Manufacturing companies find themselves, whether they like it or not, in a more global and changing reality. Fiercer competition, dynamic markets, new consumer habits, stronger environmental regulations, and new technological possibilities, are forcing manufacturing companies to change. The practical effects for European manufacturers are 1) new and innovative products, 2) global value chains, 3) automation, and, 4) a shift from products to solutions. This research is addressing the changes needed for operations in a single enterprise (a group of departments, a plant, or a group of closely located plants), to take advantage of the competitive situation. For such “internal” operations, the new challenges require changes both in technology and practices. The main concern of this research is the practices, and how a reengineering of manufacturing and office operations can improve performance. The choice of scope is based on the assumption that operations activities are a major source for competitiveness. To reengineer operations activities in processes rather than functions, and to implement best practices wherever appropriate, can therefore provide dramatic competitive improvements. The overall objective of this research is to: • establish enterprise reengineering as an approach that enables manufacturing enterprises to achieve fit between market requirements and operations capabilities. Enterprise reengineering is viewed as model-based and strategy driven approach that enables manufacturers to realise the “soft” or infrastructural aspects of an operations strategy. To support such reengineering efforts, enterprises are viewed not only from a process perspective but also from a resource, materials, information, organisations, and control perspective. Modelling and analysing enterprises from these perspectives can support their effort to implement best practices, and ensure that the practices are combined in a way that supports the overall business strategy. The overall objective is divided into more specific objectives: • To develop a strategic framework for enterprise reengineering • To develop a consistent and practical enterprise reengineering methodology to support the formulation and realisation of operations strategies • To develop architecture for conceptual enterprise modelling that ensures a coherent, decomposed, and holistic picture of enterprise operations • To establish “flow manufacturing” as a (optional) best practice programme for enterprise reengineering Together, the strategic framework, the methodology, and the modelling architecture should enable enterprises to achieve their performance objectives through an enterprise reengineering effort. In cases where an enterprise mapping and analysis concludes that improvements in manufacturing planning and control, order management, layout and flow, or inventory, should be performed, the flow manufacturing programme should provide practical guidance and a set of principles to support reengineering. In order to achieve these objectives, the following issues are reviewed in this thesis: 1) operations strategy, 2) enterprise reengineering, 3) flow manufacturing, 4) enterprise modelling, and, 5) change management. Based on these literature studies, a strategic framework, a methodology, a modelling architecture for enterprise reengineering and a flow manufacturing programme are proposed. The major outcome of this research is an enterprise reengineering methodology, which includes strategic planning, and operations mapping, analysis, design, and implementation. The methodology consists of the following models, principles, and tools: • A operations strategy checklist • Four flow manufacturing design principles • An architecture for conceptual enterprise modelling • Seven change management principles • A procedural guide for enterprise reengineering • An operations performance audit sheet • A five-step approach to flow manufacturing reengineering The research is based on a case study of HÅG Fast, a very successful enterprise reengineering project carried out in 1991-1992. The case study demonstrates the usefulness of the methodology to analyse and understand enterprises, and the dramatic improvements in performance that can be achieved by implementing flow manufacturing practices. In addition, the enterprise reengineering methodology has been proved useful in several field studies.

I rapporten ges förslag på hur arbetsmiljön och säkerheten kan förbättras på Skanskas byggarbetsplatser i Värmland genom att integrera säkerheten i den visuella styrningen. På skyddsrondsprotokollen finns det vissa anmärkningar som ofta återkommer, nämligen fallskydd, allmän oreda och personlig skyddsutrustning. Bakom dessa anmärkningar och många olyckor som sker ute på byggarbetsplatserna ligger ofta den mänskliga faktorn, vilket innebär att många av olyckorna som skett skulle ha kunnat förebyggas. Visuell styrning är en metod som tidigare provats på Skanskas arbetsplatser med syftet att öka produktiviteten genom kommunikation och synlighet för arbetarna. Genom deras delaktighet i visuell styrning ökar engagemanget och det skapas en ”vi-känsla” ute i produktion, något som skulle kunna lösa många av de problem som finns på arbetsplatserna. Visuell styrning hos Skanska fungerar praktiskt så att en whiteboardtavla sätts upp ute på byggarbetsplatsen, där man samlar ihop medarbetarna framför tavlan varje morgon innan man börjar producera och går igenom det som är prioriterat i produktionen på tavlan. Vår idé är att integrera säkerheten i den visuella styrningen genom att sätta upp punkter på tavlan som är viktiga ur säkerhetssynpunkt. Till dessa kan en skala sättas där man enkelt kan se hur den aktuella säkerheten för varje punkt är på bygget. Den som är ansvarig för tavlan gör en bedömning i slutet på varje arbetsdag där han markerar på tavlan vart han tycker att säkerheten gällande dessa punkter ligger. Att enbart markera på tavlan hur säkerheten ser ut är enligt vår mening inte nog. Den ansvarige för tavlan bör tala om grunden för bedömningen och påpeka brister men får inte glömma positiv kritik. Genom att hela tiden påpeka och påminna bör det ge resultat då det är medarbetarnas egna säkerhet som diskuteras. Detta är en metod som tros fungera då den är enkel, tydlig och sätter fokus på de viktigaste problemen. Utformningen på tavlan och vilka punkter som tas upp kan lätt ändras vilket innebär att tavlan kan anpassas till alla byggarbetsplatser. / The report shows how to improve the working environment and safety on working sites of Skanska in Värmland through integrating safety by visual monitoring. On the safety regulation protocols, some remarks appear frequently and those are the remarks about fall-arrest safety netting, untidyness in general and personal safety equipment. Behind these remarks, and behind the many accidents occuring on the building sites, the human factor is the main cause, which implies that many of these accidents could have been prevented. Visual monitoring is a method that earlier has been tested on the worksites of Skanska with the purpose of increasing productivity through communication and visibility for the workers. Through their participation in visual planning, their commitment increases and a feeling of togetherness in production is created, something that could solve many of the problems occuring on the building sites. At Skanska, visual monitoring in reality works out in a way that a white board is put up on the building site where the workers assemble every morning before production commences, and all priorities concerning production are gone through. Our idea is to integrate safety into visual monitoring through putting up points on the white board that are important from a safety aspect. To these points a scale could be added where one easily could view the current safety situation for every point on the building site. The person responsible for the white board makes a judgement in the end of every working day by indicating where he thinks the level of safety is among the points put up. But just indicating the judgement of safety is in our opinion not enough. The person responsible for the white board should explain the basis used in forming his judgement and call attention to shortcomings, while not forgetting positive feedback. Through constant remarks and reminders, this should produce a result as it is the workers own security that is being discussed. This method is thought to work because it is simple and straightforward and puts focus on the most important issues. The formulation on the white board and the matters discussed can easily be altered which means that the whiteboard can be adjusted to all building sites.

The project this report is handling has been implemented on NBB, Nordisk Bilbelysning AB in Linköping. The company produces and develops lightning and searchlights for all types of vehicles. Lately NBB´s supplier of electronics, OSRAM, has developed a mercuryfree xenon lightsource. Mercury is one of the most hazardous environmental waste and to get rid of the mercury entirely in the lightsource is a big step that means alot for the environment. This lightsource will be placed in one of NBB´s worksearchlights called My, and will be sold as an alternative to mercurycontaining searchlights. NBB wants to put an environmental label on this product and they want to have essential information about the product that is needed for the production. That is what the project has handled. A study of environmental labeling has been made witch has led to that an environmental declaration type II will be used as labeling and marketing for the environmental properties the serachlight has. The purpose of this master's thesis is to help and support NBB in environmental labeling and developing of a My searchlight with mercuryfree lightsource. A environmental labeled searchlight would mean a bigger place on the market and consequently lowered environmental affect. Lifecycleanalysis with the program ECO-it shows that a mercuryfree lightsource in the searchlight would not involve a environmental profit compared to a mercurycontaining lightsource because the lifelenght of a mercuryfree lightsource is 500 hours shorter. This means that the lightsource has to be changed more frequently if you choose the mercury free alternative and that affects the environment. The lifecycleanalysis also shows that the transports of components affects the environment little in compare to the production of the product and therefore a change to Swedish suppliers has not been implemented. Temperatur and lightmeasures has been made and compared between the searchlight containing mercury with the searchlight not containing mercury. The results of the measurements shows that the flow of light from a mercury free searchlight is about 15% lower and the temperature inside 5°C higher. This means that the construction not has to be changed as the temperature is on a acceptable level. The use of mercury in lightsources will likely not be used forever as new law demands becomes stricter and stricter by time. The environmental declaration that was made contains among other things a list of materials of the product and information about the products lifecycle. A logotype has also been suggested as a environmental label logotype for the company to use. The environmental declaration will be used as marketing of the product on the company website for exemple. / Projektet som rapporten hanterar har ägt rum på NBB, Nordisk Bilbelysning AB i Linköping. Företaget tillverkar och utvecklar belysning och strålkastare till alla typer av fordon. På senare tid har NBBs leverantör av elektronik, OSRAM utvecklat en kvicksilverfri xenonljuskälla. Kvicksilver är ett av de farligaste miljögifterna och att få bort kvicksilvret helt ur ljuskällan är ett stort steg som betyder mycket för miljön. Denna ljuskälla ska NBB placera i en arbetsstrålkastare vid namn My och sälja som ett alternativ till kvicksilverinnehållade strålkastare. Denna produkt vill NBB miljömärka och ha fram väsentlig information om för att kunna påbörja tillverkningen. Detta är vad projektet har hanterat. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att hjälpa och stödja NBB i miljömärkning och framtagning av en My strålkastare med kvicksilverfri xenonljuskälla. En miljömärkt strålkastare skulle kunna innebära en större plats på marknaden och därmed minskad miljöpåverkan. En studie av miljömärkningstyper har gjorts vilket har lett till att miljövarudeklaration typ II är den typ av miljömärkning och marknadsföring av miljöegenskaper som använts. Livscykelanalyser med programmet ECO-it visar att en kvicksilverfri ljuskälla i strålkastaren i detta fall inte skulle innebära någon miljövinst jämfört med kvicksilverinnehållande ljuskälla. Det beror på att livslängden för en kvicksilverfri ljuskälla är 500 timmar kortare. Detta innebär i sin tur att ljuskällan måste bytas mer frekvent om man väljer det kvicksilverfria alternativet vilket i sin tur belastar miljön. Det har även visat sig att transporter av ingående detaljer ger en liten miljöpåverkan i jämförelse till produktionen av produkten. Detta skulle innebära att byta leveratörer till svenska leverantörer inte skulle innebära någon större miljövinst. Temperatur- och ljusmätningar har genomförts och jämförts mellan strålkastare med kvicksilverinnehållade ljuskälla och strålkastare med kvicksilverfri ljuskälla. Resultaten av provningarna visade att ljusflödet för en kvicksilverfri strålkastare var ungefär 15% lägre och temperaturen inne i strålkastaren ca 5°C högre. Detta innebär att konstruktionen inte måste ändras då temperaturen är på en godkänd nivå. Användandet av kvicksilver i ljuskällor kommer troligtvis inte ske för alltid då nya lagkrav hela tiden blir strängare och strängare. Den miljövarudeklaration som gjordes innehåller bland annat materiallista på produkten och information om produktens livscykel. Även en logotype har lagts fram som förslag på eget miljömärke till företaget. Miljövarudeklarationen kommer användas som marknadsföring av produkten bland annat på företagets hemsida.

The main point in this diploma work lies to a beginning on analysis of the existing model of WoodEye scanner. The analysis aims to forming a view and understanding of how the scanner is designed and how it functions, and certain conditions around the scanner. On the basis of the result from the analysis and obvious criteria, has a number concept proposals been put forward. The concept proposals has then been evaluated and been compared with current concept, obvious criteria and compared to each other. The best proposal has then been developed far to a completed concept.

This thesis was conducted at Linköping University and Saab Aerostructures DPS, Linköping, and focuses on the possibilities of flexible fixturing in machining applications. The thesis is part of the research project "Koofix", which is collaboration between Linköping University and a number of companies. The thesis is aimed towards small batch production which, for Saab Aerostructures DPS, means diverse part geometry and that parts are manufactured in very small numbers, sometimes just one piece. The result of this is that expensive dedicated fixtures are made for most parts. By introducing more flexible fixturing methods to this kind of production the cost of fixtures and tooling will be reduced, and make the production more efficient. New flexible fixturing methods has been presented and evaluated through the thesis, which has resulted in three different concepts. These concepts have been the result of literature screening and study of current manufacturing process at Saab Aerostructures DPS. The concepts has been evaluated according to there ability to meet Saab Aerostructures DPS needs and a final concept has been chosen. The concept that is considered being the best solution employs an adjustable frame to encompass several different part geometries. This concept allows the workpiece to be machined in a single step and the fixture can be adjusted to fit workpieces with different geometries. On other concept considered in the thesis employs electromagnet with adjustable elements and is capable of fixing more complex geometries. The concept also allows the fixture to be adjusted between different products to be machine by the CNC-machine itself. Also a concept that’s not a fixture itself but a method that allows a simpler fixture to be used has been developed. This concept uses adhesives to combine extra material to the part, which allows for less complex fixtures to be used in the machining process. The concepts with the adjustable frame and the electromagnet and adjustable elements are both using the machines control system to locate the detail by probing before the machining process starts. Probing is done by equipping the spindle with a touch trigger probe which measures pre-programmed contact points and calculates exact part position. / Detta examensarbete har utförts vid Linköpings Universitet och Saab Aerostructures DPS i Linköping och behandlar flexibla fixturer i bearbetande maskiner. Arbetet bygger på forskningsprojektet Koordinatstyrd fixering som under en längre tid bedrivits av Linköpings Universitet tillsammans med ett antal företag. Examensarbetet behandlar Saab Aerostructures DPS fåstyckstillverkning där stor variation på detaljer och geometrier förekommer. Idag används ofta specialtillverkade fixturer för att hålla och lokalisera detaljerna. För att effektivisera produktionen och minska den totala fixturkostnaden per detalj kan mer flexibla fixeringsmetoder införas. I examensarbetet har nya flexibla fixeringsmetoder utvärderats och lagt grunden för framtagningen av tre stycken koncept. Koncepten är framtagna genom att relevant litteratur genomsökts samt genom studier på Saab Aerostructures DPS. Koncepten har sedan genomgått en urvalsprocess baserad på företagets behov och förutsättningar, vilket ger en bra grund för fortsatt utveckling av koncepten. Det koncept som anses vara bäst lämpat för Saab Aerostructures DPS bygger på en justerbar fönsterfixtur som medger att detaljer kan bearbetas i ett steg. Ett annat koncept som presenteras i rapporten är inriktad mot mer svårfixerade detaljer. Detta använder sig av en magnetchuck och justerbara element och har en mycket hög automationsgrad. Det tredje koncept som utvecklats är inte en traditionell fixturlösning men kan underlätta fastspänning av svårfixerade detaljer. Konceptet bygger på att extra material limmas på arbetsstycket för att underlätta fasthållningen av både obearbetade och halvbearbetade arbetsstycken. Fixturkoncepten använder sig av bearbetningsmaskinens styrsystem för att lokalisera detaljens exakta position i fixturen. Metoden för uppmätningen som används i detta arbete är "probning" vilket innebär att maskinens spindel är utrustad med en prob och mäter upp ett antal förprogrammerade punkter för att lokalisera detaljen.

One of today problem at IVT industries would be assembly of insulation on water cisterns. The element of assembly insulation on the cistern gets too elevated; hence one has to climb onto the stand the cistern is assembly on. This will increase the risk of work related injuries when there is a risk of falling down. It’s also rather strenuous on shoulders due to work with your arms high above your head. Further, it’s very difficult to get the insulation in place, this force us to compress the roof of the insulation with the sides of the insulation, which is very strenuous on the body. The purpose of this degree project has been to develop a work method with improved work position and improved workflow through the premises. This paper is divided into: Problem review, theoretic solutions, evaluation of solutions and design of tools. Each proposal to each solution is motivated with pros and cons. Then the best-fitted solution for IVT industries is presented. After examination of different solutions, I’ve concluded the best solution is to have separated assembly station for insulation that is preceded by assembly of cistern to it’s under part. Through the use of a personnel lifter assembly of insulation can be done without climbing on assembly stand. The body gets an improved work position because you no longer need to work with your arms up high. This is the solution that I’m recommending to IVT industries AB. Through elevating the assembly stations and move both test stations and refill of coolant to the right wall, an increased flow through the premises will be achieved. / Ett problem som finns i dag på IVT industrier är monteringen av isoleringen på vattentankarna. När isoleringen skall monteras på tanken blir det väldigt högt, så man måste klättra på ställningen som tanken är monterad på. Detta ökar risken för arbetsskador, då man skulle kunna ramla ner. Det är även väldigt slitsamt för axlarna eftersom man måste jobba med armarna högt över huvudet. Vidare är det väldigt svårt att få dit isoleringen, detta gör att man får trycka ihop taket på isoleringen med sidorna på isoleringen, vilket är väldigt slitsamt för kroppen. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att utforma en arbetsmetod som ger en bättre arbetsställning och att dessutom förbättra flödet genom lokalen. Rapporten är indelad i: problemgranskning, teoretiska lösningar, utvärdering av lösningarna och utforskning av redskap. Förslagen till varje lösning motiveras med för- och nackdelar. Därefter redovisas det alternativ som anses komma att fungera bäst på IVT industrier. Efter att ha undersökt olika lösningar på dessa problem har jag funnit att den bästa lösningen är att ha en separat monteringsstation för isoleringen efter det att tanken monterats på underdelen. Genom att använda en personlyft kan man montera isoleringen utan att behöva klättra på monteringsställningen. Kroppen får en bättre arbetsställning eftersom man slipper att jobba med armarna högt. Detta är vad som kommer att rekommenderas till IVT industrier AB. Genom att flytta upp monteringsstationerna och flytta teststationerna och påfyllning av köldmedlet till den högra väggen får man ett bättre flöde genom lokalen.

Construction companies are frequently criticized for high prices and long construction time. At the same time, statistics shows that construction workers are on the sick-list for occupational injuries or casualties more than other groups at the labour market. Skanska built a block of flats with tenant-ownerships in Gävle. The construction consists of concrete walls with in-fill walls in the front. The purpose with this degree project is to perform a risk analysis in work environment with focus on repetitive strain injuries and control the time report for in-fill walls manufactured in a field factory. The result of this project will help to make more realistic cost predictions in the future. This degree project has been performed in cooperation with the construction company Skanska. It based on literature studies, interviews and field studies. The result shows that the work environment is satisfactory with few exceptions and the time report is a lot higher than calculated

The company is currently in a stage of improvement and has therefore taken the help of students at School of Engineering, Jonkoping University. The current production is batch, production layout is fixed. A bottleneck is created after the first station which leads to large efficiency loss.   The meaning of this report was to provide a layout suggestion with balanced workstations to a new production line. The conditions were that the production line would be one-way, driven by customers order and meet a demand of 40 products per week.   In order to achieve a result, different methods and tools have been used, these have been time studies, video recording, case studies and interviews with assemblers and supervisor. Theoretical background has been helpful for the choice of methods and work implementation.   The result of this work was a series of solutions based on the company’s strategy and the methods that has been used. Solution A uses three stations with the idea to create a suction through the flow and smooth line balancing. Solution B also had three stations with the basic concept to be able to adjust the number of stations. The number of stations can be selected when the demand change between two, three or six stations. The last Solution C meaning was to create a production line where the operations of the same character had their own place. This solution has five stations, creating a large efficiency loss.   The conclusion is that Layout proposal B is best for the company. This is because it is the most flexible proposal when it is possible to adapt to a demand from 20- 100 products /week. Proposal for methods development and opportunities for improvement in production can be found in the conclusion and discussion.

Continuous improvement is one of five principles in General Motors – Global Manufacturing System (GM-GMS). GM-GMS has been used by Saab Automobile AB since 2003 and is a central component for realisation of GM’s vision. Internal audits have discovered problems with one of the tools, practical problem solving (PPS), which needs to be improved. The department manufacturing of press and body (PK) wants to survey the problems and initiate a process of improvement. The purpose of this thesis work is to develop a foundation for future re-designs of the PPS process. Employees have been interviewed and observed in order to explore possible difference theoretical and practical problem solving with PPS. The result of the investigation shows 4 different and interrelated problem categories. 1. Information transfer, PPS hand over to product quality engineers (PQE) department cause problem when general assemblies (GA) are excluded from the improvement work. General assemblies do not get any feedback information from (PQE) about planed countermeasures. 2. Problem solving, team leaders has difficulties with identifying the true problem. Using “five-why” during the analysis work causes problem, since team leaders do not have the knowledge of how to use the tool in a proper way. 3. Documentation of PPS, the content in the PPS-form is a problem according to team leaders. Lack of knowledge and understanding of how to use the PPS-document leads to incomplete and incorrect analysis. 4. Coordination of involved people, support and help are missing from the management and quality engineer according team leaders. PPS from Global Costumer Audit are imposing time stress according to team leaders. Recommendations for further work is to investigate the opportunities with a web based PPS and process to improve information transfer and documentation of PPS. A second recommendation is to train and coach team leaders in problem solving and improve coordination of involved people and skills in problem solving.

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a new technology which joins materials by using frictional heat. Inthe first part of this thesis, a profound literature study is performed. The basic principles, therobotic implementation and possibilities to use FSW for high strength titanium alloys areexamined. In the next phase, a FSW-tool is modelled and implemented on an industrial robot in arobot simulation program. Reachability tests are carried out on car body parts and jet engineparts. By using a simulation program with embedded collision detection, all possible weldinglocations are determined on the provided parts. Adaptations like a longer FSW-tool and amodified design are suggested in order to get a better reachability. In different case studies, thenumber of required robots and the reduction of weight and time are investigated and comparedto the current spot welding process.