94. O BDI teve boa correlação com CSF e CSM (MSQOL-54 Português), moderada (r=-0,61) e forte (r=-0,78), respectivamente. O WHOQOL-Bref apresentou correlação moderada com o CSF em quase todos seus domínios, forte com o CSM e com os demais, (r=-0,252), na função cognitiva (r=0,214) e no LDF (r=-0,220). O EDSS teve uma correlação moderada no domínio saúde física (r=-0,545), fraca no CSF fraca com a LDM (=-0,240) e com a função cognitiva (=-0,198). O resultado da comparação entre as médias dos escores das escalas do MSQOL-54 dos indivíduos em tratamento com ß-INF ou AG, somente o domínio função social apresentou diferença significativa, pacientes que utilizaram o ß-INF apresentaram escore médio mais elevado em relação ao AG. Conclusão: Os resultados permitem considerar satisfatória a adaptação do MSQOL-54-Português, tendo sido eficaz a avaliação da QV relacionada à saúde dos pacientes com EM. Em comparação com o artigo original em inglês a validação do MSQOL-54 na versão brasileira pode ser aceita. / Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of progressive character generally in which the inflammation and the demineralization of the white matter from the central nervous system result in several signals and neurological symptoms. It is considered as an incapacitating disease, in which patients may present motion disorders and motor symptoms that affect the Quality of Life (QL). The immunomodulatory drugs (interferons beta (ß-INF) 1A, 1B and glatiramer acetate (GA)) reduce the frequency and the severity of the surges and it is expected that they provide a symptomatic improvement, decreasing frequency and severity the recurrences, and consequently the number of hospitalizations. It is a disease of high relevance, in Brazil there are still few evaluation studies on the QL of this pathology and the MSQOL-54 is a specific questionnaire much used by international scientific community. Objectives: The main objective is to evaluate QL in the cohort of MS from Rio Grande do Sul region. 1) Performing the cultural adaptation of MSQOL-54 translated for Portuguese and validating it. 2) Evaluating the outcome of QL under the different alternatives of MS treatment. Methods: The patients under treatment were recruited from a convenience sample of patients attended at Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) and from the State’ Secretariat. For the data collection, it was used: a sociodemographical form, Portuguese MSQOL-54 questionnaires, WHOQOL-Bref, Beck’s Depression Inventory and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Except to the EDSS, which was applied by a neurologist, the other forms were applied by trained researchers. For the reproducibility analysis, the MSQOL-54 was applied in two distinct moments. Results: The 100 patients who participated in the study took an average of 19 minutes to answer the MSQOL-54. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the components “physical health” (PHC) and “mental health” (MHC) were of 0.85 and 0.80 respectively and among the 12 scales the variation was from 0.63 up to 0.94. BDI had good correlation with PHC and MHC (MSQOL-54 Portuguese), moderate (r=-0.61) and strong (r=-0.78) respectively. WHOQOL-Bref presented moderate correlation with PHC in almost all domains, a strong one with MHC and a moderate one with the others. EDSS had a moderate correlation in physical health domain (r=-0.545), weak in PHC (r=-0.252), in the cognitive function (r= 0.214) and in PPL (r=-0.220). In diagnosis time the correlation was weak with LDM (=-0.240) and with the cognitive function (=-0.198). Considering that in June 2012 there were 947 patients registered in the States Secretariat who received these drugs’ there direct monthly cost with MS drugs US$ 1,075,016.70. Not considering deaths or new cases, the annual cost was US$ 12,900,200.00. Conclusion: The results indicate that the adaptation of MSQOL-54 Portuguese is satisfactory, being effective the quality of life evaluation related to the health of patients with MS. In comparison with the original essay in English, the validity of MSQOL-54 in Brazilian version can be accepted.