In the twenty-first century, many educational systems are embracing a new paradigm of educational management that utilises team management in schools. The democratic nature of this notion in South Africa involves the use of School Management Teams (SMTs). Reflecting on this movement, this research explored the capacity of these SMTs to cultivate moral purpose in six purposively sampled schools in Limpopo Province. The data collection methods included a series of semi-structured interviews with SMT members, examination of relevant documents, and scheduled observations. The data from the interviews was transcribed manually and this, together with document analysis and scheduled observations, was analysed in three interrelated stages using the four research questions as guides (Miles & Huberman, 1994). The research highlighted that the moral purpose is a relatively new concept to the majority of SMTs. Only a few school managers presented explicit references to the notion, perceiving it as a “compelling moral imperative” or “moral goal of achievement” or “whole-school vision for academic success” or simply “respect”. Notwithstanding the different perceptions, this moral purpose is directed towards raising the level of learner achievement and it is realised when the SMTs articulate the values of commitment, discipline and responsibility. The SMTs members affirmed their commitment to various aspects of instructional leadership. Furthermore, teamwork exemplified in participative decision-making was highlighted as a notion that enhances learner achievement. The findings also affirmed the opportunities that shared leadership offered schools to share moral purpose. However, the findings also enumerate lack of parent involvement, learners discipline, and teachers’ lack of commitment to moral purpose as crucial factors that inhibit the sharing of moral purpose in schools. The two critical responsibilities accepted by the SMTs to address the constraints of sharing moral purpose are highlighted as consulting with legitimate stakeholders and reinforcing policy in the schools. As a result of this research, a number of recommendations and opportunities for further research are offered to Limpopo schools and their SMTs, the systemic authorities responsible for Limpopo education and for those responsible specifically for policy making and curriculum development in the South African education system. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Educational Leadership and Management)

Thesis (MEd)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary goal of this study is to provide a functional description of the function and the role of management teams, in the promotion of a culture of learning, at High School level. Teachers, management teams, but also parents have an important role to play in creating a culture of learning. Thus, the parents can make a valuable contribution to the development of a learning culture and ultimately enhance lifelong learning and education. Presently, schools are in the process of developing a culture of learning, unfortunately the majority of schools are still attempting to recover from the negative effects of apartheid. In order to develop such a culture of learning, aspects such as discipline, commitment and self-discipline must be addressed. We have to strive towards educating learners to accept authority and discipline, as well as learners that will be committed and motivated. One has to remember that a culture of learning starts at home. Since culture is a dynamic entity, it has an influence on the culture of organisation and management. Through effective management, we have to create opportunities for every individual to develop his/her full potential. The management team thus plays a significant role in establishing and maintaining a learning culture. A school culture is determined by the value, attitude and behaviour of certain situations that lead to insufficient, unacceptable learning activities. Through projects, initiated by government, we will be able to create more awareness and participation in the development of a culture of learning. The role of parents is placed under the spotlight, because of different needs within a culture of learning. By placing parents under this spotlight, we can focus on the management team and also the governing body. This implies that there has to be a management and strategic plan in place. By having these factors in place, one can create and build a better and healthy relationship between the parents and the school. The approach followed in the study was firstly to contextualise the need for a learning culture against the background of changes in the South African education system in the last few decades. Thereafter, relevant concepts were identified and defined: the general concept of culture was was more closely explained and differentiated by investigating the relationship between concepts such as organisational culture, school culture, learning culture and teaching culture, as well as the connection between school based management and a learning culture. Two important steps follow: firstly, the study investigated the preconditions for the establishment of a learning culture, including the potential participation of stakeholders - especially with the aid of information obtained through personal inputs from role players in a specific school project of which the writer was part - and secondly, the study looks at conditions necessary, once it is established, to maintain and sustain a healthy learning culture, with special reference to the cardinal role of the management team. The study concludes with recommendations and suggestions for further research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doel van die studie was om 'n beskrywing te gee van die funksie en die rol wat bestuurspanne, in die bevordering van 'n leerkultuur op hoërskoolvlak, moontlik kan speel. Soos die onderwyser en die bestuurspan 'n belangrike rol het om te vervul in die vestiging van 'n leerkultuur, het die ouers ook 'n belangrike rol om te vertolk. Die ouer behoort dus 'n bydrae te kan lewer tot die ontwikkeling van 'n leerkultuur en uiteindelik ook tot lewenslange leer en opvoeding. Skole is tans besig om 'n leerkultuur daar te stel, maar die meerderheid van skole is nog besig om te herstel van die negatiewe gevolge van apartheid. As ons 'n leerkultuur wil vestig, moet daar dissipline, toewyding en self-dissipline wees. Ons moet streef na leerders wat gesag en dissipline sal aanvaar, asook leerders wat toegewyd sal wees met 'n positiewe ingesteldheid teenoor die opvoedingsstruktuur. Wat ons wel moet onthou, is dat leerkultuur by die huis begin. Met dié dat kultuur dinamies is, het dit ook 'n invloed op organisasie- en bestuurskulture. Met effektiewe bestuur moet ons elke individu die geleentheid gee om te ontwikkel tot sy volle potensiaal. Die bestuurspan speel dus 'n beduidende rol in die vestiging of handhawing van 'n leerkultuur. Skoolkultuur word bepaal deur die waarde, houding en gedrag van sekere situasies wat bydra tot 'n ontoereikende onderrigaktiwiteit. Deur die vestiging van projekte wat geïnisieër is deur die regering, salons baie meer betrokkenheid kry by die vestiging van 'n leerkultuur. Die rol van die ouers word onder die soeklig geplaas as gevolg van die verskillende behoeftes in 'n leerkultuur. Deur die ouers onder die soeklig te plaas, kom die bestuurspan en die beheerraad na vore. Dit impliseer dat daar 'n bestuursplan en 'n strategiese beplanning in plek moet wees. Deur dit alles daar te stel, kan ons 'n beter verhouding bou, tussen die ouer en sy skool, en daardeur die leerkultuur van die skool versterk en uitbou. Die benadering in die studie was om eers die behoefte vir 'n leerkultuur te kontekstualiseer teen die agtergrond van veranderinge in die Suid-Afrikaanse onderwysstelsel in die laaste paar dekades. Daarna is relevante begrippe geïdentifiseer en omskryf: die algemene begrip kultuur is nouer verduidelik en gedifferensieer deur die verwantskap te ondersoek met begrippe soos organisasiekultuur, skoolkultuur, leerkultuur en onderrrigkultuur, sowel as die verwantskap tussen skoolgebaseerde bestuur en leerkultuur. Twee belangrike stappe volg: eerstens is die voorvereistes vir die vestiging van 'n leerkultuur ondersoek, insluitend die potensiale deelneme van belanghebbendes - veral met behulp van inligting bekom deur persoonlike insette van rolspelers in 'n spesifieke skoolprojek waarby die skrywer betrokke was - en tweedens, word die voorwaardes vir volhoubaarheid, nadat dit wel gevestig is, van 'n gesonde leerkultuur bespreek, met spesiale verwysing na die kardinale rol van die bestuurspan. Die studie word saamgevat met aanbevelings en voorstelle vir verdere navorsing.

The main aim of this study was to investigate how effective School Management Teams were in the management of healthy school environments in the Gert Sibande District. This was a qualitative study which employed two data collection strategies: face to face interviews and photographs. A literature review on this study revealed vital aspects, that a healthy school environment: can directly improve children’s health and effective learning; the school is strategically positioned to reach large numbers of the population to teach them to understand the importance of investing in health. Literature indicated collaboration and synergy as essential aspects, and policies as cornerstones that underpin the health promotion initiatives. Selection of sites was purposefully done as three of the four schools in this study were part of the Eco Schools programme. The study revealed that there was disconnect between the SMTs and committees that were involved in health promotion: in coordinating plans; and monitoring and evaluating the implementation of programmes. This therefore, means that there was no support for the committees from the SMT. It was also found that there were committees that: did not have plans; did not sit for meetings and the reluctance of the SMT to address these challenges compounded the situation and contributed to some committees being dysfunctional. The failure of the SMT to guide and provide leadership in their engagement with community members who provided assistance in terms of basic needs to learners indicated a need for the development of a cadre of leaders that are capable of working beyond the borders of schools. In all the committees that were interviewed, the Environmental Committee came up to be more effective and organized than others in three schools. The health committee was lacking in the area of training especially in the prevention of communicable diseases. The study provided recommendations to assist the SMT in their endeavors to promote healthy environments in their schools. / MEd, Education Management, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

In the twenty-first century, many educational systems are embracing a new paradigm of educational management that utilises team management in schools. The democratic nature of this notion in South Africa involves the use of School Management Teams (SMTs). Reflecting on this movement, this research explored the capacity of these SMTs to cultivate moral purpose in six purposively sampled schools in Limpopo Province. The data collection methods included a series of semi-structured interviews with SMT members, examination of relevant documents, and scheduled observations. The data from the interviews was transcribed manually and this, together with document analysis and scheduled observations, was analysed in three interrelated stages using the four research questions as guides (Miles & Huberman, 1994). The research highlighted that the moral purpose is a relatively new concept to the majority of SMTs. Only a few school managers presented explicit references to the notion, perceiving it as a “compelling moral imperative” or “moral goal of achievement” or “whole-school vision for academic success” or simply “respect”. Notwithstanding the different perceptions, this moral purpose is directed towards raising the level of learner achievement and it is realised when the SMTs articulate the values of commitment, discipline and responsibility. The SMTs members affirmed their commitment to various aspects of instructional leadership. Furthermore, teamwork exemplified in participative decision-making was highlighted as a notion that enhances learner achievement. The findings also affirmed the opportunities that shared leadership offered schools to share moral purpose. However, the findings also enumerate lack of parent involvement, learners discipline, and teachers’ lack of commitment to moral purpose as crucial factors that inhibit the sharing of moral purpose in schools. The two critical responsibilities accepted by the SMTs to address the constraints of sharing moral purpose are highlighted as consulting with legitimate stakeholders and reinforcing policy in the schools. As a result of this research, a number of recommendations and opportunities for further research are offered to Limpopo schools and their SMTs, the systemic authorities responsible for Limpopo education and for those responsible specifically for policy making and curriculum development in the South African education system. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Educational Leadership and Management)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:37:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 15 / Nenhuma / Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os processos de aprendizagem nos níveis individual, de grupo e organizacional em um sistema de produção industrial que apresenta características tanto do modelo Toyota como do modelo Volvo. O estudo parte do pressuposto que a autonomia do trabalhador em nível de produção é favorável à aprendizagem organizacional.A pesquisa desenvolve-se por meio de um Estudo de Caso em uma empresa de medidores de energia. Os dados coletados consistem na busca das similaridades e divergências entre os dois sistemas de gestão, além de investigar que características colaboram para o processo de aprendizagem individual, do grupo e organizacional. De posse do arcabouço teórico que compara o Sistema Sócio-Técnico (SST) ao Sistema Toyota de Produção (STP), o trabalho vai a campo buscando mapear a estrutura de trabalho de uma organização tendo como base o referencial teórico em questão. Por fim, o trabalho apresenta um Estudo de Caso acompanhado de uma pesquisa exploratória com característica / This study purposes to analyze the learning processes under the individual, group and organizational level in an industrial production system that presents characteristics of both the Toyota model and the Volvo model. It derives from the presupposition that the autonomy of the worker in production level is favorable to organizational learning.The research is developed through a case study in an industry of energy measuring devices. The collected data consist of the search for similarities and divergences between the two management systems, besides investigating which characteristics corroborate to the individual, group and organization learning process. Bearing the theoretical framework that compares the Social-Technical System to the Toyota Production System, the work is taken to the field seeking to map the work structure of an organization holding as base the theoretical referential in question. Finally, this work presents a Case Study accompanied of an exploratory research with qualitative and quantitativ

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2005 / Refer to the document

Undercapitalization is a major impediment for the growth and survival of Canadian life sciences firms. Proficient management teams are the 'sine qua non' criteria in the venture capital decision-making processes. The purpose of this multicase study was to explore strategies successful venture capitalists use to improve their evaluation processes of life sciences management teams' drug development capabilities. The conceptual framework for this study was based on business process management. The purposeful sample consisted of 10 venture capitalists located in the United States and Canada who had expertise evaluating life sciences management teams. The data were triangulated from semistructured interviews, annual reports, company websites, and articles. Collected data were coded to identify underlying themes. Several themes emerged from the analysis process: begin with the exit in mind, collapse learning timelines, conduct systematic due diligence, and cultivate and critique one's drug development expertise. The findings may provide venture capitalists and other investors such as angel investors with a refined framework for improving investment decisions. Life sciences management teams may also attract more private equity financing by understanding the vicissitudes of investor expectations. Increased investment and venture capital support for life sciences companies may revitalize the development of new therapies and effect social change by improving patient lives and investment outcomes.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / The South African Schools Act (SASA), 1996 (Act No. 84 of 1996) mandates the establishment of School Governing Bodies (SGBs), whose important roles include the management of school funds. This role includes planning, reviewing, controlling and approving the school budget in accordance with the school's needs. The SGB is ultimately required to account to the Department of Education (DoE), parents and the community for the public funds they manage. However, schools fail to execute this legal mandate effectively and efficiently. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were employed to complement each other in an attempt to investigate the problems experienced by school governing bodies in executing their financial management functions. Questionnaires, focus group interviews and document reviews were used to gather data. It emerged from the findings of the study that school governors in Mogoshi Circuit are also facing serious financial management problems. Financial management and financial accountability - the sine qua none of effective and efficient management of school finances, pose a challenge. The study found, for example, that the majority of governors in rural areas are elderly people, who are mostly either illiterate or semi-illiterate and lack the capacity to execute their governance roles efficiently and effectively. A once-off or hit and run unaccredited training, which is often provided to the elected SGB members, is relatively not helpful. This inhibits financial accountability. To this end, the study proposed substantial recommendations, which, if implemented, could bring a resolve to the problems and challenges posed.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αποτελεί μια προσπάθεια διερεύνησης της Συναισθηματικής Νοημοσύνης, της Ηγεσίας και της Διοίκησης Συγκρούσεων σε Ομάδες Διαχείρισης Κρίσεων (ΟΔΚ) και πώς όλα τα παραπάνω διαμορφώνονται με βάση τη χρονική στιγμή σε σχέση με την κρίση, δηλαδή τι ισχύει πριν, κατά τη διάρκεια και μετά την κρίση. Στην εμπειρική έρευνα που πραγματοποιήθηκε χρησιμοποιήθηκαν 117 δομημένα ερωτηματολόγια τα οποία συμπληρώθηκαν από στελέχη που είχαν συμμετάσχει τουλάχιστον μια φορά σε ΟΔΚ. Tο μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό των συμμετεχόντων στην έρευνα προέρχεται από τα Σώματα Ασφαλείας (Αστυνομία, Πυροσβεστική, Λιμενικό). Επίσης συμμετείχαν μέλη ΟΔΚ από Υπουργεία, Οργανισμούς του Ευρύτερου Δημοσίου Τομέα και Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις. Η παρούσα έρευνα οδήγησε σε ενδιαφέροντα συμπεράσματα, αναδεικνύοντας τους παράγοντες εκείνους που επηρεάζουν σημαντικά τη διαχείριση κρίσεων από τις εργασιακές ομάδες. Η διαχείριση κρίσεων αποτελεί μια δυναμική διαδικασία αλληλένδετων φάσεων, όπου η μια επηρεάζει την άλλη σημαντικά, καθορίζοντας σε μεγάλο βαθμό την εξέλιξή της. Παρατηρούμε λοιπόν ότι όταν η κάθε οργάνωση έχει την ικανότητα να εντοπίσει έγκαιρα τα σημάδια της επερχόμενης κρίσης, αυτό οδηγεί στην καλύτερη αντιμετώπισή της κατά τη δεύτερη φάση και εν συνεχεία όσο πιο αποτελεσματική είναι η αντιμετώπιση κατά τη δεύτερη φάση τόσο πιο γρηγορα θα επιστρέψει ο οργανισμός σε ομαλή λειτουργία. Συγκεκριμένα εξετάζοντας τη φάση πριν την κρίση καταλήγουμε στο συμπέρασμα ότι η φάση αυτή εξαρτάται σημαντικά από την κατηγορία της κρίσης που ξεσπά στην οργάνωση. Oι δυσεπίλυτες κρίσεις επηρεάζουν σε πολύ μεγάλο βαθμό την ανίχνευση, την πρόληψη και την προετοιμασία για την αντιμετώπιση τους, δηλαδή τη φάση πριν την κρίση, ενώ με ένα μικρότερο ποσοστό ακολουθούν οι συνηθισμένες κρίσεις. Έτσι καταλήγουμε στο ότι αυτοί οι τύποι κρίσεων διευκολύνουν τη Δημόσια Διοίκηση να είναι σε θέση να αναγνωρίζει πιθανά σημάδια έλευσής τους, να είναι προετοιμασμένη και να έχει την ικανότητα να τις αποτρέψει εν τη γενέσει. Σε ότι αφορά την αυτοεπίγνωση ως μερος της συναισθηματικής νοημοσύνης του επικεφαλής της ομάδας, θα μπορούσαμε να πούμε ότι με το να έχει ο τελευταίος αυτοεπίγνωση και επίσης να διατηρεί τον έλεγχο των αντιδράσεών του είναι δυνατό να προετοιμάσει την ομάδα του καλύτερα για μια κατάσταση κρίσης. Οι συνηθισμένες κρίσεις όπως και στην πρώτη φάση έτσι και κατά τη διάρκεια της κρίσης επηρεάζουν σημαντικά την αντιμετώπισή της. Επιπρόσθετα οι απρόσμενες κρίσεις φαίνεται να επηρεάζουν αρνητικά την αντιμετώπιση μιας κρίσης, προκαλώντας προβλήματα κατά τη φάση της κρίσης. Επίσης η επικοινωνία του επικεφαλής με τα μέλη της ομάδας του μέσα κυρίως από την ενσυναίσθηση και τις κοινωνικές του δεξιότητες και η ικανότητα του να λαμβάνει γρήγορες αποφάσεις στη διάρκεια της κρίσης συμβάλλει στην συνεργασία. Όσο καλύτερα οι ομάδες διαχειρίζονται τις κρίσεις, τόσο θα διασφαλίζεται η αποκατάσταση της ομαλότητας του οργανισμού και εν συνεχεία η αποκόμιση γνώσης και εμπειρίας. Η συναισθηματική νοημοσύνη και η επικοινωνία του ηγέτη επιδρά θετικά τόσο στην οργανωσιακή μάθηση, όσο και στη διαχείριση του άγχους των μελών της ομάδας. Αναφορικά με τη διοίκηση συγκρούσεων στο πλαίσιο της ομάδας αποδεικνύεται ότι η επιλογή της ενσωμάτωσης ή του συμβιβασμού επηρεάζεται σημαντικά από την ικανότητα των μελών της ομάδας να λαμβάνουν αποφάσεις. Όταν η ομάδα είναι προετοιμασμένη σωστά και έχει την ικανότητα να εντοπίσει έγκαιρα τα σημάδια της επερχόμενης κρίσης, αυτό οδηγεί στην επιλογή από το μέλος της ομάδας της εναρμόνισης με τον επικεφαλής ή έστω του συμβιβασμού για τη διαχείριση διαφωνιών. Η ανεπίσημη επικοινωνία μεταξύ των μελών της ομάδας επηρεάζει σε μικρό βαθμό αλλά αρνητικά τον συμβιβασμό μεταξύ των μελών της ομάδας και του επικεφαλής μιας και η προφορική επικοινωνία ή η καταγεγραμμένη ενημέρωση δημιουργούν πολλές φορές εντάσεις και τα άτομα δεν είναι διατεθειμένα να «μοιράσουν τη διαφορά» και να αναλάβουν ευθύνη φτάνοντας σε κοινές αποφάσεις. Σχευικά με τους παράγοντες εκείνους που επηρεάζουν σημαντικά τη διαχείριση κρίσεων δεν συναντήσαμε την αποτελεσματική ηγεσία του επικεφαλής μέσα από την ικανότητα του να εκτιμά πληροφορίες και να λαμβάνει αποφάσεις σε συνθήκες καθημερινής πίεσης και υψηλού ρίσκου καθώς και την βαθύτερη ανάπτυξη της συναισθηματικής του νοημοσύνης σχετικά με τα μέλη της ομάδας. Αυτό συνδέεται σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις με την έλλειψη ή/και τοποθέτηση μη κατάλληλων στελεχών ικανών να ηγηθούν ομάδων σε συνθήκες κρίσης. Η αναπολεσματική διοίκηση σε πολλές περιπτώσεις ειδικά σε θέματα οργανωσιακών αλλαγών (δομές, διαδικασίες) ενισχύεται από την οργανωσιακή κουλτούρα καθώς και τους περιορισμούς από το πολιτικό και οικονομικό περιβάλλον (κεντρική διακυβέρνηση, μνημόνια). / This study aims to investigate the relationships between Emotional Intelligence, Leadership and Conflict Management in Crisis Management Teams (CMT). Participants were 117 individulas involved in CMT working at various fuctional units and different hierarchical levels in Police Force, Fire Service, Public Health Care organizations, Ministries and Army forces. This study contributes to our understanding of the defining factors that lead to successful crisis handling by teams. Crisis Management is a dynamic process that consists of three related stages: pre crisis, crisis and post crisis stage. Results provide support for the model since signal detection and preparation leads organization to a better response during crisis stage and subsequently to recovery in post crisis stage. Predictability of the crisis (intractable, conventional crises) is positively associated with handling during pre crisis stage. Also, leaders’ intrapersonal competencies (self awareness, self regulation) help them in order to face a crisis situation effectively on team basis. Research findings indicate that conventional crises are also related positively with appropriate handling during crisis stage. On the other hand, unexpected crises have a negative impact on crisis management process since public administration is not well prepared for the prescribed type of crisis. Overall leader-team member communication using interpersonal competencies (empathy, social skills) contributes effectively to cooperation. Team leader’s communication with members also enhance organizational learning during post crisis stage. On another but related issue crisis management is a group decision-making process. Results suggest that team members’ ability to make decisions is associated positively with the utilization of integrating or comprosing as conflict management style. Especially when CMT follows signal detection, prevention and crisis preparation, members have the willingness to integrate goals or to compromise with supervisor in order to reach a positive outcome for teamwork. Crisis leadership is another crucial factor for effective handling. According to empirical findings CMT leader’s ability in public administration to assess information and make decisions in the face of ambiguity, high stakes, and urgency is limited. Poor management in some cases maybe is due to internal factors (lack of human resources, selection process, organizational culture) as well as external factors (political leadership, economic crisis).

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur ledare beskriver de processer som uppstår in en multikulturell ledningsgrupp. Studien är designad som en fallstudie omfattande en multikulturell ledningsgrupp, med tio personer från sju olika nationaliteter. Teorier om ledarskap, multikulturalitet och gruppdynamik används för att visa på de komplexa grupp-processer som antogs kunna framträda. Forskningsfrågan som besvaras är: ”Vilka inomgruppsliga processer framträder i en multikulturell ledningsgrupp när gruppen samtalar om ledarskapet, multikulturaliteten och gruppdynamiken i den egna gruppen?” Huvudsaklig metod har varit fokusgruppmetoden. Materialet har analyserats med fenomenologisk hermeneutisk ansats. Resultatet visar tre processer som framträder: Identitetskapande, lärande och interaktion samt förhållningssätt till skillnader. Diskussionen behandlar dessa tre processer som intimt förknippade med varandra, och mynnar ut i några nycklar som kan användas för att öka förståelsen för arbete i multikulturella ledningsgrupper. / The purpose of this thesis is to study how leaders describe the processes that emerge in a multicultural management team. The study was designed as a case study of a ten person multicultural team of leaders from seven different nationalities. Theorys of leadership, multiculturality and group dynamics are used to show the complexity of the group processes that would eventually emerge. The research question that is answered is:”What in-group processes are emerging in a multicultural team of leaders, as they talk about leadership, group dynamics and multicultural issues within the group?” The method used is focus groups and the material has been analyzed with a hermeneutic and phenomenologic approach. The result shows three main processes that emerges within the group: identity building, deep learning interaction and attitude keeping to differences. The discussion treats these three processes as intimately connected to each other and some keys are suggested that can be used to increase understanding of work in multicultural teams of leaders.