Pediatric and neonatal patients are especially vulnerable to suffering from distress. This literature review identifies research which applies passive music listening to distressed neonatal and pediatric acute care patients. Databases searched to find relevant studies include CINAHL plus with full text, MEDLINE, Alt HealthWatch, APA PsycArticles, and APA PsycInfo from EBSCOhost. Six studies were identified to meet search criteria. The studies that supported music listening with the neonatal and pediatric populations had a positive effect in reducing distress levels. Additional research is warranted to further validate these findings. Music listening with neonatal and pediatric patients is a simple, cost-effective intervention that nurses can implement at the bedside.

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In the current environment of increasing cultural diversity, it appears vital that music therapists are trained to understand the issues involved in working with clients from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. The purpose of this study was to examine professional music therapists' knowledge of and attitudes toward relevant multicultural issues. The study attempted to answer the question of whether there is in fact a need for multicultural training for music therapists, and if so, in what areas. A survey designed by the author was sent to 500 music therapists across the country, resulting in 298 usable responses. Analysis of the data revealed strong support for the underlying dimensions of multiculturalism, with weaker support for implementation of multicultural policies. Support for multiculturalism was correlated more strongly with attitude than with knowledge subscores. Data were also analyzed by age, gender, ethnicity, geographical location, and level of education. Significant differences in scores were found between respondents in the New England and the South Central regions of the country (p s .05). Significant differences in total and knowledge scores were found between respondents holding a Ph.D. and those with a Bachelor's degree. There were no significant differences between minority and majority culture groups. Females had consistently higher scores than males, but the differences were not significant. Also, with regard to age, results showed an improvement in attitude scores as age group increased. Results showed that 78.2% of respondents support multicultural training for music therapy students.

Bakgrund: Demens är ett samlingsbegrepp av symtom som karaktäriserar minnesförlust, beteendeförändringar, förlust av kognitiv förmåga och sociala funktioner som orsakas av hjärnpåverkade sjukdomar. Antalet personer som drabbas av demens kommer att öka då den äldre befolkningen ökar. Musikinterventioner används som vanliga icke-farmakologiska interventioner för att behandla patienter med demens.  Syfte: Syftet var att belysa hur musikinterventioner påverkar patienter med demens ur vårdarens perspektiv.  Metod: En strukturerad kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med inslag av den metodologi som används för systematiska översikter. 7 vetenskapliga artiklar ingick i studien. Resultat: Sex teman identifieras: (1) förbättrat humör, (2) minskad rörlighet på grund av ett ökat fokus, (3) ökad interaktion och kommunikation med andra människor, (4) ökad fysisk rörlighet, (5) att återfå minnen och självuppfattning och (6) att orsaka agitation.Slutsats: Musikinterventioner påverkar patienter med demens både positivt och negativt. Dels kan patienterna få ett förbättrat humör, dels kan de bli irriterade.

Denna studie syftar till att utforska och problematisera en specifik definition av musikterapi: den som användes av World Federation of Music Therapy från 1996 till 2011. Följande frågeställningar undersöks: vilket sorts språk används, på vilka sätt det finns outsagda förväntningar på förförståelse, vilken typ av definition den kan sägas vara samt om den är giltig och användbar. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna är hermeneutik, analytisk språkfilosofi i G. E. Moores efterföljd samt modern teoribildning kring definitioner enligt A. Gupta. För att svara på frågorna har metoden ”text tolkar text” använts. Definitionen har brutits mot andra texter från angränsande områden och försök har gjorts att fastställa vilken plats och vilken funktion den har i de traditioner den refererar till: musik, terapi och musikterapi. Resultatet visar att definitionen använder sig av ett utvidgat språk och den förutsätter en förförståelse för framför allt ”musik” som inte är intuitivt självklar. Definitionen förefaller också vara av typen explikativ analytisk definition samt en cirkeldefinition. Den är dock användbar och giltig utifrån vad Gupta kallar ”revisionsteorin för definitioner” då den kan användas som det Bruscia kallar ”arbetsdefinition”. / The purpose of this study is to examine and problematize a specific definition of music therapy: the 1996 to 2011 World Federation of Music Therapy definition. The following questions are raised: what kind of language is in use, in what way exist silent expectations regarding pre-understanding, what kind of definition is it and is it valid and useful? Theoretical starting points are hermeneutics, analytical philosophy of language in the tradition following G. E. Moore and modern theories concerning definitions according to A. Gupta. In order to answer the questions the method of ”text explains text” has been employed. The definition has been interpreted by using other texts from neighboring fields of research, and an attempt has been made to identify the place and function of the definition in the traditions it refers to: music, therapy and music therapy. The result show that the definition makes use of an expanded language and presupposes an understanding of above all ”music” that goes beyond what is intuitively self-evident. It appears to be an explicative analytical definition and a circular definition. However it is both valid and useful from the perspective of what Gupta calls the ”theory of revisions of definitions” and as such it is close to what Bruscia calls ”working definitions”.

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During their very early stages of life, both healthy and ill infants go through painful routine medical procedures. Exposure to repeated painful stimuli early in life is known to have short and long-term adverse effects, particularly if the infant's pain is not well managed. The purpose of this integrative literature review was to investigate the effectiveness of breastfeeding on relieving acute pain in infants undergoing routine painful medical procedures compared to other non-pharmacologic interventions. A literature search was conducted using Cumulative Index to Nursing Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), MEDLINE, APA PsychINFO, Cochrane Database, and Google Scholar databases. The final number of articles meeting inclusion criteria and analyzed in this review was 10. The non-pharmacological interventions for reducing pain responses in infants that were compared to breastfeeding for effectiveness included the use of sweet tasting solutions, music therapy, and environmental comfort measures. Overall, findings indicated that breastfeeding was most effective in reducing pain responses among infants compared to other non-pharmacologic interventions. Further, breastfeeding in conjunction with the other non-pharmacologic interventions provided added benefit to pain reduction. Findings suggest that breastfeeding is a simple, non-pharmacologic intervention that can be used in clinical nursing practice to reduce the pain response of infants during minor medical procedures.

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